history Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
did anyone prosper from the great depression?
A
yes, some groups did well in the depression, i.e. cinema owners and confectionery business. Darrell Lea sweets + McRobertson’s chocolates continued to be very popular despite the shortage of money, and no matter how poor they were, people managed to find the three pence/cents a week to escape to the movies
2
Q
did all Australians suffer in the great depression
A
possibly half of the population of Australia was unaffected by the depression and a small percentage actually prospered
3
Q
key features of the great depression (11)
A
business closure, decline in spending, sharp fall in prices, bank closure, loss of savings, decline in international trade, the rise of political extremism, political turmoil, widespread poverty, high unemployment, loss of investor confidence
4
Q
how did business closure contribute to the great depression
A
banks demanded repayments of loans and investors withdrew their money from the share market
5
Q
how did decline in spending contribute to the great depression
A
unemployed people lacked money to buy things and those who did have jobs preferred to hold onto their money
6
Q
how did sharp fall in prices contribute to the great depression
A
an oversupply of manufactured goods and no customers forced prices down
7
Q
how did bank closure contribute to the great depression
A
customers rushed to withdraw their money and businesses could no longer pay back their debts
8
Q
how did loss of savings contribute to the great depression
A
many investors lost their life savings, making less money available
9
Q
how did decline in international trade contribute to the great depression
A
the US government sought to protect US businesses by raising tariffs on imports
10
Q
how did the rise of political extremism contribute to the great depression
A
extremists parties offered radical solutions that appealed to ordinary people who suffered the most
11
Q
how did political turmoil contribute to the great depression
A
different political groups argued for different solutions to the problem
12
Q
how did widespread poverty contribute to the great depression
A
without income or government assistance many people could not afford rent or food
13
Q
how did high unemployment contribute to the great depression
A
as businesses closed more people became unemployed
14
Q
how did loss of investor confidence contribute to the great depression
A
business found it hard to find investors
15
Q
what % of Australians were unemployed by 1932
A
32%
16
Q
what is a depression
A
a severe downturn in economic activity, which is marked by very high levels of unemployment and low levels of consumer spending and investment
17
Q
define recession
A
Demand, profits and investments decline and unemployment often rises.
18
Q
what was the New York Stock exchange collapse
A
Throughout the 1920’s the NY stock exchange had been a popular place for people to invest their money because shares could be bought on credit and sold for a profit when the prices of shares increased. This type of trading inflated share prices to unreasonable highs. Shareholders lost confidence and sold their shares. As a result, prices fell rapidly, and the market crashed – stockbrokers and business owners lost everything
19
Q
how did the NY stock exchange collapse contribute to/start the great depression
A
After the collapse confidence in the economy evaporated, business closed-down and unemployment increased. Workers lost jobs and wages were severely slashed. As a result, consumers bought less which then led to further cutbacks in production and jobs; governments struggled to control the damaged economy and poverty spread.
20
Q
why did the depression affect Australia
A
in the second half of the 1920s the Australian economy suffered from falling wheat and wool prices (halved in 1929 and 1930.), and competition from other commodity-producing countries. Wool & wheat accounted for 75% of the nation’s exporting earnings and so they ended up borrowing money from other countries and so during the 1930’s, the Australian economy was heavily dependent on overseas countries especially great Britain
Due to this, the decline in international trade affected the nation greatly
21
Q
who suffered the most from the great depression in Australia
A
the working class
22
Q
how common was no income in Australia during the depression
A
one in four families
23
Q
how long did it take the Australian economy to recover from the great depression
A
almost 10 years
24
Q
how many prime ministers of Australia were there during the great depression
A
3
25
what started the great depression
In the late 1920’s, the world economy began to slow; work became harder to find and companies that were producing large quantities of consumer goods could no longer find people to buy them so their (and agricultural staples (crops, timber + wool)) prices dropped worldwide and unemployment began to rise in many industrialized nations. This was followed by the collapse of the 1929 New York Stock exchange. The combination of these events plunged the world into severe economic downturn and hardship known as the great depression.
