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FF1 Exam 2 > Histophysiology > Flashcards

Histophysiology Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Why can’t muscles regenerate?

A

They are post-mitotic cells

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2
Q

The active contraction of a muscle can be either:

A

Spontaneous or induced by a nerve impulse

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3
Q

Muscle types are divided into what:

A

Structure and Location

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4
Q

When muscles are classified by structure, what is the type of muscle that has nucleus in the center?

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

Where does striated muscle have its nuclei?

A

In the periphery

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles that are classified by location?

A

Visceral, Vascular, and Skeletal

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7
Q

What is the main component of muscles

A

Fibers

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8
Q

What 2 parts make up the contractile skeleton of a muscle fiber?

A

Myofibrils and myofilaments

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9
Q

Myofilaments are made up of what two proteins?

A

Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick)

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10
Q

Are myofibrils acidophilic or basophilic?

A

Acidophilic

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11
Q

What are some characteristics of smooth muscle? (Shape, nucleus, contraction)

A
  • Spindle shaped
  • Nucleus in center
  • mechanical and gap Jxn
  • Contraction is prolonged w/ less energy req
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12
Q

What is the structural unit of striated muscle and what 3 parts make it up?

A

Sarcomere
A/I band and Z disk

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13
Q

In striated muscle, what specific structure stores Ca?

A

sER

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14
Q

What is the invagination of the sarcolemma in the sER called?

A

Transverse tubule

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15
Q

What is the first muscle to work in utero?

A

Cardiac muscle

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16
Q

What connects cardiac muscle to each other?

A

Intercalated disks (desmosomes and Nexus)

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17
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscles?

A

Working and conducting

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18
Q

What fuses to form fibers in skeletal muscle during development?

A

Myoblasts

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19
Q

How does a skeletal muscle contract?

A

The myofibril contracts: myosin slides between actin filaments after Ca goes into the cytoplasm from the sER

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20
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that initiates the contraction of a skeletal muscle?

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

What process causes the influx of Ca into the cytoplasm?

A

Depolarization

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22
Q

What enzyme degrades a neurotransmitter to reestablish resting membrane potential in skeletal muscle?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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23
Q

Where does stimulus transmission in skeletal muscle occur across?

A

The synaptic cleft

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24
Q

Smooth muscle has striations, true or false

A

False

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25
Is skeletal muscle multinucleated?
Yes
26
What type of blood vessel connects Arteries and veins and exchanges nutrients?
Capillaries
27
Where do veins carry blood?
To the heart
28
List the 3 layers of blood vessels
T. Intima T. Media T. Adventitia
29
What structure of the T. Intima is only present in arteries?
Internal Elastic Lamina
30
What is the most prominent and thickest layer in arteries that is composed of smooth muscle and elastic CT ?
T. Media
31
In which layer of blood vessels are the vasa and Nervi vasorum located?
T. Adventitia
32
Dense irregular CT is usually found in which layer of blood vessels?
T. Adventitia
33
What is the borderline between the T. Media and Adventitia called?
External Elastic Lamina
34
What are the 3 classifications of arteries?
Elastic/Conducting Muscular/Distributing Arterioles
35
Which type of artery has a close/open lumen, a prominent IEL, and a thick T. Media?
Muscular/Distributing
36
Which artery is the largest with a prominent T. Media with elastic CT?
Elastic/Conducting = all directions/no stop
37
What are 2 characteristics of arterioles?
Smallest type of artery and have 1-3 smooth muscle layers
38
What regulates blood vessels?
Nervi vasorum (vascular nerves)
39
What are 2 differences veins have compared to arteries?
Larger lumen and irregular/flattened shape
40
What is the most prominent blood vessel layer in veins?
T. Adventitia
41
What structure do veins have that arteries don’t that helps allow blood move to the heart to decrease effort?
Valves
42
Which structure leads to capillary beds?
Arterioles
43
Blood flow through capillary beds is controlled by what?
Pre-capillary sphincters
44
Why can you live with only a percentage of your liver?
Because only 20-25% of capillary beds needs to work to exchange nutrients and gas
45
Is total volume in capillary beds greater or lesser than blood volume in body?
Greater
46
Capillaries are wide enough for how many RBCs to go through?
One
47
The walls of capillaries only have what vessel layer?
T. Intima
48
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
Continuos/Closed Fenestrated Sinusoidal
49
Where are continuos/closed capillaries found?
Brain, skin, lungs, muscle
50
What type of vesicles are in continuos capillaries that help bulk transfer? What direction do they transport?
Transcytotic and they are bidirectional
51
Does a fenestrated capillary have a complete or incomplete basement membrane?
Complete
52
How does bulk transfer occur in fenestrated capillaries?
Via fenestrae
53
In the kidney and intestine, one would find what type of capillary?
Fenestrated
54
Which capillary has an incomplete basement membrane and found in the liver and spleen?
Sinusoidal
55
What is the function of the Lymphatic Vascular System?
Drain excess tissue fluid (lymph) and return it to the cardiovascular system
56
What makes up the lymphatic vascular system?
Lymphatic Capillaries, Vessels, Collection Ducts
57
Lymphatic capillaries of the intestine develop from what structure?
Lacteals
58
Where are lymphatic capillaries not found?
Cartilage
59
What structure does a lymphatic vessel have similar to venues, but with more numbers?
Valves
60
Into what two parts does the peripheral nervous system divide into?
Afferent and Efferent
61
The efferent division carries information away from the CNS, what two types of neurons are present?
Somatic and Autonomic
62
Spinal nerves are separated into roots with axons, into which two parts?
Afferent = dorsal root Efferent = ventral root
63
The axons of spinal nerves are surrounded by what?
Myelin Sheaths produced by Schwann cells
64
What is the outermost CT of peripheral nerves?
Epineurium
65
Fascicles are surrounded by what layer?
Perineurium
66
What are the non-insulated sites in the axon where 2 Schwann cells meet called ?
Nodes of Ranvier
67
Do myelinated axons require more or less energy?
More
68
Are sensory neurons myelinated or not?
Not myelinated
69
What are the collection of sensory neuron cell bodies called?
Dorsal root ganglions
70
What are the 5 types of Afferent sensory nerves found in the skin?
Free Nerve Endings, Merkel’s Cells, Meissner’s, Pacininian, and Ruffini
71
Where can you find Free Nerve Endings?
Epidermis
72
Where can you find Merkel’s cells?
Stratum básale
73
Which Afferent nerve of the skin is responsible for mechanotransduction, immunity and inflammation?
Merkel’s cell
74
Which sensory skin nerve is sensitive to light touch and is present in dermal papillae?
Meissner
75
What is the function of a Pacinian Corpuscle?
Pressure sensitivity and vibration in dermis
76
Ruffini sensory nerves are sensitive to touch and torque, where can we find them?
hairless skin, ligaments and tendons
77
Efferent Nerves are in contact with muscle fibers through a what?
Neuromuscular junction
78
Botilunus and curare toxins and succinylchloine (a short term muscle relaxant) can do what to a neuromuscular junction?
Block it

FF1 Exam 2 (7 decks)

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