Nazi G (1933-45) Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
in the ____ _____ election, Nazis got their best result, __%, gaining majority in the Reichstag
A
- in the March 1933 election, Nazis got their best result, 44%, gaining majority in the Reichstag
2
Q
the Enabling Act was passed in ____ _____
A
- the Enabling Act was passed in March 1933
3
Q
when did Hindenburg die
A
- Hindenburg died on 2nd August 1934
4
Q
in _____ ____, the German army took ‘The ___ ____’ which swore loyalty to Hitler + the Nazi regime
A
- in August 1934, the German army took ‘The Army Oath’ which swore loyalty to Hitler + the Nazi regime
5
Q
The Nazis were against the division of Germany into _____
They wanted a _____ state, with a _____ administration
A
- The Nazis were against the division of Germany into 18 Lander
- They wanted a centralized state, with a centralized administration
6
Q
there was mass unemployment - approx _ million unemployed in ____
A
- there was mass unemployment - approx 8 million unemployed in 1933
7
Q
who was Hjalmar Schacht’s replacement
A
- in 1936
- Hermann Goering
8
Q
the Nazi’s road building schemes had _____ employees between _____
A
- the Nazi’s road building schemes had 84,000 employees between 1933-35
9
Q
what did the Reich Food Estate (RNS) do
A
- regulated food production + distribution of farm produce
- had set prices & farmers wages
10
Q
Nazis gave aid to ____ _______ and created a singular trade union; ___ (____ ____ _____)
A
- Nazis gave aid to small businesses and created a singular trade union; DAF (German Labour Front)
11
Q
Unemployed: 1930 - __%
1936 - __%
A
- Unemployed: 1930 - 14%
1936 - 7.5%
12
Q
____: German farmers provided __% of farm produce. ____: provided __%
A
- 1928: German farmers provided 68% of farm produce. 1934: provided 80%
13
Q
What did the Nazis promise in their election campaign
A
- immediate economic recovery/ ‘work and bread’
14
Q
Over _____ ‘undesirable’ children died under the __ campaign
A
- Over 700,000 ‘undesirable’ children died under the T4 campaign
15
Q
After ____, morale in Germany became increasingly _____________
A
After 1942, morale in Germany became increasingly low
16
Q
- ___ ____: Mass ____ of _____ books written by non-German authors/ promoting non-Nazi ideas
A
- May 1933: Mass burning of 25,000 books written by non-German authors/ promoting non-Nazi ideas
17
Q
What was the strength through joy movement
A
- it provided trips to the theatre, the opera and to art galleries, subsidised holidays and museums which promoted Nazi culture
- it aimed to improve worker morale + support for the Nazi regime whilst creating a sense of national unity + community
18
Q
Einstatzgrupen was…
A
- the SS Units responsible for rounding up & murdering Jews in Eastern Europe
19
Q
what was Hitler’s ‘Final Solution’
A
- The term used by the Nazis to describe the extermination of Jews from 1941
20
Q
at the ______ Conference in ____ the _____ _____ was agreed
A
- at the Wannsee Conference in 1942 the final solution was agreed
21
Q
Germany’s air force increased from ___ (1939) to ____ (1941) whist Britain’s had trebled in the same period (to _____)
A
- Germany’s air force increased from 8,000 (1939) to 10,000 (1941) whist Britain’s had trebled in the same period (to 21,000)
22
Q
______ left-wing enemies of the Nazis were imprisoned during _____
A
- 150,000 left-wing enemies of the Nazis were imprisoned during 1933-45
23
Q
______ _______ men were imprisoned in concentration camps
A
- 15,000 homosexual men were imprisoned in concentration camps
24
Q
what + when was The Law for the Protection of German Blood & Honour
A
- forbid marriage between Jews & German citizens
- 1935
25
what + when was the The Reich Citizenship Law
- 1935
- said Jews are no longer German Citizens
26
at The ____ Conference ___, world leaders refused to accept _____ refugees
- at The Evian Conference 1938, world leaders refused to accept Jewish refugees
27
when was + what happened at Kristallnacht
- November 9th 1938
- a Govt permitted attack on Jews in Germany + Austria
- Jewish homes, synagogues, businesses were looted, vandalised + burned
- about 28,000 German + Austrian J men deported to concentration camps
28
between ______, _ million Jews are murdered
- between 1942-44, 6 million Jews are murdered
29
By ____, __% of teachers had joined the _, as it was impossible to get a job if you werent a member
- By 1937, 95% of teachers had joined the National Socialist Teachers League, as it was impossible to get a job if you werent a member
30
in _, _ children were forced out of German schools to attend _ schools
- in 1938, Jewish children were forced out of German schools to attend Jewish schools
31
____: __% of German homes had a radio
- 1939: 70% of German homes had a radio
32
____: __% of the population agreed with remilitarisation of the Rhineland
- 1936: 99% of the population agreed with remilitarisation of the Rhineland
33
Party membership rose from ______ in ____ to _ million in ____
- Party membership rose from 850,000 in 1933 to 5 million in 1940
34
Give 2 examples of organisations Nazis set up to involve women in politics
- National Socialist Women’s League
- German Women’s Enterprise
35
Describe a significant change in a right of women in Nazi Germany
- Women’s right to vote was taken away
36
_____: birth-control organisations which produced and distributed contraceptives were ______
- 1933: birth-control organisations which produced and distributed contraceptives were banned