26
How did the great depression affect Australia
-The working classes suffered the most
-National income declined by a third.
-Over 40,000 men travelled around Australia looking for work
-radically changed economic thinking and policy in Australia.
-Suicide rates increased dramatically.
-In the absence of unemployment insurance, charity groups became the only source of relief but were unable to feed the overwhelming numbers of hungry.
27
what was the SUSSO
government payments for food, called ‘susso’ as it is short for ‘sustenance’
28
what did one have to be/do to be eligible for the SUSSO
a man had to register and to prove that he had been unemployed for a period of time and that he had no means of support.
29
in what form was the SUSSO 's relief provided
not in cash but in basic food rations, usually potatoes and bread. they did not hand out cash payments for fear that people would use the money for alcohol, gambling, and smokes.
No help was given for clothing or for providing assistance with the rent.
30
when did WW1 start and end
28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918
31
what is the League of Nations
the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
32
when and by who was the League of Nations created
It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ended WW1.
33
how did the League of Nations aim to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security
through collective security and disarmament/arms control and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration ( a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) that resolves disputes outside the judiciary courts. The dispute will be decided by one or more persons (the 'arbitrators').
34
what was the aim/goal of the League of Nations
to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security, or, put more simply, maintain world peace
35
what was the Treaty of Versailles
A peace document signed between Imperial Germany and the Allied Powers. The treaty ended the state of war that had existed between them from 1914 and brought World War I to an end.
36
when was the Treaty of Versailles signed
on 28th June 1919
37
what conference was the Treaty of Versailles created in
The Paris Peace Conference
38
what was the Paris Peace Conference
an international meeting convened in January 1919 at Versailles just outside Paris. The purpose of the meeting was to establish the terms of the peace after World War.
The representatives of Great Britain, France, the United States, and Italy became known as the "Big Four" and dominated the proceedings that led to the formulation of the Treaty of Versailles
39
how many nations representatives attended the Paris Peace Conference
Nearly thirty nations participated
40
what were the terms outlined for Germany in the Treaty of Versailles
-pay financial reparations
-disarm
-lose territory
-give up all of its overseas colonies
-accept full responsibility/blame for the war
41
why is the Treaty of Versailles considered bad/controversial
The treaty's so-called “war guilt” clause forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for World War I. This meant a loss of territories, reduction in military forces, and reparation payments to Allied powers. Germany's resentment of this was a large factor in the beginning of WW2
42
what is Fascism
a way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with the government.
43
what are the characteristics of Fascism
-Absolute Power of the State
-Rule by a Dictator
-Corporatism
-Extreme Nationalism
-Superiority of the Nation’s People
-Militarism and Imperialism
44
what country had a rise in Fascism following WW1
Fascism arose in Europe after World War I when many people yearned for national unity and strong leadership. In Italy, Benito Mussolini used his charisma to establish a powerful fascist state.
45
What types of changes took place during the 1920’s that led to the use of the Roaring Twenties
The 1920’s was a time of great economic prosperity in parts of the world including USA, Britain, France and Australia, this together with optimism brought about by the end of the war, which resulted in a wide range of social changes and technological advances; mass production of goods, the electrification of America, new mass marketing techniques, the availability of cheap credit and increased employment which, in turn, created a huge amount of consumers
46
What was the economic prosperity of the Roaring Twenties experienced by most nations?
the production of cars and household appliances increased dramatically. Methods of mass production using machinery and assembly lines meant large volumes of cars and goods could be produced more efficiently and for the first time these were no longer items purchased by the rich. For the first time people had regular work and money to spend. Advertising campaigns encouraged the middle class to purchase labour saving appliances with vacuum cleaners and refrigerators in high demand (these were available in the 1920’s however did not become widespread until the 1940’s), and electric lighting was installed in homes for the first time, although very few power points. Cars were mostly imported from overseas until ford and general motors established themselves in Australia in 1925.
