History 10: Finals Review Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
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Pre-Unit 1:Middle Ages to the Enlightenment (The Age of Reason)
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2
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Secularism
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A separation of the church and state. Religion no longer influences politics, the economy, or the social and cultural way of life. Religion is only a personal matter/choice.
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Black Death (Plague)
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This illness wiped out anywhere from 1/3 to 2/3’s of Europe’s population. It spread quickly and was not treatable due to the very little medical knowledge of the time.The church blamed the people, claiming the illness was Gods will.
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Excommunication
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Kicked out of the church.
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Fiefs
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A fief (parcel of land symbolized by a small bag of dirt) would represent the land given to the noble by the king.
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Indulgences
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Was the payment of money to the church to have your sin(s) forgiven. Essentially you could buy your way out of hell.
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Q
Barbarians
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(In ancient times) A member of a community or tribe not belonging to one of the great civilizations (Greek, Roman, Christian).
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Q
Philosopher
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A thinker that presents the idea that people could apply reason to all aspects of life.
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Renaissance
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-Was a “rebirth” from old greek and roman culture. It created a new curious and adventurous life people were eager to live and explore.
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Q
- What is another name for the Middle Ages?
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Medieval Period
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Q
- What was the feudal system?
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-Was a socio-economical and political system which organized society in the Middle Ages. In it, the strong protected the weak and men were loyal to one another.
12
Q
Look at feudal system chart
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13
Q
- In what country does the Renaissance occur?
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Italy
14
Q
- What led to (or inspired) the Age of Exploration?
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The new adventurous life people were eager to explore which was the Renaissance.
15
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5.Who was Martin Luther? What did he do?
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He was a monk and vowed to fix the corruption of the church during the reformation.
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6.What did the reformation try to do/fix?
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The reformation tried to get rid of the corruption within the church.
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How did the church split during the reformation?
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Luther’s questioning of the church’s authority, and with the newly invented printing press, created a division of the Christian Church.
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8.What did Rousseau believe about the nature of people?
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He believed that people are good and have natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
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- What did Lock believe about the nature of people?
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He believed people were neither good nor bad and that people have the natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
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- How did the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (or age of reason) change the way people thought about the world? (think: where did people get their answers before)
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Since the church was no longer the only source of information, people searched for new answers to life’s most complicating questions. People became very optimistic about what science could teach.
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- Know the timeline/order of events.
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1.Fall of Rome
2.The Middle Ages
3.Renaissance- (Age of Exploration, The Reformation, Scientific Revolution)
4.The Enlightenment- (French Revolution)
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- Explain how Enlightenment thinkers inspired the people of France to change/rebel against the king/Feudalism.
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Their questioning of authority and the role of the government inspired the revolutionaries, and ordinary citizens, of France.
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Unit 1: French Revolution
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Coup d’état
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A sudden attempt by a small group of people to take over the government, usually through violence.
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Old Regime
A socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century. It was ruled by Divine Right Absolutism meaning the monarchy had absolute control over the government.
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National Assembly
The third estate and parts of the second and first estate made up the National Assembly. It was made to act as the body of the French people.
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Great Fear
The Great Fear was when peasants attacked feudalism. Noble homes were robbed and burned. Records of feudal dues and owed taxes were destroyed which got rid of the power nobles had over peasants.
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Reign of Terror
A mass execution of people who were thought to be enemies of the French Revolution. The leader of the terror was Robespierre.
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Thermidorian Reaction
Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots and conspiracies. Many felt threatened by Robespierre, so the Convention arrested him. He was then tried and guillotined.
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The Rights of Man
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
Freedom of the press
Guaranteed property rights
"Liberty, equality, fraternity"
Right of the people to create laws
Right to a fair trail
(Example of transformation in France)
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San Culotte
We're the Parisian working class but they were not a political party, they were a group. The group consisted of small shopkeepers, tradesmen and artisans. They were far-left thinkers (radicals) and strong supporters of the revolution.