37
____: women who conceived + raised children were awarded the ‘_____ _____’ for ...
- 1938: women who conceived + raised children were awarded the ‘Mother’s Cross’ for having contributed to the strength of the German nation
38
when did H abolish all other political parties expect the NSDAP
- July 1933
39
What was the most famous e.g. of resistance to the Nazi regime during the war
- The July 1944 Stauffenberg bomb plot/ Operation Valkyrie: plan by Stauffenberg to assassinate Hitler
- failed
40
What was the Red Orchestra
- operated in 1938-42
- was a Communist oppositional spy network that successfully permeated the Nazi government and military
41
workers opposed the Nazi regime through...
- 400 wildcat strikes between 1935-6
42
- ____: the SS numbered _______, in ____: it numbered ______
- 1933: the SS numbered 52,000, in 1939: it numbered 250,000
43
about ______ concentration camps were made between ____-__
- about 20,000 concentration camps were made between 1933-45
44
outline the principle of 'volksegmeinschaft'
- advocated the 'people's community'
- Germans were expected to work together + make sacrifices for the greater good of the nation
45
when Speer was put in charge of the economy in ____, ________ production increased by __%
- when Speer was put in charge of the economy in 1942, ammunition production increased by 97%
46
____: ___% of young people were members of Hitler Youth
- 1939: 90% of young people were members of Hitler Youth
47
by _, _ women were employed
- by 1939, 1.5million women were employed
48
between 19_-_, _ people were sterilised
- between 1934-45, 400,000 people were sterilised
49
how many laws did the Reichstag pass between 1934-45 (11yrs)
- 7 laws
- shows its inefficiency
50
name 3 religious officials who spoke out against the Nazis
- Bishop Galen; criticised nazi euthanasia policy
- Martin Niemoller; sent to a concentration camp
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer; helped jews emigrate, worked in Kreisau Circle
51
what was the outcome of burning of PLT
- the burning of PLT in Feb 1933 helped H consolidate his power
- Nazi's were able to stir up anti-communist propaganda
- H banned the Communists from taking their seat in the Mar 1933 election
52
what did Goebbels set up to promote acceptable culture
- the RKK (Reich Chamber of Culture) was set up in 1933
- this controlled all creative arts + promoted acceptable culture
53
why wasnt it inevitable in 1933 that Hitler would be a dictator
- in 1933:
- civil rights were protected by the Constitution
- Nazis didn't control the Reichstag
- the press was still free to criticize the Govt
- Hindenburg was still President
- army still had power + didn't like H's SA
53
what were H's main 3 methods to overcome obstacles to his power
- using power + intimidation, e.g. through Gestapo, concentration camps
- dealt with the press + trade unions via Gleichschatung (the process of establishing a totalitarian system of control + coordination)
- dealt with the Constitution + Reichstag via a legal revolution
53
outline the Reichstag Fire
- Feb 27th 1933
- the Reichstag was destroyed by a fire
- a Dutch Communist, Marinus van de Lubbe, was arrested for the crime
- Hitler + the NSDAP used this event to take down the Communists
- 4,000 Communists were arrested + H was granted emergency powers, leading to more arrests
53
what were Hitler's remaining limitations to his power in 1933
- Hindenburg (President)
- army
- Reichstag
- press
53
outline the first election after Hitlers appointment
- was on 5th March 1933
- Nazis achieved 44% of votes - their best result ever, but they still didn't have a 2/3 majority to change constitution
- they achieved this high result through pressuring + killing political opponents and broadcasting their anti-Communist ideas through radio
53
outline the Enabling Act
- was passed by the Reichstag in March 1933
- the enabling act passed by 444 votes to 84 (SPD voted against)
- this act gave H the power to pass laws without input of the Reichstag or President - rule like a dictator
53
what happened in May 1933 that further consolidated Hitler's power
- Trade Union officers were taken over by the SA + SS
- many Union leaders were arrested and sent to (early version) concentration camps
- all trade unions were merged into the German Labour Front (DAF), controlled by NSDAP + led by Ley
53
outline the Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich
- the Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich was passed in January 30th, 1934
- it abolished the Lander altogether and brought them under central control
53
what law was passed in July 1933
- the Law Against the Formation of Political Parties was passed in July 1933 which banned all remaining political parties and prevented new ones from forming
- this is a turning point for where democracy collapses
- there was no political challenge to Nazi rule anymore - Germany was now a one party state
53
outline the oath of loyalty
- in August 1934
- the German army aligned itself with the Nazi regime and took an oath of personal loyalty to H
- H was now the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
53
what was the significance of Hindenburg's death
- died August 2nd 1934
- H combined the role of president and chancellor to become 'Fuhrer'
- he was now the undisputed head of Germany
53
outline economic crises in helping Hitler become a dictator
- when the economy was struggling, Germans would turn to extremist parties (like NSDAP) + their decisive authoritative nature
- the Great Depression (1929-39) caused a rise in support for Nazism, through H's promise of 'work and bread'
53
outline the Night of Long Knives
- took place in June 29-30th 1934
- several hundred political and SA leaders were arrested and executed by Nazis
- e.g. General von Schleicher (ex-chancellor), Ernest Rohm (SA leader)
- H killed those who he thought were a potential threat to his power + allowed him to take power of the Army
54
outline the Constitution in helping Hitler become a dictator
- Article 48 held too much power/ risk for autocracy