47
define flapper
a subculture of young western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts (knee height was considered short during that period), bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behaviour
48
what was the traditional expectation of women that were common around the time of the Roaring 20's
Women were expected to raise children, keep house, provide emotional support for their husbands, and contribute to society.
49
What change in society did women experience during the 1920’s
Women during the roaring twenties saw changes in the way they could present themselves publicly, especially when the” flapper “ style became popular with short skirts to the knees and waistlines low on the hip, they danced, smoked, drank alcohol in public and went out without chaperones. These women rebelled against social expectations that had been placed upon them during the war and dismissing traditional expectations of women that were common at the time
50
where and when was Hitler born
April 20th, 1889 in AUSTRIA
51
how was Hitler's family life
He had a poor relationship with his father and was very close to his mother
52
what was Hitler's passion and what went wrong with it
He was an aspiring painter, and was twice rejected by the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna and it was at that time, in 1908, that Hitler began a movement based on the belief that Germans were the master race
53
what did Hitler do in WW1
he was in the Bavarian (a state in Germany) Army where he served as a messenger in a regiment that exposed him to enemy fire. He was shot in the leg and suffered from a poison gas attack and because of this he was awarded the Iron Cross – the highest military honour in Germany
54
how did the Nazi's start
Hitler helped form the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) in 1919 and assumed leadership in 1921
55
when and what was Beer Hall Putsch
November 8th, 1923 was an attempt by Hitler to seize power and overthrow the Bavarian government for signing the Treaty of Versailles, however it failed, and Hitler was imprisoned for five years for high treason, but was released after only serving one year as he was not considered a threat to the public. during this year imprisoned Hitler started to write Mein Kampf (“My Struggle) , which was published in 1925
56
what is Mein Kampf (“My Struggle)
a book written by Hitler, started while imprisoned and published in 1925, which became the Nazi ideology; it attacked Jews, Communists, democracy, and the Treaty of Versailles. He also wrote that Germany needed to destroy the French Nation and conquer Russia, among other things
The book sold 10 million copies between 1925-1934
57
how big did the Nazi party get
By 1932, the Nazi Party was the biggest political party and held 230 seats, Hitler demanded to be appointed the position of chancellor – he was initially refused, but then given the position
58
what happened before the 1933 election in Germany
the Reichstag (parliament) was burned to the ground, Hitler blames the German Communist Party, but many believed he was responsible for it and using it as propaganda to make Germans afraid for their safety.
59
what was the result of the German 1933 election
The president of Germany granted the Nazi Party the power to quash any political opposition, and they intimidated and arrested socialist and communist party members
60
what was the Enabling Act
After the 1933 election, Hitler proposed the Enabling Act, which would essentially give him a dictatorship, the act passed and:
–Banned all political parties
–Germany was declared a one-party state
–Jews were not allowed to be in civil service professions
–Local and state governments were staffed by Nazi members
61
how did Hitler gain absolute power
When the president of Germany died in 1934, Hitler’s cabinet passed a law proclaiming the presidency to him rather than holding elections, this meant that the military swore an oath to Hitler, not the state; he had obtained absolute power, and Germany became known as the Third Reich
62
what were the Gestapo
the secret police of Nazi Germany who investigated treason, espionage, and sabotage cases against the Nazi Party and set up and administered the concentration camps
63
what were The SS (“Black Shirts”)
Hitler’s private bodyguards led by Heinrich Himmler. They arrested and killed anyone who challenged Hitler and took over law enforcement in Germany and implemented the ‘Final Solution’
64
why was Hitler supported/voted for
1.There were true believers- These people shared the same ideology as Hitler and believed he was their saviour – from the depression, the Jews, the Communists, and the Treaty of Versailles
2.Ignorance- People did not consider Hitler to be a real threat
3.Did not take him seriously- People just thought Hitler was ‘odd’
4.New party needed- The depression and hyperinflation highlighted the need for new political leadership
65
what caused the start of WW2
the impact of the Treaty of Versailles following WWI, the worldwide economic depression, failure of appeasement, the rise of militarism in Germany and Japan, and the failure of the League of Nations. Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II.
