Historical Interpretations Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
__________: Germany leaves the ____ __ ______ and Disarmament Conference in ______
A
- October 1933: Germany leaves the League of Nations and Disarmament Conference in Geneva
2
Q
when + why was the League of Nations established
A
- the LoN was established in 1920 to encourage disarmament, diplomacy and to prevent war
3
Q
outline the Non-Aggression Pact
A
- passed in January 1934
- Germany and Poland signed a Non-Aggression Pact saying that Poland could not join the USSR in an attack on Germany
- Poland stood between Germany + the USSR, so was a useful ally
4
Q
outline the Rome-Berlin Axis
A
- passed in November 1936 following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War
- Germany + Italy signed the Rome-Berlin Axis
- promised mutual political, economic and ideological cooperation - but, NOT in the case of war
5
Q
outline the Anti-Comintern Pact
A
- passed in November 1936
- Germany + Japan signed the Anti-Comintern (communist) pact - agree to safeguard their common interests from Communism
- outlined the amount of aid to give if a war seemed likely + a military alliance if attacked by the USSR
- Italy joined this pack in 1937
6
Q
outline the Pact of Steel
A
- passed in May 1939
- Germany and Italy promised mutual military + economic aid in the case of a war
7
Q
outline the Anglo-German Naval Agreement
A
- passed in June 1935
- Britain and Germany signed the Naval Agreement
- ignored the Tov and allowed Germany to have a navy 35% the strength of Britain’s
8
Q
outline the remilitarisation of the Rhineland
A
- took place in March 1936
- German troops re-militarised the Rhineland
- this went against terms of ToV and the 1925 Locarno Pact
9
Q
outline Anschluss of Austria
A
- March 1938
- achieved Anschluss through German invasion of Austria
- this overturned the ToV term of guaranteed Austrian independence (outlaw of any political union with German speaking Austria)
10
Q
outline the Saar Plebiscite vote
A
- January 1935
- the people of the Saar Plebiscite voted to join Germany
- the Saarland for the previous 15 years had been under the control of the LoN
- this represented a great propaganda success
11
Q
outline the Munich Conference
A
- September 1938
- Munich conference between Germany, Italy, Britain and France
- the Sudetenland (in Czechoslovakia) was given to Germany as H agreed it was his ‘last territorial demand’ in Europe
- H also promised to not annex (take over) all of Czechoslovakia, which he went against in 1939
12
Q
outline the Czechoslovakian Crisis
A
- March 1939
- invasion of Czechoslovakia; Germany further invaded + occupied Sudetenland
- there were 3.5 million Sudeten Germans on the border of Czechoslovakia
13
Q
outline the German invasion of Poland
A
- September 1939
- Germany invaded Poland
- was planned within the Nazi-Soviet Pact in Aug 1939
14
Q
outline the Hossbach Conference
A
- November 1937
- where Hitler outlined 3 war scenarios to the Chief of armed services + Foreign Minister - e.g. destruction of Czechoslovakia by 1945
- H said Germany would be ready for war by 1942
- the conference revealed how H’s policy was changing from one centered on diplomacy to one where military force could play a greater part
15
Q
outline the Nazi-Soviet Pact
A
- August 1939
- Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed between Germany + the USSR
- they agreed not to go to war with each other + to invade Poland and divide eastern Europe between them
- H signed this to prevent a war on 2 fronts (from the West and East)
16
Q
outline Social Darwinism
A
- a theory that all humankind faces natural selection in which there is a struggle for the ‘survival of the fittest’
17
Q
when were the previous 2 German empires
A
- The First Reich - 800-1806
- The Second Reich - 1871-1914
18
Q
What 2 features of the previous German empires successes influenced Nazi foreign policy
A
- Both empires had gained land, and kept it, by war + military strength, e.g. Bismark, in the 2nd Reich, expanded eastward
- they worked hard for diplomatic acceptance by other nations, esp when first in power, e.g The 2nd Reich had carefully created alliances with other nations
19
Q
what 3 countries were dictatorships after the 1930s
A
- Germany under Hitler
- Italy under Mussolini
- Japan under military leadership
20
Q
outline the 3 serious weaknesses of the League of Nations
A
- membership: not all nations were a member
- bureaucracy: it was slow to make decisions as the maj of members had to agree
- enforcement: it didn’t have a military
20
Q
