Neuro

Question 1

Layers of the scalp

Answer 1

S - skin
C - connective tissue
A - aponeurosis
L - loose areole tissue
P - pericranium layer

Question 2

Cutaneous innervation of the scalp
Anterior
Posterior

Answer 2

Anterior - trigeminal nerve branches
a - ophthalmic
b - maxillary
c - mandibular

Posterior - greater and lesser occipital spinal nerves

Question 3

Trigeminal branches exits

Answer 3

ophthalmic - superior orbital fissure
maxillary - foramen rotundum
mandibular - foramen ovale

Question 4

Arteries of the head/face

Answer 4

External carotid artery branches:

• Superficial temporal, maxillary, superiori thyroid, linguine, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal

Question 5

Arteries of the cerebrum

Answer 5

Internal carotid artery branches:
Anterior cerebral, middle cerebral,
- posterior communicating arteries (if blockage)

• Posterior cerebral artery (branch of basilar artery)

Question 6

cerebellum

Answer 6

• responsible for motor control, coordination timing of movements
• located posteriorly at the same level as the pons
• If damaged - problems standing up, loss of coordination, poor rapid alternating movements

Question 7

Arteries of the cerebellum

Answer 7

• branches of basilar and vertebral arteries

Superior - basilar branch
anterior inferior - basilar branch
Posterior inferior - vertebral branch

Question 8

Veins of head/face

Answer 8

External jugular vein branches

Question 9

Veins of brain

Answer 9

Dural venous sinus drain into the Internal jugular vein

• Internal jugular vein is a continuation of the SVC

Question 10

Meningeal layers

Answer 10

Dura matter - tough outer layer separated into periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer (between is where dural venous sinuses lie) - vascular

Arachnoid matter - webbed like layer that is avascular

Pia matter - thin layer directly covering the brain (vascular)

Question 11

Dural partitions

Answer 11

• Help restrict rotatory movement of the brain

Flax cerebri - largest anterior
Tentorium cerebelli - lateral
Falx cerebelli - posterior
Diaphragma sellae - below

Question 12

Spinal cord termination

Answer 12

children - L3

Adults - L1

Question 13

Regions of the brain

Answer 13

• forebrain - Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and hypothalamus
• Mid brain
• Hind brain - pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

Question 14

frontal lobe

Answer 14

• Responsible for higher intellect, personality, mood, smell
• central and lateral sulcus borders
• damage can cause personality and behavioural changes

Question 15

parietal lobe

Answer 15

• responsible sensory perception E.g. hot, cold, smooth, rough
• central sulcus and Parietal-occipital sulcus borders
• damage can cause impaired sensory

Question 16

temporal lobe

Answer 16

• responsible for memory, language and hearing (primary auditory complex)
• lateral sulcus borders
• Damage can cause impaired sound recognition and unable to recognise faces

Question 17

occipital lobe

Answer 17

• responsible for vision
• parietal-occipital sulcus
• Damage can cause impaired Vision (contralateral hemianopia)

Question 18

Basal ganglia

Answer 18

• receives information from the cortex and then relays it back to the cortex via the thalamus and hypothalamus - modulating cortical activity E.g. controlling lower motor neurons
• made of subcortical nuclei that act as a feedback loop

Question 19

primary motor cortex location

Answer 19

• Most posterior part of the frontal lobe/pre central gyri

Question 20

primary sensory cortex location

Answer 20

• moat anterior part of the parietal lobe/post central gyri

Question 21

Wernicke’s area

Answer 21

• making sense of speech
• located at the left lateral hemisphere in line with the brainstem
• Damage to this area will lead to the patient having non sensical speech

Question 22

Brocca’s area

Answer 22

• Ability to speak
• located at the left frontal/lateral hemisphere
• Damage to this area will mean a patent will not be able to speak but can understand the conversation

Question 23

Primary visual cortex

Answer 23

• First place where information from the eyes travel to
• Located at the occipital region of the brain

Question 24

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 24

• First place where sound information is sent
• located at the temporal lobe

Question 25

Dural venous sinuses?

Answer 25

* Lie between the periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer of the dura matter *Drains into the internal jugular vein

Question 26

Dural venous sinuses...

Answer 26

Superior saggital Inferior saggital Straight * All flow into the confluence of sinuses which flows out of the internal jugular vein Transverse sinus moves bilaterally from the confluence * Drains to the sigmoid sinus which drains into the internal jugular vein

Question 27

Cavernous sinus

Answer 27

* Located either side of the sella turcica * drain into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses that drain into the internal jugular vein

Question 28

Danger triangle

Answer 28

* Either side of the lips to the top of the nose - Veins draining this region are tributaries of the facial vein which connect with the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein * infection here can spread easily into the cranial cavity

Question 29

CSF

Answer 29

* Cushions the brain, provides nutrients and removes waste from the brain * Present in the subarachnoid area of the brain and spinal cord * Produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles (mostly lateral ventricles/1 and 2) *Absorbed into the blood stream by arachnoid granulations

Question 30

CNI

Answer 30

Olfactory nerve - smell - Arises from the olfactory bulb in the olfactory grove in the anterior cranial fossa

Question 31

CNII

Answer 31

Optic - sight - Arises from the optic chiasm, moves through optic canal to eyes *Internal carotid and pituitary lie immediately inferior

Question 32

CNIII

Answer 32

Oculomotor - move and blink eyes - Arises from the anterior surface of the midbrain, moves through the superior orbital fissure

Question 33

CNIV

Answer 33

Trochlear - moves eyes (innervates eye muscles) - Arises from the posterior surface of the midbrain, moves through the superior orbital fissure

Question 34

CN V

Answer 34

Trigeminal - Anterior head sensation, cheek and jaw movement - Arises from the lateral aspect of the pons and forms ganglion before branching: Ophthalmic - through superior orbital fissure Maxillary - through foramen rotunda Mandibular - through foramen ovale

Question 35

CN VI

Answer 35

Abducens - Move eyes - Arises from the pon/medullary junction, through the superior orbital fissure

Question 36

CN VII

Answer 36

Facial - facial muscles and tongue - Arises from the pon/medullary junction, through internal auditory meatus

Question 37

CNVIII

Answer 37

Auditory/vestibular - hearing and balance - Arises from the pon/medullary junction, through the internal auditory meatus

Question 38

CNIX

Answer 38

Glossopharyngeal - tongue and pharynx (swallow) - Arises from medulla oblongata, through jugular foramen

Question 39

CNX

Answer 39

Vagus - digestion and heart rate - Arises from medulla oblongata, through jugular foramen

Question 40

CNXI

Answer 40

Accessory - Shoulder and neck muscle movements - Arises from the medulla oblongata, through jugular foramen

Question 41

CNXII

Answer 41

Hypoglossal - Move tongue - Arises from upper region of the spinal cord (web), through the hypoglossal canal