- e.g. after the Reichstag Fire, H used it to arrested his political opponents
55
outline the Reichstag Fire in helping Hitler become a dictator
- it gave H an excuse to openly hate + arrest Communists
- he arrested 4,000 Communists
- this severely crippled the Communist Party
56
define Fuhrerprinzip
- Fuhrerprinzip = the Nazi ideology that all power + sovereignty (supreme authority) is vested in Hitler
57
outline the structure of Nazi Government
- Hitler as Fuhrer: Head of State, head of NSDAP, Commander in Chief, Minister of War
- under Hitler, there was the Reich Chancellery, Fuhrer Chancellery and The Party
57
outline the Reich Chancellery
- was the existing ministry/ cabinet + civil service from Weimar Germany
58
outline the Fuhrer Chancellery
- this was a new Nazi ministry organisation - it had more power than the Reich Chancellery
- Ministries: Propaganda, Justice, Finance, Foreign Affairs, Labour, War
- Offices: Four Year Plan, Health, Race, Family
58
outline The Party
- this was for NSDAP party organisation
- was split into: Policing + Administration
- Policing: SA, SS - Gestapo
- Administration: Gauleiters (regional party leader) - Youth Organisations, Blockwarts (lower level regional party officials)
59
outline leadership under the Nazi regime
- Hitler, as the Fuhrer, had 'Fuhrer power' (ultimate power)
- below H, the Nazi state operated under Fuhrerprinzip, which established a strict hierarchal order
- at every level of govt, there was 1 person in charge who reported to someone at the next level up
- this was essential to work together + to not make their own decisions or use their initiative
- H made few decisions by himself - it was in foreign policy that he took most control
60
outline decision making under the regime
- it was impossible for H to make all the decisions in running a country - those under him had to conform to the principles of what H wanted
- those showing the most loyalty to H were given the most power - e.g. Goebbels in Ministry for Propaganda
- this 'working towards the Fuhrer' helped H maintain his authority
61
outline the distribution of power + continuity from Weimar within the Nazi Government
- Govt institutions from the Weimar G remained - but their power was illusionary
- e.g. the Reichstag remained but only passed 7 laws between 1934-45, due to the Enabling Act
- H also kept the cabinet of ministers as they provided a useful level of continuity from the previous regime
- e.g. H kept the Foreign Minister from previous governments - Von Neurath
- however, the power of former Weimar ministries (who now operated in the Reich Chancellery) were restricted as they worked alongside new ministries + officials in the Fuhrer Chancellery
- H also prevented groups of people working together as to avoid opposition groups forming, e.g. abolished cabinet meetings - made decision making inefficient
62
the Reichstag remained in Nazi Germany, but only passed _ laws between _-_ - showed their power was _
- the Reichstag remained in Nazi Germany, but only passed 7 laws between 1934-45 - showed their power was illusionary
63
outline administration within the Nazi Government
- like the Weimar Govt, administration was done by Civil Service under the new minister, William Frick
- it operated within Nazi ideology + Fuhrerprinzip
- Lander were abolished + replaced by a centralised state with a central administration
- William Frick ran both regional and local governments - he came into conflict with Gauleiters
64
outline control within the Nazi State
- the Nazi state established tight levels of control over 'political means' by using the Gestapo
- control of its citizens was an important aspect of the Nazi state
- to extend their control, the Gestapo + SS developed their own judiciary which ran alongside the traditional court system for political crimes - the People's Court
- Gestapo-controlled concentration camps were set up for political prisoners
65
outline the common good in the Nazi state
- the Nazis worked on the principle of Volkgemeinschaft (the peoples community)
- the German nation was a racially united body working for the good of the nation
- individuals were expected to obey the Nazi G + make sacrifices for the greater good
66
outline equality in the view of the Nazi regime
- Volksgemeinschaft - in theory - wanted Germany to be racially unified, working for the greater good of the nation
- but 'non-German' minorities, e.g. Jews, were discriminated
66
outline social rights in Nazi society
- there were no enforced social rights for those who didnt fit the 'Nazi ideal'
- e.g. the disabled were sterilised, recieved no aid
- these groups (disabled, homeless) were actively discriminated against
67
outline voting in the Nazi state
- there were no real elections as H made the decisive decisions for Germany
- there were only plebiscites (a referendum for electing on issues)
68
what is a command economy
- command economy = when the state controls the economy by deciding what + how much to produce of which product
69
what are ersatz + examples from the 2nd 4 year plan
- ersatz = substitute or replacement goods - often of inferior quality
- e.g. bread became Erastzbrot (bread made with potato starch)
70
when was a command economy put in place
- in the second 4 year plan in 1936-39
71
outline the creation of the command economy in 1936
- Goring was in charge of this 4 year plan
- this plan was initiated to redirect the economy towards war + autarky
- was also created as Schacht’s first 4 year plan failed to solve the issue of providing sufficient raw materials
71
what were the aims of Goering 4 year plan/ creation of command economy
- to achieve autarky, improve unemployment + agriculture, to prepare Germany for war (rearmament)
- ersatz products were made to try and achieve autarky
71
outline the ‘Guns or Butter’ debate from Goring’s 4 year plan/ creation of command economy
- was a debate over if Germany should prioritise rearming (preferred by Hitler) or the needs of the people (e.g. food, fuel)