What did Poland acquire after signing the ToV
A
- Land including 800,000 German’s from the Polish Corridor
- was territorial/ land loss of Germany
21
Q
outline the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
A
- Territory: loss of territory - e.g. Austria’s independence was guaranteed
- disarmament: army reduced to 100,000; conscription was forbidden, Rhineland demilitarised, no air force, restricted navy
- reparations: sum was fixed at £6.6Bn
- blame: Germany had to take total responsibility of WW1
22
Q
outline the failed political coup in Austria
A
- in July 1934
- there was a failed Nazi putsch/ political coup in Austria
- failed due to M moving 40,000 Italian troops to the Austro-Italian frontier, forcing Germany to back down
23
Q
when does Germany leave the League of Nations
A
- Oct 1933
24
outline German rearmament
- H left the Disarmament Conference in 1933 with conscription + a peacetime army of 550,000
- G announced the existence of a Luftwaffe (German Air Force) in Feb 1935
- H rearmed the Rhineland in 1936
- this went against the terms of the ToV
25
outline Ribbentrop's visit to London
- Hitler sent Ribbentrop to London in 1936 as Germany's new ambassador with the specified objective of securing an agreement with Britain
- H was committed to the idea of a British alliance as a way of securing his long term aim of crushing the USSR
- this visit didnt result in an Anglo-German alliance
26
when did Germany invade Poland
- Sept 1st 1939
27
when did Britain + France declare war on Germany
- Sept 3rd 1939
28
what were the 3 foreign policy aims outlined in Mein Kampf + Zweites Buch
1) overturning the Tov
2) east expansion + establishing Lebensraum
3) seeking alliances with racially superior countries - e.g. Britain
29
what were the foreign policies of the First + Second Reichs
1) territorial expansion through war + military strength
2) diplomacy with other nations + forming alliances (e.g. Second Reich made the Triple Alliance with Austria Hungary in 1882)
29
after the territorial losses of the ToV, how many Germans lived outside German boarders
- 6.4 million
30
outline 2 influences of Hitler's racial policy
- Eugen Fisher, creator of KIWA, largely influenced Hitler's racist eugenic policies
- the Nazi Aryan Race was an invention which drew on historic ideas of the superiority of Nordic + Germanic races and the Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest) theory
30
what were the 3 reasons why Nazis decided to invade Austria in 1938 (Anchluss)
1) H took advantage of political instability in Austria - created by Austrian Nazis
2) G's relations with Italy were improved
3) Britain + France were preoccupied with their domestic situations (e.g. resignation of Foreign Secretary Eden in Br)
31
how did Stresemann go against the terms of the ToV
- secret rearmament agreements were made with the USSR
- e.g. a Kama German tank-training school was set up in 1926
- German tanks were being built + tested in Russia by 1928
31
how did Br + Fr respond to the invasion of Czechoslovakia
- they issued a guarantee of Poland's independence (Polish Guarentee) in March 1939
- this was because Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia broke the terms of the Munich Agreement
32
when did Hitler + Mussolini enter a military alliance
- Oct 1936 in Rome-Berlin Axis + May 1939 in the Pact of Steel
33
how big was the German army by 1939
- 1.5 million soldiers
- were 2,000 fighter + bomber planes
34
outline the 1935 Invasion of Abyssinia an example of the League of Nations failures
- Mussolini's Invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 - LoN failed to maintain peace;
- weak sanctions; LoN imposed weak economic sanctions as they excluded limiting Italy's oil
- lack of military; had no military + relied on member states to enforce decisions - GB + FR didn't enforce sanctions to keep Italy as ally against G
- appeasement; GB + FR appeased Italy through Hoare Laval Pact - betrayed Abyssinia
35
when was the League of Nations formed
- Jan 1920
36
what was the foreign policy adopted by Br + Fr in the 1930s
- appeasement - aimed to maintain peace in Europe/ prevent another war
37
why did Britain follow appeasement
- domestic issues; overcoming the depression + desire to avoid another world war
- in the case of a war, GB couldn't guarantee support of its colonies - war would cause issues in their empire
- many British people thought the ToV was too harsh, and so supported H's desire to overturn it (e.g. Anglo-Naval agreement)
- GB wanted time to prepare for war
38
why did France follow appeasement
