Histopathology: Vascular and Cardiac Pathology (Just Cardiac)

Question 1

Most common CHD?

Answer 1

VSD: Ventricular septal defects

Question 2

VSD: increased risk of ____?

Answer 2

VSD: increased risk of infective endocarditis

Question 3

-Larger VSD: causes increased volume load on the left and symptoms of _________?

Answer 3

-Larger VSD: causes increased volume load on the left and symptoms of cardiac failure

Question 4

Patent Ductus Arteriosus is assocaited with what cardiac pathologies?

Answer 4

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Infective endocarditis

Question 5

Patent Ductus Arteriosus is associated with an increased risk of _____________?

Answer 5

Infective endocarditis

Question 6

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is associated with what cardiac condition

Answer 6

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is associated with Atrial arrhythmias.

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also associated with infective endocarditits (Since all CHDs are)

Question 7

What is a complete AVSD?

Answer 7

A Combination of low ASD and High VSD

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(Atrioventricular septal defect)

Question 8

Most common CHD in Children with Down’s Syndrome?

Answer 8

Atrioventricular septal defect

Question 9

• Pulmonary stenosis
• VSD
• Overriding aorta
• Right ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 9

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 10

Great arteries swapped. Associated with a defect that mixes oxy and deoxy blood, otherwise, transposition of great arteries is incompatible with life.

What condition is this?

Answer 10

Transposition of the great arteries

Question 11

PDA allows volume to flow to lower body, but as this closes, there is a limit to the delivery of blood to lower body, with upper extremity hypertension. What condition is this?

Answer 11

Coarctication of the aorta

Question 12

Tend to function well at birth and go undetected. Develope calcific aortic stenosis or regurgitation. Increased risk of aortic dissection. What condition is this?

Answer 12

Bicuspid aortic valves

Question 13

Recurrent transient episodes of chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia. What is this condition?

Answer 13

Angina Pectoris

Question 14

Severe acute myocardial ischaemia without myocardial infarction. What is this condition?

Answer 14

Unstable angina

Question 15

Partial thickness necrosis of an area of the myocardium. Due to coronary artery atherosclerosis. What is this condition?

Answer 15

Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Question 16

Full thickness necrosis of an area of the myocardium. What is this condition?

Answer 16

ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Question 17

A syndrome resulting from insufficient left ventricular output. What is this condition?

Answer 17

Left ventricular failure (LVF)

Question 18

A syndrome resulting from insufficient right ventricular output. What is this condition?

Answer 18

Right ventricular failure (RVF)

Question 19

Chest pain, syncope and breathelessness. Most common valve disease. What is this condtion?

Answer 19

Aortic stenosis

Question 20

Breathelessness and palpitations presentation. Valve disease caused by diseases which dilate the aortic root (Eg Marfan’s syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis). What is this condition?

Answer 20

Aortic regurgitation.

Question 21

Pulmonary oedema and breathelessness presentation. Usually the result of chronic rehumatic valvular disease. Associated with atrial fibrillation. What condition is this?

Answer 21

Mitral Stenosis

Question 22

Valvular disease usually due to mitral valve prolapse or ischaemic heart disease. Often asymptomatic but eventually developes into LVF. What is this condition?

Answer 22

Mitral regurgitation

Question 23

Myocardial biopsy: Myocyte hypertrophy, myocyte disarray and interstitial fibrosis. Most likely diagnosis?

Answer 23

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

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*Key histology here*

Question 24

Cardiac pathology associated with Beta-myosin heavy chain mutations. What condition is this?

Answer 24

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 25

The interventricular septum thickens so much that is causes an obstruction of outflow of blood from the heart. What condition is this?

Answer 25

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)

Question 26

Presentation of breathlessness, fatigue and palpitations. Progressive loss of myocytes. Has genetic causes: Haemochromatosis, Fabry’s disease, McArdle’s disease. What is this condition?

Answer 26

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy ///////////////// Also associated with thrombus formation?

Question 27

Diastolic dysfunction. Quiet heart sounds, raised JVP with Kussmaul’s sign, ascites, hepatomegaly, oedema. Caused by sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, radiation induced fibrosis. What is this condition?

Answer 27

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy ////////////////////////////////////////////// Presentations are similar to - (Constrictive pericarditis pres) - (RVF pres)

Question 28

Myocyte loss with fibrofatty replacement, normally affecting the right ventricle. What is this condition?

Answer 28

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

Question 29

Pathogenic organisms infecting a structurally normal heart. Usually caused by Staphylococcus Aureus. Presents with fever and signs of valve damage. Major systemic embolisms can occur. What condition is this?

Answer 29

Left Sided Acute Endocarditis

Question 30

Pathogenic organisms infecting a structurally normal heart. Usually caused by Staphylococcus Aureus. Presents with fever and signs of valve damage. Also, chills and pulmonary symptoms. What condition is this?

Answer 30

Right sided acute endocarditis

Question 31

Weaker organisms, infecting a structurally abnormal heart. Most commonly due to Streptococcus Viridans or Enterococci. Presents with low grade fever and constitutional symptoms.

Answer 31

Subacute endocarditis ////////////////////////////////// Diagnosis often goes missed

Question 32

Histopathology: vegetations composed of a mixture of fibrin inflammatory cells and bacterial colonies which are usually gram +ve cocci. Most likely diagnosis?

Answer 32

Infective endocarditis

Question 33

Inflammation of the myocardium, unrelated to ischaemia (Mostly due to infection). Most common organism involved: Coxsackie virus. Myocyte injury, causing necrosis and inflammation. Presents: Mild, flu-like illness. Severe, myocardial infarction like presentation. Severe cases can cause. What is this condition?

Answer 33

Myocarditis

Question 35

Many causes. Mainly caused by infection (Coxsackie virus) full-thickness MI, severe renal failure (uraemic pericarditis). Presents as chest pain alleviated by sitting forward. Pericardium is infiltrated by inflammatory cells, often with fibrin deposition. Malignant cells may be seen in malignant infiltration

Answer 35

pericarditis ////////////////// Inflammation of the pericardium.