- Nazis considered food rationing, but they knew it would be unpopular - esp as they promised ‘work and bread’ in their election manifesto
- to try and overcome this, Nazis tried re-educating people on their eating + consumption habits - e.g. to consume less in general, esp fat, less meat
89
what were the successes of Goring’s 4 year plan/ creation of command economy
successes
- rearmament was successful + was achieved without increasing prices or cutting wages
- produced key materials - like aluminium + explosives
90
what were the failures of Goring’s 4 year plan/ creation of command economy
failures:
- results were slow due to pragmatic difficulties
- farming + industry didn’t meet the targets of the Four Year Plan
- the shift to a command econ lost support of groups like industrialists
91
what was the overall conclusion of Goring’s/ the second 4 year plan
- wasn’t a massive success
- Germany was still unprepared for war in 1939
92
outline how (industrial) workers benefitted from Nazi rule
- unemployment did fall considerably (by around 1% per year)
- the Strength Through Joy workers programme offered access to activities, subsidised holidays + Volkswagen cars
93
outline how (industrial) workers suffered from Nazi rule
- long hours + low wages
- living standards were falling
- trade unions were abolished - workers had no functional outlet to complain about their poor housing + low wages - strikes, indiscipline and absenteeism (not coming to work) were regular
94
outline how farmers benefitted from Nazi rule
- farmers’ income increased by 41%
- by 1937, wages for farmers returned to their 1929 level (pre-Great Dep level)
- demand for German farm products increased
95
outline how farmers suffered from Nazi rule
- G agriculture remained dependent on imports + suffered from workers moving to cities
- the Hereditary Farm Law 1933: meant that efficient agriculture was held back as farmers couldn’t borrow money to expand/ modernise
96
outline how the middle class ('Mittelstand') benefitted from Nazi rule
- small business benefitted - e.g. became sub-contractors for arms companies
- many could also buy up their Jewish rivals' companies cheaply as part of Goering's ‘Aryanisation’ programme
97
outline how the middle class ('Mittelstand') suffered from Nazi rule
- MC resented the higher classes, compulsory donations and shortages of raw materials + labour
98
outline how ‘undesirables’ benefitted from Nazi rule
- they had no benefits
99
outline how ‘undesirables’ suffered from Nazi rule
- 1939: all doctors, nurses and midwives had to report any children under 3 with physical/ mental disabilities
- Oct 1939: the T4 campaign killed disabled people - this was extended to hospitals + institutions for the old by 1940
- between 1936-40, 78 families that were asocial (alcoholic, failed to pay rent, sex workers), were sent to be re-educated into Nazi norms + values - coersive process
100
how did Nazis overcome unemployment
- encouraged businesses to offer temporary work for the long term unemployed
- RAD (Reich Labour Service): set up schemes for unemployed men + women - provided manual work with basic food + accommodation
- road building schemes: created work through the road + truck building industry
101
how successful were the Nazis in solving unemployment
- the unemployment rate had halved in 6 years to 7%
- however: the Nazis manipulated statistics as they didn’t include Jews and women in stats + discouraged them from working
102
outline the issue of agriculture
- agriculture was still in recession
- farmers incomes fell sharply
103
how did Nazis overcome the agriculture issue
- import tariffs: Hindenburg increased import tariffs in agricultural produce, making people more likely to buy G goods
- banks: banks were banned from repossessing farms from farmers in debt
- margarine: H made margarine manufacturers put german farmers butter in it - stopped relying on foreign imports
- RNS (Reich Food Estate): was set up to regulate food production + distribution of farm produce
104
outline the problem of businesses in Nazi G after the Great Depression
- the Great Depression let to many businesses having to cut production or collapse
- in 1930-32, 50,000 businesses went bankrupt
- union actions + disputes meant the loss of millions of work days
105
how did the Nazis overcome the issue faced by businesses
- small businesses: the 1933 law for the Protection of Retail Trades stopped the building of new stores
- Nazi propaganda discouraged use of department stores as small businesses supported Hitler, and big store owners hadn’t
- trade unions: H got rid of TUs as they caused issues for big companies, H made new trade union (DAF) which allowed big companies to exploit + control workers, and suppress dissent
106
were the Nazis policies for businesses successful
- large businesses that depended on exports suffered
- but the DAF made it possible for big businesses to exploit workers, which was pos for businesses, but bad for workers
107
in _, some department stores made _% less than they had in _
- in 1934, some department stores made 80% less than they had in 1929
108
outline the issue of international trade
- international demand for German products was low
- G couldn’t afford to pay for imports + preferred to exchange goods
110
outline evidence that the Nazi war economy was effective
- by the 2nd half of 1944, there had been more than a 3x increase in G war production since 1942
- after Speer was put in power in 1942, munition production increased by 97%
111
outline evidence that the Nazi war economy was ineffective
- the Nazi economy failed to meet the demands of war - led to econ collapse in 1945
- there was shortages of raw materials, e.g. coal, oil
- the Nazis relied on foreign workers who were malnourished - as a result, productivity was down by 60-80%
112
why was the government in a state of disorganisation + chaos during the war
- the chaos of the economy and society was exacerbated as H further withdrew from direct control of Govt
- he spent 20 hours a day sleeping - Goebbels took over - e.g. he gave speeches (e.g. Sportplast) + arranged a response to the 1944 Bomb Plot