- Fr was domestically weak + unstable
- e.g. political instability; there were 11 governments between 1932-35
- WW1 had severely weakened the French army - needed time to recover
39
what influence did Br + Fr's appeasement have on Hitler's foreign policy
- it gave H the confidence that Br + Fr wouldn't go to war, therefore encouraging his aggression
39
what was the foreign policy pursued by the USA
- isolationism - it refused to get involved in international affairs
- e.g. they signed 3 neutrality acts between 1935-37 - it was illegal for Americans to sell/ transport arms to diff countries
- however, joined WW2 in Dec 1941
39
how did the actions of other countries encourage H to remilitarise the Rhineland in 1936
- LoN had shown its weakness - it couldn't intervene
- attention was away from G, as Italy had shown its aggressive + expansionist policy (conquered Ethiopia)
- France was focused on its upcoming election
40
outline 4 intentionalist arguments
1) H had a master plan for his foreign policy + for war from the start - was outlined in his book Mein Kampf (1925)
2) H had a step-by-step plan (Stufenplan) to either: take over Eastern Europe, or to take over Europe, then the Middle East + the British colonies, then the rest of the world
3) H always wanted to destroy the state of Poland, unite all German speakers + create a Lebensraum (Nazi racial empire)
4) whether or not H had a masterplan, or he responded to events as they occurred, he intended to go to war - Nazi/ Hitler's expansionist foreign policy took the world to war in 1939
40
outline 4 structuralist arguments
1) G rulers, historically, followed a policy of expansionism - H/ Nazis simply followed this after 1933
2) while H did want a German empire, he didn't have a master plan, or intend to go to war in 1939 - he mainly reacted to events
3) diff pressures affected H's FP; from inside the party, from social groups, and external factors (e.g. econ)
4) in terms of Poland, H wanted to eliminate what he regarded as a potential threat to Germany - war wasn't at the forefront of his mind
41
outline the intentionalist debate
- they argue Hitler + Nazis aims drove the outbreak of war
- they intended to wage war
42
outline 3 aspects of German history that influenced Nazi foreign policy
- Aryan Racial Theory
- 3rd Reich
- the First World War
42
outline the structuralist argument
- they argue that external influences were as significant, or more so, than Nazi foreign policy in the outbreak of WW2
43
outline Aryan Racial Theory as an influence on Nazi foreign policy
- Pan-Germanism (unification of all G-speaking people) was an excuse for the invasion of countries + killing of 'inferior' races for Lebensraum
- ART led the Nazis to favour alliances with countries such as Britain - but it didn't stop them from allying with 'inferior' countries to gain temporary advantage
- ART influenced their: aim to expand G territory to unite G-speakers + create Lebensraum for 'pure Germans'
- ...aim to expand east/ taking land from those who were racially inferior
- ...their germanisation policies implemented in the new territories (persecution of inferior races)
43
what are the 2 main similarities between Social Darwinism + Aryan Racial Theory
- like Social Darwinists, H believed humans could be classified collectively as races of which have distinct psychological + physical genetic traits, thus, assimilation was impossible
- the survival of a race depended on its ability to reproduce, its accumulation of land to support the pop, + maintaining the purity of its gene pool - this struggle resulted in H's violent conquest
44
outline the influence of 3rd Reich on Nazi foreign policy
- the nostalgia for earlier empires + the sense that power and land were Germany's right influenced H's desire + sense of entitlement for a strong powerful Reich
- H viewed NFP as a continuation from previous regimes - e.g. H positioned himself next to Bismark (chancellor in 2nd Reich) in propaganda + called the regime the 3rd Reich
- both empires had gained land through military strength + diplomatic acceptance from other nations
45
outline WW1 as an influence on Nazi foreign policy
- WG politicians opposed + also broke the terms of the treaty - e.g. secret rearmament agreement with USSR (e.g. training soldiers)
- Nazi FP aimed to overturn the ToV - e.g. targeting the divided states from the ToV such as Albania, Czech etc
- the response of the Allies also encouraged Nazi FP - the Allies took a blind eye to G's infringement of the terms as they saw the ToV as too harsh - e.g. the Naval Agreement 1935, Remilitarisation of the Rhineland 1936