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Emigré
Nobles who fled the country due to fear during the Great Fear.
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Guillotine
Was a way of execution where a blade was lifted then dropped on the neck, slicing the head off. Its nickname was the "National Razor".
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Marat
Jean Paul Marat was a great public speaker, essay writer, and journalist. He had a skin condition that had him living in his bathtub to survive but he still wrote many newspapers. In them he would write pro-revolutionary articles and eventually started publishing the names of those he thought were enemies of the revolution. The people who he wrote would get executed. He was the murdered in his bathtub by revenge of a girl whilst her family because of his newspapers.
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Revolutionary Tribunal
Was the court system thaw as created for dealing with enemies of the revolution. 20,000-60,000 were executed and 300,000 were arrested.
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1.What were the names of the three estates in France? Explain which social groups made up each of them.
First Estate/Clergy- They were the highest members of the church including the archbishop, and other bishops. They had the right to be tried by their own courts and didn't have to pay any taxes. They had no burdens. 1% of Frances population.
Second Estate/Nobility- People who owned most of the nation's land, and members of the royal family, but not including the kind. They could demand taxes from peasants. They had no burdens. 1% of Frances population.
Third Estate/everyone else- The remaining 98% of Frances population. Had to pay most of the taxes. Had no say in Frances government.
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2. Why did Louis VXI call a meeting of the Estates General?
He called it because France was so close to boarding on bankruptcy that they needed a plan to get more money, so he assembled all the estates together to vote for equal taxation.
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3. Who was Robespierre, and what revolutionary group was he in charge of?
He was one of the main Jacobin political party leaders. He was also in charge of the Committee of Public Safety.
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4. What was the result of the March of Women?
The royal family (Louie, Marionette, and their children) were taken to the Tuileries Palace as they were put under house arrest where they could be watched.
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5. What is the significance of the Tennis Court Oath?
The tennis court oath was one of the key moments that set off the revolution because the national assembly agreed to not disband or be disbanded until France has adopted a constitution. It is important because they no longer represent the king but the people of France.
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6. What are the four stages of the Revolution?
1. National Assembly (1789-1791)
2. Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)
3. Convention (Committee of Public Safety)/ Reign of Terror (1792-1795)
4.Directory (1795-1799)
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7. Explain how Marie Antoinette was perceived by the people. What was her nickname?
Her nickname was Madame Deficit (debt). She wasn't liked well because she was from a rivalling country of France and she lacked education to rule. She also lacked discipline and struggles with the French language. She is seen in France as frivolous (playful)
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8. What was the slogan/battle cry of the French Revolution?
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
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9.What was the Bastille? What was it a symbol of? How did it fall?
The Bastille was a prison that symbolized Divine Right Absolutism. It fell because of the National Assembly and supporters breaking in for gun powder.
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10. What are three significant lasting results of the French Revolution?
1. The monarchy was overthrown and a constitution based Republic was set up.
2. Frances unified financially and legally.
3. Feudalism was abolished.
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Continental System
Napoleon cut off France’s trade with Britain. The purpose was to destroy Britain’s commercial and industrial system.
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Napoleon’s Hundred Days
Napoleon escapes from Elba and comes back to France to continue his ruling. He rules for 100 days until he is abdicated again. In the 100 days he goes to war against the Grand Alliance and looses (Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo).
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Meritocracy
Advancing in power by ability, not by status.
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Napoleonic Code
It’s purpose was to reform the French legal code. It put equality before law, equal taxation, and many more reforms. But it took away many rights from women.
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Paoli
Was the Governor of Corsica and fought for Corsican independence. Napoleon looked up to him, but Paoli saw Napoleon as a “big inexperienced boy”. They didn't agree as Napoleon wanted Corsica to join the French.
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Exile
Being banished from your country and not being able to come back.
