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Historical Schools of Thought Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

analyze the adult mind;
sum total of experience from birth to present

A

Structuralism

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2
Q

who developed Structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward B. Titchener

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3
Q

focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior;
ability of the mind to do something to adapt to the environment.

A

Functionalism

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4
Q

who developed Functionalism?

A

William James

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5
Q

foundation for the modern study of perception;
the whole of anything is greater than its parts;
the attributes of the whole are not deducible from analysis of the parts in isolation.

A

Gestalt Psychology

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6
Q

what are the types of Gestalt Psychology?

A

Pragnanz
Similarity
Proximity
Closure
Continuity
Common region

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7
Q

we naturally group similar items together based on elements.

A

Similarity

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8
Q

we perceive elements arranged on a line or curve as related to each other.

A

Continuity

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9
Q

we group objects together if they’re located in the same bounded area.

A

Common region

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10
Q

we naturally perceive things in their simplest form.

A

Pragnanz

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11
Q

elements that form a closed object will be perceived as a group.

A

Closure

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12
Q

suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes than internal forces;
focuses on observable behavior

A

Behaviorism

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13
Q

what are the types of Behaviorism?

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social Learning Theory

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14
Q

who developed classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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15
Q

who developed operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner

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16
Q

who developed Social Learning Theory?

A

Albert Bandura

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17
Q

type of conditioned learning where reinforcements and punishments are given to strengthen and weaken a behavior.

A

Operant conditioning

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18
Q

type of conditioned learning which happens as an instinctive response to a given stimulus or increasing regularity.

A

Classical conditioning

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19
Q

event that increases a behavior;
makes a behavior be repeated most likely in the future.

A

Reinforcement

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20
Q

event that decreases a behavior;
makes a behavior be repeated less likely in the future.

A

Punishment

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21
Q

removal of an favorable event or outcome.

A

Negative punishment

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22
Q

removal of unpleasant event or outcome.

A

Negative reinforcement

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23
Q

adding of unfavorable event or outcome.

A

Positive punishment

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24
Q

adding of pleasant or favorable event or outcome.

A

Positive reinforcement

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25
examples: giving praises, rewards
Positive reinforcement
26
examples: grounded, confiscation of gadgets
Negative punishment
27
examples: reduction of chores
Negative reinforcement
28
example: corporal punishment
Positive punishment
29
emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others; behavior is learned from the environment thru observational learning.
Social Learning Theory
30
branch of Psychology that studies how the human brain works (thinks, remembers, learns, stores, perceive, acquire, process information).
Cognitive Psychology
31
who developed the 4 stages of mental development?
Jean Piaget
32
what are the 4 stages of mental development
Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage
33
refers to the study of how children acquire knowledge and the nature of intelligence.
4 stages of mental development by Jean Piaget
34
give the ages that corresponds to each of the 4 stages of development.
Sensorimotor - birth to 2 Preoperational - 2 to 7 Concrete operational - 7 to 11 Formal operational - 12 above
35
refers to when infants acquire knowledge thru sensory experiences and by manipulating objects.
Sensorimotor
36
refers to when children think symbolically; become egocentric; uses words and pictures to represent objects.
Preoperational
37
refers to when children become organized, logical, and inductive; get pieces of information to form a general principle.
Concrete operational
38
refers to when children have abstract thoughts; become deductive; use general information to arrive at a specific information.
Formal operational
39
who developed the Moral Stages of Development?
Kohlberg
40
refers to the study of the thinking process and how one makes a decision if a behavior is right or wrong; not about what decision one makes but how he makes it.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
41
what are the stages of Moral Development?
Preconventional Level Conventional Level Post conventional or Principled Level
42
what are the stages under conventional level?
Good boy/Nice girl orientation Law and Order orientation
43
what are the stages under principled level?
Social contract orientation Universal ethical principle orientation
44
what are the stages of preconventional level?
Punishment/Obedience orientation Instrumental purpose orientation
45
you do something because you want to avoid punishment.
Preconventional level
46
you do something so you could be perceived as a good person.
Conventional level
47
you follow the rules because you believe they are a social contract.
Post conventional level
48
who proposed Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
49
what are the 3 levels of consciousness?
Conscious Preconscious Subconscious
50
what are the 3 elements of the human mind?
Id Ego Superego
51
consists of primal urges; pleasure principle; unconscious; immediate gratification
Id
52
holds all of the ideals and values; morality principle; counterbalance to Id and Ego
Superego
53
charged with dealing with reality; reality principle; conscious; finds balance b/w Id and Superego
Ego
54
states that personality develops thru a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the Id become focused on certain erogenous areas.
Psychosexual Stages of Development
55
area of the body that is sensitive to stimulation.
Erogenous zone
56
what are the Psychosexual Stages of Development?
Oral Anal Phallic Latent Genital
57
give the ages with the corresponding stages of Psychosexual Stages of Development.
Oral - birth to 1 Anal - 1 to 3 Phallic - 3 to 6 Latent - 6 to puberty Genital - puberty to death
58
any of a group of mental processes that enables the mind to compromise solutions to conflicts that is unable to resolve.
Defense mechanisms
59
what are the types of defense mechanisms?
Repression Regression Reaction Formation Projection Sublimation Denial Rationalization Displacement
60
type of defense mechanism where you return to earlier stages of development.
Regression
61
type of defense mechanism where you withdraw from consciousness of an unwanted idea and tries to repress or push it down.
Repression
62
type of defense mechanism where you consciously refuses to perceive that there are painful acts.
Denial
63
type of defense mechanism where you distort facts to make an event less threatening.
Rationalization
64
type of defense mechanism where you behave in opposite to what you really feel.
Reaction Formation
65
type of defense mechanism where the unwanted feelings are displaced into another person.
Projection
66
type of defense mechanism where you redirect an impulse to a powerless target.
Displacement
67
type of defense mechanism where you divert instinctual drives into noninstinctual ones.
Sublimation
68
psychological service provided by a trained professional to assess, diagnose, and treat dysfunctional emotional reactions.
Psychotherapy
69
what are the types of Psychotherapy?
Transference Countertransference
70
type of psychotherapy characterized by patient's projection towards the analyst.
Transference
71
type of psychotherapy characterized by the therapist's conscious or unconscious reaction to the patient.
Countetransference
72
school of thought that is concerned with the fullest growth of an individual.
Humanism
73
illustrates an individual's drive in order of decreasing priority and increasing sophistication; when primitive needs are met, individual can progress to higher levels in the hierarchy.
Hierarchy of Needs - Abraham Maslow
74
individuals perceive the world based on their own experiences.
Personal Construct Theory - George Kelly
75
person strives for self actualization, self maintenance, and self enhancement
Self-Centered Theory - Carl Rogers

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