45
outline 3 ideas that Nazi Foreign Policy was a continuation of German govs that came before
- from the late 1800s, far righters in Germany argued for Lebensraum at the expense of those in East Europe (as H did)
- antisemitism was prevalent across Europe for nearly 2000 years - Judaism was viewed as a negative characteristic rather than a religion
- H viewed NFP as a continuation of previous regimes - e.g. in N propaganda, H positioned himself next to Bismarck (Chancellor of 2nd Reich) + H called his regime the 3rd Reich
46
outline 3 ideas that Nazi Foreign Policy was a change from German govs that came before
- race was never the driving force behind previous German Govts' FP - H's actions were unique
- the ToV had a huge impact on NFP - one of H's aims was to overturn the Treaty - unlike the Weimar Gov, H wanted to go further than just overturning it (expand past pre-WW1 boarders)
- an aggressive FP was key to H, many areas outside of FP were targeted towards preparing G for war - unlike previous regimes - e.g. 4 Year Plan, Autarky, prepping boys to be soldiers, encouraging W to be mothers to provide workers + soldiers
46
what is Bolshevism
- Bolshevism = Communism
47
outline the strengths of Poland
- had Mutual Assistance Pact with France
- very independent
- took land from Czechoslovakia in 1938
- had a large army
47
outline the weaknesses of Poland
- its unlikely Western powers would defend Poland - too far away geographically
- could not trust its neighbours as Allies (USSR, Germany)
- Army wasn't mechanised/ modernised
48
outline evidence from Hitler's Mein Kampf (1925) of his master plan for Foreign Policy
- H wanted to secure the existence of a racially pure race - Aryan Race, Pan-Germanism
- wanted a large space to ensure the independent existence of a nation - Lebensraum, Anchluss 1938, Sudetenland 1938
- H wanted to overturn the ToV
- saw England + Italy as the only suitable European allies - Pact of Steel 1939, Ribbentrop's visit to Britain
48
what is the acronym for how Hitler achieved his foreign policy aims
RULES;
Rearmament
Uniting German speakers
Lebensraum
Expansion
Strategic alliances
48
how did the ideological division (Comm vs Cap) shape Hitler's FP + contribute to WW2
- ideological divisions between the USSR + West initially divides a potentially powerful alliance against G;
- initially, USSR seen as more of a threat than Nazi G (later Britain sees USSR as an ally against Germany)
- Stalin is more inclined to enter alliances with Germany as he views the West with suspicion - Hitler exploits this situation
- H is more inclined to invade Poland as he knew USSR would support it
49
outline 3 failures of the League of Nations in resolving international disputes after 1931
- Japan Manchuria 1931: LoN protested, but not enough - Japan left LoN
- Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935: failed to prevent italy invading again in 1936
- Spanish Civil War 1936: LoN did nothing
50
how did France's fear of a German invasion influence French FP
- France instated the Maginot Line Defences on its boarder with Germany
- pursued more European alliances
50
which countries were enabling agents for Hitlers expansionist vision
- the USSR
- Italy
- Britain
- France
51
how was the USSR an enabling agent for H's expansionist vision
- USSR fully knew that war with G would come, but Stalin's greed for territory + the need to buy his army time led him to sign the Nazi Soviet Pact 1939
- led to H believing war with Poland would be local only
51
how was Italy an enabling agent for H's expansionist vision
- Italy destabilised the political environment + distracting Western democracies which helped H remilitarise the Rhineland + expand further East
52
how was Britain an enabling agent for H's expansionist vision
- their policy of appeasement meant that H was convinced Western democracies could be pushed without consequence - was wrong
52
how was France an enabling agent for H's expansionist vision
- France's domestic chaos prevented it from combating Nazi aggression + convinced France it could stay safe behind the Maginot Line
52
outline Britain reasons for why the British - Soviet Union alliance in 1939 failed
- Br was wary of an alliance with Russia in case it provoked war with Germany
- Br were wary of negotiating due to their fear of Communism
53
outline USSR reasons for why the British - Soviet Union alliance in 1939 failed
- USSR refused to involve the LoN in their peace talks
- a Br alliance offered very little to USSR except a war with Germany - an alliance with G could offer Stalin the chance to take Poland again
