Historians

Question 1

what does article 2 in the 1978 constitution refer to

Answer 1

the unity of spain, the solidarity among its peoples and the right to regional authonomy - ethnic and cultural plurality of spain
balfour and quiroga

Question 2

balfour and quiroga on the constitution

Answer 2

is in the shadow of the dictatorship and represents what and who spaniards dared to be at that time

Question 3

example of priaranza del bierzo

Answer 3

in león, 2000
exhumed 13 bodies
by end of august 2003 el pais documented the excavation of 26 mass graves
blakely

Question 4

how does the un define mass graves

Answer 4

a burial site containing 3 or more victims of execution

Question 5

what does ‘prison universe’ mean

Answer 5

by graham

refers to prisons, labour camps, reformatories and other institutions that served a disciplinary function

Question 6

how many people ‘disappeared’ in the civil war

Answer 6

30,000
was a dirty war
graham

Question 7

Executions in spain compared to soviet union

Answer 7

spain: 1936-1945 150,000 executed (base estimate)
in soviet union 1934-53 786,000 executed
per million habitants per year, stalin executed 251 people while franco executed 641 people
graham

Question 8

prisons in spain compared to germany

Answer 8

spain 1940 - 270,000 in administrative detention
at its highest point franco regime imprisoning 1,158 per 100,000 inhabitants
germany 1936 had prison population of 161.4/100,000 inhabitants.
graham

Question 9

in what ways were women specifically treated in prisons

Answer 9

menstruation and menopause manipulated to distress
rape/assault - form of psychological warfare through humiliation, body of woman represents whole community
graham

Question 10

how many people voted and turned out for 1976 referendum on political reform?

Answer 10

95% of 77% turn out voted in favour
but abstentation higher in some areas eg basque
in basque - 51.1% abstained, and of those who did vote, 23.5% voted against.
heywood

Question 11

what did article 16 of the constitution say

Answer 11

rejected an official religion

heywood

Question 12

example of jaen and why its so hard to know specific numbers about the repression

Answer 12

official francoist investigation - 1,875 rightists killed by republicans
later francoist study - 3,049 rightists killed, 857 leftists killed
2005 study - 1,859 rightists murdered or dead in prison, 3,278 dead from francoist repression
preston

Question 13

example of village of concud

Answer 13

in teruel
1,005 men women and children found in a pit 6ft wide and 250 ft deep, few were political militants
preston

Question 14

example of zaragoza prison

Answer 14

42 new born babies died in one week
children mistreated, locked up, forced to eat own vomit
pregnancy would not save a woman from execution
preston

Question 15

nos of deaths and prisoners according to renshaw

Answer 15

350,000 deaths in civil war
200,000 republicans
270,000 republican prisoners
100,000 of those died in prisons/concentration camps

Question 16

how many executions were there in andalucia/extremadura

Answer 16

over 5000 executions in cordoba, badajoz, huelva and seville by end of 1936
ruiz

Question 17

anniversary dates

Answer 17

30th sept - commemoration of the liberation of hte heroes of the straight of quinto
28th oct - day of the fallen
10th feb - day of the fallen student
viejo rose

Question 18

what did the pp cortes decide in 2002

Answer 18

adopted a formal resolution unanimously acknowledging that the civil war was the result of a military coup which was both illegal and unjustified
stradling

Question 19

scandal of the RAH

Answer 19

RAH = real academia de la historia
published biographical spanish dictionary
a publicly funded group by residue of dictatorship, people invited to write entries regardless of suitability
some entries lauded franco and dictatorship
argued they were objective
ealham

Question 20

stats about prisoners from ealham

Answer 20

by 1938, franco claimed to have a list of 2 million people awaiting punishment
1940 - 500,000 prisoners in concentration camps
100,000 in labour battalions
300,000 in jail
1939-1944 - 150,000 prisoners died through disease and hunger

Question 21

when was the 2nd vatican council

Answer 21

1963, addressed relations between the catholic church and the world

Question 22

when was juan carlos named as francos successor

Answer 22

1969

Question 23

dates that psoe were elected

Answer 23

1982, 1989, 1993, 2004

Question 24

dates that pp were elected

Answer 24

1996, 2000, 2011

Question 25

what were the 3 referendums/reforms 1976-78`

Answer 25

1976 - spanish political reform referendum
95% of 77% turnout in favour
1977 - political reform act
81% of cortes in favour
94% of 78% turnout at referendum in favour
1978 - spanish constitutional reform
91.8% of 67% turnout in favour