66
what were the Axis Power
On September 27, 1940, the Axis powers are formed as Germany, Italy and Japan become allies with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in Berlin
67
what did all the countries in the Axis power have in common
they were all lead by dictators:
Italy: Benito Mussolini
Japan: Tôjô Hideki
Germany: Adolf Hitler
68
what movements of the Axis Powers prompted the appeasement
1931: Japan invades Manchuria, a region in China, claims more Chinese land and seizes European colonies in the Pacific region.
1935: Italy invades Ethiopia in north Africa
1938: Germany annexes Austria.
1939: Germany annexes Czechoslovakia
69
what was the Appeasement and what power did it give Hitler
A policy adopted by Britain and France towards Germany from mid 1930’s – 1939 with the willingness to give in to demands in order to avoid confrontation/keep the peace in the hopes of avoiding a second war. This policy would give Hitler the “permission” he needed to begin invading neighbouring countries.
70
what was the non-agression act (when and who)
Aug. 1939: Hitler and the Soviet Union’s Joseph Stalin sign the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
71
what was the agreement of the non-aggression pact
meant that if Germany invades Poland, Hitler did not have to worry about fighting the Soviet Union to his east. Great Britain and France had promised military support to Poland if Germany ever invaded it, so to make it easier, Hitler and Stalin made a secret agreement to invade Poland from the east and west, and they would split Poland amongst themselves.
72
what happened when Hitler invaded Poland
Once Hitler had this the non-aggression pact, German forces invaded Poland on September 1st, 1939 and used blitzkrieg tactics to conquer the country. This action was what finally caused the Allied nations to stand up against Germany and Britain and France both declared war on Germany on the 3rd of September.
73
define Anschluss
the Nazi German term for bringing together all German speaking people in the region.
The German annexation of Austria was known as the Anschluss
74
what did Hitler's desire to bring all German speaking people together cause
the annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia
75
could the annexation of Czechoslovakia have been stopped
yes; Hitler pressured Europe with his military aggression and a two-day conference in Munich was held in 1938 in which the leaders of Britain, France, Italy and Germany met to discuss Germany’s desire to take over parts of Czechoslovakia. They allowed Hitler with no resistance to take over the Sudeten region
76
why did the USA decide to use the atomic bomb against Japan
The Soviet Union had entered the war against Japan, and the atomic bomb could be read as a strong message for the Soviets to tread lightly
an Allied demand for an immediate unconditional surrender was made to the leadership in Japan and the Japanese military command rejected the request for unconditional surrender
Bombing rather than invading would save the lives of hundreds of thousands of American troupes who would have died in the attack
77
why did the USA choose to use the Atomic bombs on Japan not Germany
Germany had surrendered by the time the first atomic bomb was even made and World War II was over in Europe, however, Japan refused to surrender, even though they had been defeated as well.
78
why were Hiroshima and Nagasaki chosen as targets for the Atomic Bombs
Hiroshima- because it was a large city with a port and army base.
Nagasaki- mostly by chance
79
when was the Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
August 6, 1945
80
what was the name of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima
a 10,000 pounds and 10 feet long bomb named Little Boy
81
when was the Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki
On August 8, 1945, 3 days after the first
82
what was the name of the bomb dropped on Nagasaki
Fat Man
83
social impacts of atomic bombs on Japan
By the end of 1945, the bombing had killed an estimated 140,000 people in Hiroshima, and a further 74,000 in Nagasaki.
In Hiroshima 90% of physicians and nurses were killed or injured; 42 of 45 hospitals were rendered non-functional; and 70% of victims had combined injuries including, in most cases, severe burns, all the dedicated burn beds around the world would be insufficient to care for the survivors of a single nuclear bomb on any city.
most victims died without any care to ease their suffering. Some of those who entered the cities after the bombings to provide assistance also died from the radiation.
