histopathology

Question 1

what is atrophy

Answer 1

reduction in the size

Question 2

what is hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in the size of cells

Question 3

hyperplasia

Answer 3

increase in number of cells

Question 4

metaplasia

Answer 4

stable change to another cell type

Question 5

pathological and physiological reason for hypertrophy

Answer 5

caused by myocardial infarction. or pregnancy within the uterus

Question 6

pathological cause for hyperplasia

Answer 6

prostate nodules forming, wound healing

Question 7

causes of atrophy

Answer 7

ageing of the thymus or the menopause in the ovaries. coeliacs disease also causes this

Question 8

causes of metaplasia

Answer 8

puberty with the cervix and the vagina and smoking damaging the epithelial cells.

Question 9

what are the 3 elements of putrefaction

Answer 9

disfiguration discolouration and dissolution

Question 10

what are the 11 traits a good fixative has

Answer 10

toxicity, cost, ease of use, doesnt cause any mutations, stops any further decomposition and autolysis of tissue

Question 11

ACE stands for

Answer 11

Alcohol Clearing Embedding

Question 12

step one of ihc

Answer 12

wax removal and rehydration

Question 13

step 2 of ihc

Answer 13

quenching of endogenous enzymes

Question 14

step 3 of ihc

Answer 14

antigen retrieval via microwave and enzyme

Question 15

step 4 of ihc

Answer 15

blocking with normal serum

Question 16

step 5 of ihc

Answer 16

application of primary antibody

Question 17

step 6 of ihc

Answer 17

secondary antibodies

Question 18

step 7 of ihc

Answer 18

apply avidin-biotin solution

Question 19

step 8 of ihc

Answer 19

apply chromagen usually (DAB)

Question 20

step 9 of ihc

Answer 20

dehydration

Question 21

what is a polyclonal antibody

Answer 21

antibodies raised in animal cells that are non specific due to reacting with multiple antigens.

Question 22

what is a monoclonal antibody

Answer 22

produced in hybrid cells and are made to react with a specific antigen with one antibody. higher cost.

Question 23

early post mortem changes

Answer 23

anaerobic respiration, acidity of blood. coagulation and relaxation. autolysis and skin slippage also occur

Question 24

late post mortem changes

Answer 24

rigor mortis- rigidity of skeletal muscle
algor mortis- normal cooling as body equilibrates with the environment
livor mortis- gravitational pooling of blood

Question 25

what is rigor mortis

Answer 25

rigidity of skeletal muscle due to calcification

Question 26

what is alvor mortis

Answer 26

cooling of the body so its in equilibrium with the external environment

Question 27

what is livor mortis

Answer 27

this is when there is blood pooling due to gravitational force

Question 28

stage1 of bone burning

Answer 28

removal of water dye to moisture evaporation

Question 29

stage 2 of bone burning

Answer 29

decomposition- organic component is lost

Question 30

stage 3 of bone burning

Answer 30

changes of the inorganic mineral part of bone

Question 31

stage 4 of bone burning

Answer 31

fusion crystals begin to form due to minerals melting and fusing together

Question 32

what method is used to process bone

Answer 32

decalcification- acid based/ use of chelating agents

Question 33

acid based calcification summed up

Answer 33

strong acid- takes 24-48 hours, swells tissue making harder further analysis but is fastest weak acid- takes longer and can be used alongside formalin in order to counteract damage caused

Question 34

chelating decalcifying agents summed up

Answer 34

binds to calcium ions. works better with alkaline. slowest process but removes calcium layer by layer talk about edta

Question 35

reasons why bone is hard to degrade

Answer 35

high pH due to relationship between osseous deterioation and acidity soil temperature collagen is resistant to microbrial attack

Question 36

alcohol step

Answer 36

removes the fixative and water from the tissue and replaces them with dehydrating fluid

Question 37

clearing

Answer 37

using histoclear to remove alcohol with both the dehydrating fluid and embedding media

Question 38

embedding step

Answer 38

replaces the clearing agent with embedding media mainly paraffin wax. this leads to block formation

Question 39

how are damaged proteins removed

Answer 39

tag by 26s proteosome ubiquitin is transferred by the target protein via an atp dependant enzyme system