113
when was moral the highest in WW2
- between 1939-42
114
what are the 3 main reasons for Germans high moral
1) even rationed, food was reasonably distributed- e.g. 500g of meat per week
2) early victories, e.g. Poland, Norway, Denmark helped maintain morale
3) propaganda encouraged moral support
115
what were the 3 main reasons for low morale
1) difficult working conditions
2) increased food + clothing shortages
3) the Allied bombing of German cities decreased morale - homes were destroyed + civilians were targeted
116
outline music in Nazi culture
- with Strength Through Joy trips, people could go to the opera
- Jazz/ foreign music was banned
- classical German composers like Bach + Beethoven were supported by the regime
117
outline literature in Nazi culture
- any books that didn’t align with Nazi views were censored
- brain drain: 2,500 of Germany’s writers left due to persecution + ideological censorship - e.g. author of All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque)
- Mar 1933: mass book burning of 25,000 anti-Nazi books
118
outline sports in Nazi culture
- sports were encouraged to produce a healthy nation
- hosting the 1936 Olympics was an opportunity to show off German sport abilities in which they won the most medals
- the Olympics excluded Jewish athletes
119
outline cinema in Nazi culture
- there were Strength Though Joy trips to the theatre
- Hitlers favourite film maker, Riefenstahl, made a series of documentaries for him
- every film had to be looked over to check that it aligned with Nazi views before being released
- Jewish actors, such as Marlene Dietrich were banned
- there were overt propaganda in films, e.g. The Eternal Jew
120
outline art + design in Nazi culture
- there were Strength Through Joy trips to art galleries where exhibitions showed both acceptable + unacceptable art
- e.g. 1937: there was a ‘degenerate’ art exhibition in Munich
- acceptable art showed physically fit aryans + was put in workplaces to saturate people with Nazi propaganda
- the Nazi Party Rally Grounds was a large scale building designed to impress
121
outline censoring unacceptable culture in Nazi culture
- there was a burning of 25,000 books from Jewish + Communist authors
- any culture that encouraged individualism + anti-state was censored
- the Reich Chamber of Culture was supervised by the Propaganda Ministry
122
what were the aims of Nazi education policies
- to instil nationalist, militaristic, and antisemitic ideas
- to ensure children learnt about racial theories, volksgemeinschaft ('peoples community')
- to educate boys about becoming soldiers and girls becoming mothers
123
outline the Nazis centralisation of the education system
- as part of ‘Gleichschaltung’ (the process of establishing control over society), the Lander were abolished + lost control of their region
- through this, they centralised the education, judiciary, taxation systems etc
124
outline the structure of the Nazi education system
- tripartite system; Hauptschule (basic education), Gymnasium (more advanced)
- university for the more academic + M/UC
- centralised control of education under Reich Ministry of Education (Gleichschaltung)
- elite schools for training for SS officers: Castles of the Order, Adolf Hitler schools, Napolas
125
outline the role of teachers in Nazi education
- Apr 1939: the Nationalist Teachers League was established, was impossible to get a job without membership
- Apr 1933: ‘undesirable’ teachers were purged (60%) - e.g. female headteachers
126
by _, _% of teachers had joined the National Socialist Teachers League
- by 1937, 95% of teachers had joined the National Socialist Teachers League
127
outline the impact of Nazi educational policies on the role of teachers
- standards of education declined under anti-academic ethos of schools
- reduced respect for the teaching professional
- overall, teachers were willing to convert to Nazism for the sanctity of their jobs
- Apr 1939: the Nationalist Teachers League was established - was impossible to get a job without membership
- Apr 1933: ‘undesirable’ teachers were purged (60%) - e.g. female headteachers
128
outline the students + curriculum under Nazi Germany
- Curriculum was determined by central govt
- schools were a place of indoctrination + teaching loyalty to H and Germany
- radicalisation of curriculum: emphasis on physical fitness (15% of curriculum), racial purity, history (creation of volksgemeinschaft), health biology (focused on race + motherhood for girls), religious studies dropped
- stereotyped roles: girls (home economics, modern languages), boys (science, sport + prep for uni)
- censored textbooks, new booklets printed to support propaganda of curriculum - e.g. maths: calculations on how much money could be saved for marriage loans if money spent on mentally ill care was used
- jews forced out of G schools into Jewish schools - abolished 1942
- schools were a vehicle for communicating Nazi ideology
129
outline the impact of Nazi educational policies on students
- fewer students completed academic education due to strict govt selection of uni students
- only 10% of uni students were female
- those in Uni were mainly M/UC men
- the same number of WC people went to uni in 1939 as in 1933
130
outline youth groups in Nazi Germany
- the Hitler Youth movement was set up with separate groups for girls + boys - all other youth groups abolished
- 1936: Catholic youth groups abolished
- boys: Little Folk, Jungvolk, Hitler Jungend
- girls: Jungmadel, Association for German Women
- these organisations reinforced messages taught in school
- WC less likely to join than MC students
131
in _, Hitler Youth had _ members and it became compulsory to join in _
- in 1936, Hitler Youth had 4 million members and it became compulsory to join in 1939
132
what is social darwinism
- survival of the fittest: the belief that life is a competition and that the fittest deserve to prosper whilst the unfit deserve to be left behind
133
outline mass murder/ genocide events of the Nazis racial policies