5-6 years after the bombings, the incidence of leukaemia increased noticeably among survivors. After about a decade, survivors began suffering from thyroid, breast, lung and other cancers at higher than normal rates.
Pregnant women exposed to the bombings experienced higher rates of miscarriage and deaths among their infants; their children were more likely to have intellectual disabilities, impaired growth and an increased risk of developing cancer.
84
economic impacts of atomic bombs on Japan
A survey conducted by the City of Hiroshima revealed that 70,147 out of a total 76,327 buildings had been incinerated or destroyed. This number included 64,000 private homes and 600 factories. According to the Municipal Handbook 1946 edition the total amount of damage in six categories (private homes, buildings, bridges, roads, private property, and communication facilities) was estimated to have been 763,430,000 yen (at the time).
On the other hand, a report published by the Economic Stabilization Board in 1949 estimates the total property damage in Hiroshima City was 695,000,000 yen (at the time).
More detailed data on the total losses can be found in Hiroshima, Nagasaki no Genbaku Saigai (1979), jointly edited by Hiroshima City and Nagasaki City, which estimated there was 884,100,000 yen (value as of August 1945) lost. This amount was equivalent to the annual income of 850,000 average Japanese persons at that time—since Japan’s per-capita income in 1944 was 1,044 yen.
85
environmental impacts of atomic bombs on Japan
Fallout is the process in which radioactive particles are carried into the atmosphere following a nuclear explosion and falling back onto the ground later as dust or in precipitation. As a result, thick ‘black rain’ that contained radioactive soot and dust started falling from the sky at both bombings, reaching the ground as hazardous radioactive water, damaging not only the surroundings and the infrastructures, but it also causing radiation poisoning through inhalation and the consumption of contaminated food and water
The contamination of water is one of the most severe cases of environmental contamination; when living organisms drank the water exposed to radiation, be it humans or animals, they were very likely to suffer from serious health problems.
when rivers in the cities were contaminated, the current brought the radioactive water to other parts of Japan and eventually into the ocean, spreading the radiation beyond Japan itself.
When the bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki exploded in the middle of the air, high degree of radiation was emitted and carried by wind to areas beyond the cities. It then dispersed gradually and led to radioactive air contamination. Similarly, plants and agriculture products further away from the centre of explosions were also contaminated along with the soil which became extremely infertile while the agricultural products that didn’t get burned up could no longer be consumed due to the radiation they contain.
also brought about thermal radiation that burned the surrounding with extreme heat. The explosions generated powerful shockwaves together with enormous fireballs that killed thousands of people within seconds. This ultimately gave rise to a large firestorm as the individual flames combined, and before long, both cities were covered in thick black smoke. Through the process of combustion, the firestorms used up substantial amount of oxygen in the atmosphere to produce flame. The smoke released into the atmosphere by the wildfires also produced soot that causes the global temperature to fall
This vast heat wave was later suppressed relatively by the process of rapid cooling. These circumstances were the perfect setting for the mass production of nitric oxides, which were transported to the atmosphere, weakening the concentration of the protective ozone layer which is essential to block and protect us from the deadly ultraviolet rays from entering the Earth’s surface. The nitric oxides formed decreased the ozone levels in the Northern Hemisphere and such depletion utter tremendous alteration to the Earth’s climate.
86
what is message in source analysis
the meaning of the source, what is the author saying about the issue
87
what is context in source analysis
refers to the moods, attitudes, and conditions that existed at a certain time, “setting for an event”
88
what is purpose in source analysis
the reason why the text was created
89
what is perspective in source analysis
'point of view' from which the creator of a source described historical events.
90
what is bias in source analysis
to influence someone's point of view- persuade/change their mind.
91
what is contestability in source analysis
explanations or interpretations of past events that are open to debate