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Plebiscite
Asking a yes of no question to the citizens over a situation.
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1. What was the Concordat?
A signing Napoleon did with the pope that re-established Frances relationship with the church.
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2. List and explain Napoleon's 2 foreign policies.
1. Isolate Britain (The Continental System)- an economic blockade.
2. Subdue Europe through military conquest rather than diplomacy.
-Accomplished by using coalition(s)
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3. What was the results of the following battles for Napoleon?
Toulon- Napoleon got promoted to general.
Trafalgar- Napoleon lost to Great Britain and got all 33 ships destroyed.
Austerlitz- Austrians were forced to negotiate for peace with France/Napoleon.
The Nile- Napoleon lost to Britain again, getting isolated in Egypt.
Waterloo- Napoleon is abdicated a second time to St. Helena.
Russia- He was defeated and many of his army died due to the poor weather.
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4. What factors contributed to Napoleons defeat in Russia?
-Poor weather
-Napoleon and his army was outnumbered.
-Russia burned Moscow so they couldn't use any of their resources.
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5. How did Napoleon use propaganda to promote himself/battles?
He ordered paintings after each victory to be published and made himself look more strong/braver in the paintings.
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6. What is Napoleons heritage/upbringing?
He was born Corsican but became French in 1793.
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7. Describe Napoleons Domestic Polices. (specific things he did while in power with France)
Economic- He slowed the inflation by balancing the governments budget and established the Bank of France.
Education- Designed to create skilled bureaucracy to run the state and in 1801 lyćes were introduced (AKA high schools).
Government Services- Improved transportation, communication, canals, ports, roads, and sewers.
Legal- Napoleonic code.
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Unit 3: Industrial Revolution
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The Great Stink
Pollution of the River Thames created unsanitary conditions in England. (Even death)
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Factory Act 1833
Parliament set up a committee to investigate abuses of child labour. As a result of the findings, new law made it illegal to hire children under 9 y/o.
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Unions
Workers joined in groups. It speaks for all workers in a particular trade. They bargain for better working conditions and higher wages and better hours.
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Navvies
They built railroads-cutting (remove soil or rock from a route), tunnels, etc. Many were Irish and desperate for work.
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Capital
Money available to invest in something that may make more money.
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Entrepreneur
A risk taker whose goal is to make profits.
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Labour
People ready, willing, and able to work.
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Tollbooths
To pay for the upkeep of the roads. (You were charged to use the road and had to pay at the tollbooth.
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Canals
A way of transportation using boats. Better for heavier shipping.
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Subsistence Economy
Situation in which what is produced is only enough on which to live.
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1. Where did the Industrial Revolution originate, and what was the lifestyle of the people before the industrial revolution?
It started in England
Lifestyle before:
- Source of power: -Manual, wind, sun, water.
- Where most people live: Farms.
- Principal source of education: Family.
- Sources of food and clothing: Handmade, homegrown.
- Size of families: Large (needed to help with farming).
- Sense of time influenced by: Season, sunup and sundown.
- Means of transportation: Horse and wagon, by foot, boat.
- Means of communication: Letters, pigeons, words of mouth.
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2. What are the 8 factors need for industrialization to occur? List and briefly explain each.
1.Excess Capital- Extra money that can be invested into new investments.
2.Available Labour- Having enough people who are willing and able to work the factories or railroads.
3.Entrepreneurs- A risk taker whose goal is to make profits.
4+5.Natural Resources and Energy Sources- Needed for developing the nations power.
6+7.Transportation and Communication- This network permits the passage of materials, labour, and ideas from one area to another.
8.Stable Government- Is the mechanism through which the basic human needs of the population are largely met. Which is respect for minority rights is assured, conflicts are managed peacefully through inclusive political processes, and competition for power occurs non-violently.
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Can industrialization occur if 1 or more of the factors are missing?
No
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3. Why was the invention of the steam engine important to the Industrial Revolution?