- 1941: H creates 6 Einsatzgruppe (killing squads) who followed the G army into Russia to kill all Jews + Communists
- 1941: mass murder of 34,000 jews near Kiev - carried out by Einsatzgruppe
- 1942: first gassing of Jews carried out at Auschwitz
- 1942-44: transportation of jews from around Europe to death camps - 6 million murdered
134
outline segregation of the Nazis racial policies
- 1938: a law forced J W to add Sarah + J M to add Israel to their names - must be on all legal documents
- Sep 1939: Germany invades Poland - all Polish Js have to wear a Star of David
- 1940: Js forced to move to ghettos which are surrounded by a wall - people cant leave or enter
135
when did morale fall + evidence of low morale
- after 1942
- there was a rise in criticisms of Hitler + non-conformism
136
outline intimidation in the Nazis racial policies
- Jan 1933: H made Chancellor - imposes a 1 day national boycott of J businesses - SA member stood outside urging people not to go in
- Nov 1938: Kristallnacht; Govt permitted attack on Jews
137
outline the effects of the German invasion of the USSR + USA joining the war
- the 1941 invasion of the USSR + USA joining the war in 1941 put strains on the German economy, leading to the cost of feeding inhabitants of the Ghettos too great - led to more extremism + carrying out of the Final Solution
137
what is the Final Solution 1942 evidence of
- cumulative radicalisation (gradual extremism)
138
by _, _ women had left their jobs to get married and take advantage of the _ given to women to encourage them to ....
- by 1934, 360,000 women had left their jobs to get married and take advantage of the loans given to women to encourage them to give up their jobs + have children
139
outline the Law for the Reduction of Unemployment
- passed in 1933
- it said that women in the top levels of Civil Service should be dismissed
- newly-wed women received ‘marriage loans’ if they left work
- in 1936, women were excluded from working in the Law + Judiciary
139
what was a provision put in to encourage women to work during WW2
- more childcare was provided
- the NSV (People's Welfare Organisation) had 31,000 kindergartens by the end of 1942
139
By _, over _ of German women between _ - _ years old were in regular employment - this was significantly higher than in _ and _
- By 1939, over half of German women between 15 - 60 years old were in regular employment - this was significantly higher than in Britain and America
140
outline the gender pay gap in Nazi Germany
- in 1933, an unskilled woman earned 70% of an unskilled man's wage
- by 1939, this was at 66%
140
what was Nazi's view of women
- women were seen as fundamentally important to the creation of a strong + 'racially pure' Volksgemeinschaft
- they made a valuable contribution to society through their role as mothers
- they were expected to conform to the typical feminine stereotypes - e.g. Kinder, Kuche, Kirche
140
although women in Germanys workforce increased by _% in 1933-39, it only increased by _% in WW2 (compared to Britain's _%) - because...
- although women in Germanys workforce increased by 27% in 1933-39, it only increased by 2% in WW2 (compared to Britain's 50%)
- this was because G used foreign labourers from conquered territories
140
outline women in Nazi politics
- politics/ Govt/ any decision making was seen as a man's role
- there wasn't a single female Nazi minister in the Reichstag
- from 1936, W couldn't be judges, prosecutors or members of a jury
141
outline the leader of the National Socialist Women's League
- the leader was Gertrud Schlotz-Klink
- despite her leadership position, she spoke out against women in politics + condemned Weimar female politicians
- this organisation promoted Nazi ideology among women
142
outline opposition of army elites against Hitler + Nazi regime
- there was little opposition early on due to fear from the Night of Long Knives
- opposition from army elites inc when H waged war + esp after 1942, when it was clear G was losing the war
- an example of this opposition is the 1944 Stauffenberg Bomb Plot and the Kreisau Circle committed by military elites
142
outline the 1944 Stauffenberg Bomb Plot
- occurred in 1944
- Colonel Stauffenberg attended a meeting with Hitler + planted a bomb to kill him and everyone in that room
- the bomb detonated but H survived
142
outline the Kreisau Circle
- took place 1940-44
- was a group of German elite that planned the future of Germany after the defeat of Nazis
- they leaked details about Nazi death camps to Allies
142
outline opposition from communists and workers to Hitler + Nazi regime
- Comms/ workers opposed H as they had opposing political beliefs
- they printed anti-Nazi literature, organised wildcat strikes for improved pay + conditions
- e.g. the Red orchestra
- Gestapo infiltrated their groups + executed them
143
outline opposition from the Church to Hitler + Nazi regime
- as a Church, they resisted attempts for Nazis to censor their Christian newspaper or integrating Catholic + Nazi youth groups
- the Church + Hitler signed a concordat in 1933, saying in return for the continuation of the church, they wouldnt interfere in politics/ be loyal to H
- thus, it was mostly the work of religious individuals who posed opposition - e.g. Bishop Galen
143
outline the White Rose
- 1942-43
- the White Rose was a resistance group led by students Sophie + Hans Scholl
- they made + spread leaflets and Munisch Uni calling for opposition to the Nazi regime
- they were arrested in 1943 and executed
144
outline 2 examples of the Youth's expression of dissent/ non-conformity against Hitler + the Nazi regime
- e.g. Swing Youth: a youth group of mainly MC who adopted the music + ideas of the USA (e.g. Jazz music)
- e.g. Edelweiss Pirates: group of WC youths who had been alienated by Hitler Youth. they met up + organised their own hikes + camps - conflicting the official ones
- BUT; 12 Edelweiss Pirates were hung in 1944 for killing a Gestapo members
145
in _, _ Edelweiss Pirates were hung as ....
