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FF1 Exam 2 > Nervous Syst + Action Potentials > Flashcards

Nervous Syst + Action Potentials Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 rostral regions of the CNS in development that enlarge?

A

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

How many ventricles does the central canal divide into ?

A

4

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3
Q

What parallels development of the CNS?

A

Evolution

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4
Q

What is the last evolutionary step of the CNS?

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon

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5
Q

What’s the simplest structure of the CNS development?

A

Spinal cord

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6
Q

List the 4 main areas of the CNS

A

Cerebrum
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

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7
Q

List the 4 main areas of the CNS

A

Cerebrum, Brain stem, Cerebellum, Spinal cord

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8
Q

Which main area of the CNS has the highest brain function?

A

Cerebrum

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9
Q

Motor sensory functions are attribute to which part of the CNS

A

Cerebellum

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10
Q

The basic functions of life are carried out by which main area of the CNS?

A

Brain stem

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11
Q

What area of the CNS is the reflex site and carrier of information to the brain?

A

Spinal Cord

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12
Q

The craneal and spinal nerves are part of which Nervous system?

A

Peripheral NS

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13
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

The communication link: provides sensory input and motor output

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14
Q

What are the 2 parts the PNS divides into?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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15
Q

Which PNS division is responsible for communicating with sensory organs and voluntary muscles with sensory and motor neurons?

A

Somatic division

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16
Q

The autonomic division of the PNS is made up of what 2 parts?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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17
Q

Which part of the Autonomic PNS is arousing (fight/flight)?

A

Sympathetic

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18
Q

The calming (rest/digest) part of the Autonomic PNS is called?

A

Parasympathetic

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19
Q

Define ganglion

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies OUTSIDE cells

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20
Q

Give and describe and example of a simple neural circuit

A

The Knee Jerk test:
- Sensory turns on extensors
- Flexors are turned off - interneurons

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21
Q

Are interneurons usually inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Inhibitory

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22
Q

In a simple circuit reflex, what causes a change in feeling or affect ?

A

Afferent neurons

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23
Q

Which neuron has its axons towards the body (motor)

A

Efferent

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24
Q

What does “glia” mean ?

A

Glue; non-neuronal cells assoc with the NS

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25
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes and microglia are what type of cell groups of the CNS?
Local Groups
26
Which two cells produce myelin sheaths, which speeds up the neuronal transmission?
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
27
In which part of the NS are Oligodendrocytes found?
CNS
28
Which myelin producing cell is only found in the PNS?
Schwann cells
29
Which local cell group of the NS intersects with blood vessels and synapses?
Astrocytes
30
The primary source of CNS immune function and the keepers of brain surveillance for damage and infection are ?
Microglia
31
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is called a ___________
Neuron
32
What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?
Soma, Neurites and Axon hillock
33
The neurites are an axon, dendrite and dendritic spines. Describe their function
Axon - output (pre-synaptic) Dendrite - input (post-synaptic) Dendritic spines - excitatory synapses
34
Which part of the neuron conducts the impulse of an action potential?
Axon hillock
35
The dendrites receive or give information?
Receive information from stimulus
36
What part of the neuron decides if the stimulus will fire or not?
The soma or body
37
Define neurotransmitter
Substance releases synaptically by a neuron to produce a response on another through a localized effect
38
Action potentials were published by who and which year?
Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley in 1939
39
List the 5 steps of an action potential
1. A stimulus surpasses the threshold from the Resting Membrane Potential 2. Depolarization occurs - cell becomes more positive 3. Repolarization - cell becomes more negative 4. Hyperpolarization - cell overpasses RMP 5. Cell goes back to RMP
40
In which step of the action potential does the cell go through a refractory period?
Hyperpolarization
41
In an excitable cell membrane, what structural and functional things are present?
Proteins
42
What is present in the excitable cell membrane that helps transport macromolecules?
Channels and transporter proteins
43
What are the 3 rules of ion flow ?
- From high to low concentrations - away from opposite charge - Membrane permeability alters movement
44
How is a measurable voltage established in the cell membrane?
When charged ions separate
45
What is the specific voltage where the cell is steady called?
Resting membrane potential
46
In a neuron, which ion is found in greater quantity outside of the cell?
Sodium
47
Potassium is found where in higher concentrations?
Inside the cell
48
The equilibrium potential of potassium is (positive/negative)
Negative
49
The equilibrium potential of potassium is (positive/negative)
Negative
50
Which ion has a positive equilibrium potential?
Sodium
51
What is Nernst equation used for?
To calculate equilibrium potential for an ion
52
The resting membrane is impermeable to which ion?
Sodium
53
What channels make up most of the resting membrane?
Potassium leak channels
54
How many sodium’s are pumped outside the cell for every 2 potassium’s?
3 Na out for every 2 potassiums in
55
Why is the resting membrane potential controlled in a neuron?
So the voltage changes can be detected within the neuron and an action potential can occur for a stimulus
56
An ALL or NOTHING principle allows what to happen?
Once the membrane reaches a threshold, an action potential will proceed no matter what and Na channels will open
57
In the regenerative cycle, what depolarizes the membrane and what flows in continuously?
A stimulus makes Na flow in, which depolarizes the cell continuosly
58
What is it called when the cell can’t fire again?
Refractory period
59
What causes the refractory period of a neuron?
Inactivates Na channels
60
In voltage gated ion channels, which ion channel shows slow activation?
Potassium channels
61
In which step of the action potential does the Na channel opens/activates?
In depolarization
62
Which voltage-gated ion channel does NOT inactivate?
K+ channels
63
During an action potential, what is characteristic of the Na channel activation ?
Rapid activation and depolarization
64
What propagates the action potential bidirectionally?
A myelin sheath

FF1 Exam 2 (7 decks)

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