- USSR had already been offered an alliance with G, so were in no hurry to ally with Br unless it gave them what they wanted
54
outline how Hitler underestimated Poland's desire to fight
- Oct 1938: P + G met to discuss boarders - P was an authoritarian dictatorship which introduced antisemitic decrees, so seemed like a possible German ally
- BUT, P had its own plans - e.g. expanding its influence - by mid 1930s, Poland was spending 50% on the army
- in 1932, P signed a non-aggression pact with USSR - wasn't scared of Germany
- when Br provided the Polish guarantee, P took it seriously + gave them the confidence to resist the Nazis
55
outline how H misunderstood the Allied promises to defend Poland
- H didn't believe Fr + Br would wage war to defend Poland
- Br + Fr increased their pace of rearmament from Mar 1939
- the vague clauses in the Polish Guarantee gave H the confidence that BR + FR wouldn't defend Poland
- H was able to overstep the Allies + their terms in the past (e.g. re-militarisation of the Rhineland) - gave him confidence for his Invasion of Poland
56
outline how Hitler overestimated the strength of the Pact of Steel
- the Pact of Steel gave H confidence as he believed the Italian threat to BR + FR interests in the Mediterranean + North Africa would stop a war over Poland developing into a major war
- M had significant influence + control over Albania + part of the Balkans
- Mussolini claimed to be the 'new Caesar' + made claims to have a large + modern army
- when the war did begin, M didn't perform well
56
outline the Polish Guarantee
- 31st March 1939 - reaction to G invasion of Czecho
- was a Guarantee by BR + FR saying that if Poland were invaded, they would defend it
- had clauses such as that the guarantee wouldn't be invoked if Poland showed 'provocative and stupid obstinacy' - this vagueness increased H's confidence that BR + FR wouldn't follow through with it
57
outline the background to the Poland - German feud
- tensions worsened after the ToV which granted Poland German land (Polish corridor)
- Non-Aggression Pact 1934: G surprised many by signing a non-aggression pact with Poland, likely to avoid a two-front war
- failed negotiations 1935-1937: G attempted to negotiate with P for military support but failed, esp regarding an alliance against the USSR
- growing G confidence 1936-1938: P's reluctance to ally with G led H to expand further into Czechoslovakia + Austria
- 1939: G signed the Pact of Steel + Nazi-Soviet Pact - ensured P was surrounded
- G's invasion Sep 1 1939: H invaded P, expecting no major resistance from BR + FR, who then declared war
58
outline how H underestimated the Allied preparation for WW2
- everything the Allies did 1935-39 encouraged H to believe they were weak
- but, British rearmament had been progressing with radar now installed to protect against German bombing
- from 1935, Br had been developing modern planes - e.g. spitfires, that would successfully defend Britain
- this increased Allied confidence
- H; when war broke in 1939, Br only had an army of 900,000 compared to G's 4Mn
59
when war broke in _, Br only had an army of _ compared to G's _
- when war broke in 1939, Br only had an army of 900,000 compared to G's 4Mn
59
outline how Hitler miscalculated the importance of the Nazi Soviet Pact
- the N-S Pact made H more confident that he could invade Poland + not worry about intervention from the West
- all parties knew G would only be fighting on one front (the Western front) if G went to war with Br + Fr
- H believed this + G having the powerful ally of the USSR would be enough to stop BR + FR fulfilling the Polish Guarantee
60
outline evidence supporting the idea that Germany was always going to invade Poland
- the ToV gave land + Germans to P
- H always wanted it/ had expansionist ideas in his Mein Kampf
- H wasn't in a position to invade in 1934 (non-agression pact) + was biding time
- didn't believe BR + FR would help P
61
outline evidence opposing the idea that Germany was always going to invade Poland
- Germanys Non-Aggression Pact with Poland 1934
- wanted Poland as an ally against USSR
- wanted road + rail links through Polish Corridor
- BR + FR were willing to protect Polish independence
62
outline evidence for other nations starting WW2
- League of Nations is weak - e.g. Mukden, Abyssinia
- GB + FR appeasement - e.g. aloowing re-militarisation of the rhineland
- Anglo-Naval Treaty 1935 - allows Germany to re-arm
- Rome Berlin Axis 1936, Pact of Steel 1939
- Japan Anti-Comintern Pact 1936