- in 1944, 12 Edelweiss Pirates were hung as they assassinated a Gestapo member
146
outline the changes of opposition from the Weimar Republic
- there was less active resistance due to the harsher control + restrictions on daily life
- were less putsches/ uprisings and more non-conformity
- Nazi Gov responded more harshly to signs of opposition
- less short term success of opposition as in Weimar G
- less ambitious aims of opposition in the Nazi G - e.g. unlike overthrowing the Weimar Gov
147
outline the continuities of opposition from the Weimar Republic
- there was still active resistance, it was just less frequent - e.g. 1944 Stauffenberg Bomb Plot
- opposition groups much less successful in Nazi regime
148
what was the Fuhrer's myth (propaganda)
- it glorified Hitler as an effective leader, or saviour, of the German nation
149
outline censorship in the war (propaganda)
- by 1942, all film companies became state owned
- news of the German defeat at Stalingrad (Russia) were suppressed
- the Final Solution was never announced in the press
150
outline radio in Nazi regime (propaganda)
- from Sept 1939, listening to foreign radio stations was criminalized
- the Nazi govt produced a cheap radio set , the Peoples Receiver
- radio became a medium of mass communication controlled by the regime
151
outline newspaper in Nazi regime (propaganda)
- the 1933 'Decree for the Protection of the People and the State' allowed Nazis to ban anti-Nazi publications
- the Reich Association was formed to compile a list of 'accredited' journalists
- thus, the only press released promoted Nazis/ Hitler
152
outline Himmler + the SS (terror state)
- the Nazis ran their own security system alongside the existing police + judicial system
- Himmler was the Chief of all German Police
- SS began in 1925, they grew quickly + were very violent - e.g. Night of Long Knives
- their responsibilities grew to running the concentration camps
152
what are the 4 factors that allowed the Nazi regime to survive 1933-45
- propaganda/ censorship
- supporters of the regime
- surveillance/ establishment of terror state
- social and economic policies
152
outline the Gestapo (terror state)
- the Gestapo were a secret state police formed by Hermann Goering
- formed in Apr 1933
- role: to find opponents to the Nazi state + arrest them
- relied on informants + Blockwardens (those who ran apartment blocks) for information
- network of 20-40,000
- had a reputation for brutality - could detain + arrest someone without trial
153
outline Concentration Camps (terror state)
- opponents of the regime (homosexuals, Jews, Gypsies) were sent to these where they were questioned + tortured, subjected to hard labour + re-education
- over 800,000 prisoners held from 1939-45
- the first CC was set up in 1933 in Dachau for political prisoners
153
outline the role of the SS
- SS began in 1925 as H's bodyguard of 450 men
- SS duties: intelligence gathering, policing (carried out by Gestapo), military action (rivalled that of German army)
- more professional/ elite than SA
- created 'new order' in occupied territories - e.g. eliminating non-Aryans
153
outline the Courts (terror state)
- established the Peoples Court in 1934: tried people accused of being traitors, all judges + members were chosen from Nazi institutions (SS, Army, Party)
154
which groups were the main supporters of the Nazi regime
- wealthy industrialists
- the Mittelstand (lower middle class)
- agricultural workers
- Nazi sympathisers
155
outline wealthy industrialists as supporters of the N regime
- they benefitted from the banning of the Communist Party (KPD) and Trade Unions, as well as through the expansion of the war economy (manufacture of arms + chemical products)
156
outline the Mittelstand as supporters of the N regime
- the lower middle class of small businessmen, tradesmen and craftsmen who were threatened by industrialisation, a decline in trade and competition from big businesses
- govt offered low interest rate loans (from the money confiscated from the J businesses)
- the Law for the Protection of Retail Trade 1933 increased the market for smaller businesses
157
outline Nazi sympathisers as supporters of the N regime
- Nazis were popular with people whose prejudices they shared - e.g .of Jews, homosexuals, Gypsies, Communists
- these G people became informers, ran H youth groups or were officials for the DAF
157
outline agricultural workers as supporters of the N regime
- the Nazi regime idealised peasants + farmers as the embodiment of trad G values
- Nazis assisted the agricultural sector (inc tariffs on food imports)
- farmers' income inc by 41%
- the Reich Food Estate regulated food production + distribution, as well as food prices + wages
158
outline aspects of the social + economic policies that helped the N regime survive
- revival of the economy
- social opportunities + rewards for different groups
- diplomatic/ foreign success
- these contributed to society's acceptance/ support or tolerance of the regime
159
outline revival of the economy in helping the regime (social + economic policy)
- under Hitler, unemployment fell (7% by 1936) and wages rose (around 1% per year) for industrial workers
- standards of living improved for many people in G
- BUT, real wages (wages adjusted to the rate of inflation) actually fell