It increased production and it ran factories, trains, and many new inventions.
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4. Why was child labour permitted in the Industrial Revolution?
Factories wanted cheap, unskilled labour to lower the cost of production so they used children, also because they could pay them less.
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5. Why did people move to cities?
Growth of factory system (search for jobs).
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6.What were unions, and what was the main benefit that they gained for their members in the late 19th century?
Workers joined in groups. It speaks for all workers in a particular trade. They bargain for better working conditions and higher wages and better hours. It organized strikes and bettered workplace procedures such as retirement plans, better schedules, policies, etc.
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7. What were the social conditions of England during the Industrial Revolution? (cities, sanitation, life expectancy, etc)
- Cities were over crowding.
- There were no sanitary codes and sewers.
- Smoke hung over the cities all the time.
-Tight living conditions helped spread disease.
- Life expectancy was around 25-40 years old.
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8. What were the working conditions in the mines and factories during the Industrial Revolution?
The conditions were very dangerous because :
- Boilers could explode, drive belts could catch a limb.
- Extreme temperatures.
-Workers inhaled lots of smoke causing damaged lungs.
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9. Why were canals an important mean of transportation?
Many businesses saw canals as a way of boosting trade and expanding their businesses and it carried huge amounts of heavy products.
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10. How did the introduction of the railway impact British society? (3 reasons)
- Standardized time.
- The poor were able to travel cheaply.
- Cost of coal went down.
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11. What were 3 specific effects of the industrial revolution?
1.The production of goods was greatly increased.
2.Machines were substituted for human labour in all methods of production.
3.There was a dramatic shift for employers wage incomes.
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Unit 4: Nationalism and Imperialism
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Nation
An identity shared by a large number of people based on factors such as common race, language, religion, and customs.
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State
A fixed territory which contains a population that is ruled over by a sovereign power.
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Nation-state
When a common identity (nation) lives with the boundaries of a sovereign state.
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Nationalism
Belief in nationhood; often associated with patriotism (pride in your country), but not always.
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Colony
A group of people who settle in a new place but keep ties to their homeland.
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Imperialism
A stronger country tries to control a weaker territory outside of its own boarders.
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Otto von Bismarck
Was the Prime Minister of Prussia.
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White Man's Burden
The Europeans' sense of dominance made them feel feel committed to "civilize the heathen savages" they encountered.
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Social Darwinism
Suggested that certain civilizations were superior to others, and as survival of the finest implied, superior should dominate the inferior.
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Eugenics
The fake science that some people with certain features were more superior than others.
Ex) Features were measured like noses.
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Conservatism
Is on the right wing of the political spectrum (didn't want change in the government).
Key ideas:
-Equality didn't matter.
-Change is slow and gradual.
-Law an order is important.
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Liberalism
Is on the centre of the political spectrum (favour to change but at at slow pace).
Key ideas:
-Individual freedom.
-Property rights.
-In favour of change.
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Red shirts
They were a volunteer army that fought successfully to set free Sicily and Naples from foreign control.
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Prussia
Was the largest German state and was very industrialized.
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Communism
Is on the extreme left wing of the political spectrum (wanted change as quick as possible).
Key ideas:
-Government should control the economy.
-Eliminate private property.
-Violent revolution to overthrow capitalism.
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Socialism
Is on the left wing of the political spectrum (wanted change).
Key ideas:
-People should be equal and free.
-Private property is encouraged, but government owned buildings and companies should exist.
-Change should be swift and drastic.
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Blood and Iron
Prussian military and industrial strength to unify Germany. Was wanted by Bismarck.
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King Victor Emmanuel II
He was the king of Italy
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Fascism
Is on the extreme right wing on the political spectrum (didn't want change in government and even wanted to go back to old was of governing).
Key terms:
-Strong sense of nationalism.
-Hierarchy and elitism based on race.
-Pro-capitalism.