- Nazi Soviet Pact 1939 allows H to invade Poland without war w/ USSR
63
outline the Mukden incident 1931 as an example of the League of Nations failures
- LoN failed to prevent aggression
- Japan (member of LoN) faked an explosion in Mukden (China) + blamed it on Chinese forces then launches an invasion on Manchuria
- weak response; LoN investigated the incident, but lacked the power to enforce any punishment
- encouraging future aggression; Japan's lack of punishment set a dangerous precedent that any nation could invade another w/o consequence - influenced Italy + G
64
what is Blitzkreig
- a German military strategy of small 'lightening wars' which focused on surprise, quick invasions of overwhelming force
- showed H was only interested in small, local scale wars - not on a global scale
- was successful in Germanys invasion of Poland in 1939
65
outline Hitler's second book
- 'Zweites Buch' - unpublished, written in 1928, it included;
- H's wish for expansion Eastward/ Lebensraum
- H's hatred for USSR/ Bolshevism + the need to destroy it
- Germany's strategic alliances with GB + Italy
- opposition to the ToV - for G to rearm + reclaim lost territory
- world dominance
66
outline evidence supporting the idea that Hitler DID intend a world war when invading Poland in 1939 (intentionalist)
- Polish guarantee; H knew GB + FR would respond to an invasion of Poland
- H's master plan in Mein Kampf (1925) + Zweitz Buch (1928)
- H started rearming in 1935 - intended mass conflict
- had the confidence of alliances with USSR + Italy
- H hinted towards war in a speech in Berlin in Sept 1938
67
outline evidence supporting the idea that Hitler DID NOT intend a world war when invading Poland in 1939 (structuralist)
- H thought GB + FR's appeasement policies + their weak domestic situations meant they wouldn't respond to H's invasion of Poland - was wrong
- Hossbach conference 1937; H claimed not to be ready for war until 1943
- H wanted Polish land, e.g. Polish Corridor, Danzig given away in ToV - only wanted a local war
- Nazi-Soviet pact 1939; hoped this alliance would prevent GB + FR waging war
68
outline evidence supporting the idea that Hitler DID have a master plan
- Mein Kampf (1925) + Zweitz Buch (1928) outline H's 'stufenplan'; outlined H's aim to overturn the ToV, expansion East, strategic alliances, rearmament
- H follows through; remilitarizes Rhineland 1935, Anchluss 1938, invasion of Czechoslovakia 1939, invasion of Poland 1939
- an aggressive FP was so key that many areas external to FP were targeted towards preparing G for war; economy (4 year plan, autarky), education (prepping boys to be soldiers), women (influenced to have many children to provide workers + soldiers)
69
outline evidence supporting the idea that Hitler DID NOT have a master plan
- Mein Kampf 1925 + Zweitz Buch 1928 were just a set of broad aims
- Blitzkreig - H wanted small local/ lightening wars - not a World War
- rearmament was for self-defense
- Hossbach conference 1937; wont be ready for war until 1943
- H doesnt always achieve aims, e.g. 1934 Anchluss
70
what does Stufenplan refer to
- Stufenplan refers to H's step-by-step foreign policy aims + plans which he outlined in his books Mein Kampf 1925 + Zweitz Buch 1928
71
outline the significance of the Spanish Civil War
- in 1936
- this was won by fascists + strengthened Germanys position
- this enabled greater unity between G + Italy
- GB also stayed neutral during this war which further confirmed to H that GB wouldn't intervene in his foreign policy
72
name an example of continuity of Nazi foreign policy from previous governments (weimar germany)
- until 1938, H kept many Weimar Foreign Officials, e.g. Von Neurath
73
outline evidence of Weimar Germany going against the ToV
- WG created the Kama Tank Training School in the USSR in 1929-33 which trained German tank commanders
- Stresemann aimed to overturn the ToV diplomatically, e.g. with the Dawes + Young plans which revised the reparation payments
74
outline the historical significance of anti semitism
- discrimination against Jews had been a reality across Europe for nearly 2000 years
- Judaism came to be a negative racial characteristic rather than a religious identity in the 19th century
- BUT race was never the driving force behind previous Govts foreign policies - H's actions 1933-39 were unique
75
outline an example of H being advised against war
- in the 1930s, old established German political + military leaders, Blauberg + Fritz, cautioned H against war
- H removed them from power - H had no external influence, which debunks a structuralist view