160
outline diplomatic success in helping the regime (social + economic policy)
- diplomatic = international negotiations
- support came from many Germans who saw the Nazis as reversing the effects of the Treaty of Versailles + asserting German power in Europe
- 1935 militarisation: the existence of Luftwaffe was declared + a peacetime army of 550,000 - G singed a naval agreement with GB
- 1936: reoccupation of the demilitarised Rhineland
- 1938 Anschluss with Austria
160
outline the reoccupation of the Rhineland
- in March 1936
- Hitler ordered his troops to reoccupy the Rhineland
- the Treat of Versailles and the Locarno Treaty were both overturned
161
outline social opportunities + rewards in helping the regime (social + economic policy)
- mothers: were rewarded for having children + leaving work (e.g. Mothers Cross, better welfare/ loans)
- workers were rewarded with free trips with the Strength through Joy scheme (set up by DAF) - e.g. subsidised holidays
- these were opportunities for Nazis to push their propaganda messages, although they reinforced the image as a caring Govt
162
how were mediums of mass culture not suppressed in Nazi culture
- under Nazi rule, there was continued use of mass popular culture + mass communication methods to further N ideas
- Nazis made a genuine cultural contribution in terms of film - Goebbels recognised an importance of film as entertainment (only if in alignment with Nazi ideas)
162
outline the aims of Nazi culture
- culture was used as a tool to facilitate support for the Nazi regime
- to glorify the regime, to spread N ideology, and to win over the people, establish G nationalism etc
163
outline the role of Emmy Goering
- wife of Hermann Goering (Economic Minister)
- in her privileged position, she supported the repressive Nazi policies for women
- she represented the ideal image of a women; submissive, loyal, traditional wife + mother
- she was nicknamed 'First Lady of the Third Reich' due to her high social status + association with leading Nazis
164
outline the Berlin Olympics
- hosted in 1936
- the stadium was invested in by Hitler - showed his love for architecture
- Germany won the 1936 Berlin Olympics
- Jewish athletes were excluded, but H toned down anti-semitism, e.g. removing anti-jewish signs/ propaganda, due to threat of boycott from US + GB over H's racial policies
165
between _-_, intimidation was used extensively, e.g. _ supporters of left wing parties were arrested
- between 1933-34, intimidation was used extensively, e.g. 200,000 supporters of left wing parties were arrested
166
in _, there was a mass murder in _ in which more than _ died
- in 1942, there was a mass murder in Auschwitz in which more than 21,000 died
167
outline the changes made to the education system under the Nazis
- centralised control of education - Rust was made Minister for education in 1934
- abolished faith schools (Rs a threat as it could pose opposition)
- Mar 1933: separate schools for boys + girls
- Apr 1933: 21 Napolas (national political education institutions) opened to train boys for the SS
- 1937: Adolf Hitler Schools set up for WC students
- 'Castles of the Order' were 3 elite boarding schools that trained boys for entry into a Govt service
168
outline the role of the SA
- founded in the 1920s + led by Rohm
- consisted of WC men, ex-soldiers
- aimed to intimidate, street fight
- also named 'brownshirts'
- H turned against the SA in the 1934 Night of the Long Knives, as they were getting too powerful under Rohm + wanted to merge with the army
169
outline the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
- passed in 1933
- removed Jewish people + Communists from working in the civil service
170
what were the attitudes of economics ministers
- Schacht (1934-37) wanted to protect Jewish economic rights
- but from 1936, Goering began a policy of Aryanisation of property - e.g. confiscation of J businesses, property
171
outline how Jews were excluded from economic life
- early boycott from April 1933 of Jewish shops
- were banned from certain employment fields - e.g. civil service, teaching, medicine
- aryanisation of Jewish businesses in 1938 under Goering
172
by _, _ wages had risen and the cost of _ dropped
- by 1939 real wages had risen and the cost of living dropped
173
_% of 'undesirable' teachers were purged by law + _ headteachers sacked in __
- 60% of 'undesirable' teachers were purged by law + female headteachers sacked in April 1933
174
outline Schacht's economic policies
- Schacht was in charge from 1934-37;
- govt spending inc by 70%
- Reich Labour Service (RAD); employed 19-25yr olds men + women
- public work schemes; construction of autobahns, houses + buildings
- implemented tariffs on imported goods
- MEFO bills; were IOUs given by the public which could be exchanged within 5yrs
175
outline Schacht's New Plan
- implemented from sept 1934;
- Schacht tried to encourage German trade through establishing bilateral trade agreements with Balkans, e.g. Romania + Yugoslavia
176
outline the successes and limitations of Schacht's economic policies 1933-36
- successes: unemployment fell to 1.5 million from 8 million, production increased by 90%
- limitation: Germany imported more than it exported, creating a shortage of foreign currency