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Satellite (Puppet) State
Is a country that has its own government. However, the leaders of that government take orders from the government of a controlling country outside its boarders.
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1. How did nationalism influence Europe and Americans?
It shaped the countries by creating new ones and breaking up old ones.
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2. How did nationalism influence the groups of people that belonged to different empires in Europe?
Fed the desire of most groups to be free of rule of empires and to govern themselves in their own traditional lands.
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3. Who led the struggle for the independence in Italy, Germany?
Italy- Cavour and Garibaldi
Germany- Bismarck
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4. How did the German unification impact the Italian unification?
Prussia did most of the fighting for Italy.
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5. What was the most serious obstacle to German unification?
The fact that foreign nations controlled Germanic states.
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6. What resulted from Germanic unification?
-France was humiliated by Germany and became bitter and vengeful.
-Germany was an aggressive and militaristic nation.
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7. What is the difference between communism and fascism?
-Communism wants government, share wealth, opposes capitalism, and no class system
-Facism wants individuals to rule rather than government, hierarchy, pro capitalism, and class system for everyone
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8. European motives for imperialism:
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1. Economic Motives
The Industrial Revolution brought about a new need for markets and raw materials.
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2. Population Pressure
Population increased greatly after the Industrial Revolution.
-People in overpopulated areas could move to new colonies.
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3. Nationalism
A nation could enhance glory with new colonies.
-Colonies were seen as a symbol of success.
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4. Military Advantages
-Obtaining colonies could increase the country's power abroad.
-Provided places to launch attacks.
-Allowed countries to spread out bases.
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5. Missionary Activity
-Many groups wished to spread Christianity to other peoples of the world.
-Many believed it was their duty to educate the people of the other lands.
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6. Scientific and Intellectual Curiosity
-Interiors of Africa and Asia were unknown.
-Many were interested to find out about the exotic cultures of other lands.
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7. Public Opinion
-Imperialism was very popular and mainstay in the media.
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9. What is a mother country? Provide examples of mother countries.
A country that colonized and formed other countries.
Ex) Great Britain, France, Spain
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10. Which countries were involved in the colonization of Rwanda?
Germany and Belgium
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11. What occurred at the Berlin conference?
The nations met up to divide up Africa in a "civil" manner. However, African nations were not invited.
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12.How did the division of Africa by Europeans impact the future of Africa?
-Tribunal boundaries were completely discarded.
-Warlike tribes were included together in nations, while friendly tribes were divided.
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14. What cultural groups make up the population in Rwanda? Define each.
Hutu- The lower class. 90% of Rwandan population.
Tutsi- They were the wealthy because they own the most land. The European liked them better because they had lighter skin, thinner noses, and a taller build. 10% of Rwandan population.
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15. a) Explain how imperialism impacted Africa.
Positive:
-More professional technology, transportation, communication systems, education, and medical care.
Negative:
-Natives lost their independence, traditional culture, religion, and language.
-Natives were treated like second class in their own nation.
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15. b) Explain the history of Rwanda and how it was specifically impacted by imperialism.
The Hutu and tutsi are the two main ethnic groups in Rwanda. However, after the Europeans imperialized Rwanda, the ethnic groups became racialized and the tutsi were put in charge.
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15. c) What was the Rwandan genocide? Explain the events that occurred.
It started because the Hutu president was trying to make peace with the Tutsi, which greatly upset the Hutu extremist. The president then got shot in his plane and the tutsi were blamed but it was rumoured that the Hutu killed him and blamed the tutsi. This started the genocide as the Hutus began slaughtering began killing the Tutsi.
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15. d) Explain why the Rwandan genocide would not have happened without imperialism.
If Rwanda was never imperialized, the ethnics would have never been radicalized and the tutsi would have never been given power (which started the tension).
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What are the effects/impacts of imperialism?
Imperialism as a whole has caused many things such as political domination, genocide, racism, destroying natural resources, etc.
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