History 1301: Unit 1 Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
first truly American (Western Hemisphere) innovation
A
Fluted (Clovis) point: a spear head, not arrow head
2
Q
Where did the Norse or Vikings travel? (circa 1000 C.E)
A
believed to have traveled to Iceland, Greenland, and the Northwest U.S. They were only temporary settlements and had no lasting impact
3
Q
Who was one of the most important Indian group who influenced many others?
A
The Anasazi
4
Q
In the East, an interesting, but relatively short lived culture in Northeast Louisiana were the people were mound builders and keen astronomical observers. The civilization thrived on Mississippi River trade.
A
Poverty Point
5
Q
group of Indians (700 C.E.- 1500 C.E) and largest population of the mound builders
A
Mississippians
6
Q
the most important large center of the Mississippian culture
A
Cahokia
7
Q
largest structure in Cahokia
A
Monk’s mounts (where priests preformed ceremonies)
8
Q
shared traits of most Amerindians (Columbus’s time)
A
bow and arrow as primary weapon
ceramic pottery (resistance to water)
burial rituals
preference for small kin-based communities
9
Q
how many people in western hemisphere before Columbus came? How many in North Mexico?
A
75-100 million
7-10 million
10
Q
what was the number one European killer disease?
A
small pox
11
Q
Women in Amerindian cultures compared to European?
A
Amerindian women held stronger positions in society than European women. Some were shamans and even chiefs
12
Q
How was warfare, trade, and torture the three cultural misunderstandings between Europeans and Indians?
A
……
13
Q
who formed the Iroquois Confederacy? (occurring before European contact probably mid 16th century)
A
Chief Deganawida (The Great Peacemaker) and Hiawatha
14
Q
what is the oldest participatory democracy in the western hemisphere? (participatory- citizens vote on all matters)(representative- citizens vote on representatives)
A
Iroquois Confederacy
15
Q
a language group consisting of at least fifty different peoples
A
Algonquians
16
Q
John Calvin wrote what?
A
“Institutes of the Christian Religion”
17
Q
The largest slave trade center in West Africa
A
Guinea
18
Q
where did most of the slaves from Guinea travel to at first?
A
the West Indies and Brazil
19
Q
originally founded by the Mali, was an important commercial and education center of the powerful Songhai (Songhay) Kingdom (center of trade)
A
Timbuktu
20
Q
Imported trade good in Timbuktu include…(4)
A
slaves; gold; salt; and the Kola nut (caffeine)
21
Q
In Africa, lineages were ______. (traced through the mothers side of the family)
A
matriarchal
22
Q
The “connection” between rice and sugar
A
Europeans used the growing methods of rice taught by the Africans to feed the African slaves on the sugar plantations in the West Indies
23
Q
many Africans unlike Europeans and most Amerindians practiced_____.
A
ancestral worship
24
Q
traditional customs, tales, sayings, dances, or art forms preserved among a people
A
forklore
25
Probably the most famous character in West African forklore was...?
Anansi the spider
26
who were two important figures in the reformation period of the church?
```
Martin Luther (1517)- wrote the "95 Thesis"
John Calvin (1536)- wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion"
```
27
what kind of new technology was there to help exploration? (4)
new maps; compass; astrolabe (knowledge of longitude); and better ships such as caravels
28
Prince Henry "the navigator" was know for...?
building navigating schools in Portugal
29
who was the first European nation to devote significant money and energy into exploration? and focused on sailing around the tip of Africa to get to Asia?
Portugal
30
Who Discovered the Cape of Good Hope?
Bartholomeu Diaz
31
Who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope?
Vasco de Gama
32
In Spain 1492... (3)
the monarchs expelled the last moor "Muslims" from Spain; persecuted all non-Catholics; and Christopher Columbus
33
America was named after who?
Amerigo Vespucci
34
introduced England to "drinking (smoking) tobacco" and the white potato
Raleigh (also a probable lover of the "Virgin Queen")
35
what is the time called for Spain when it dominates over most the west?
"the Golden Age"
36
Very important Portuguese colony
Brazil
37
ruthless opportunist who had taken part in the bitter wars of the Spanish Reconquista -
conquistadors
38
conquistadors were interested in the three "G's" which were....
Gold Glory and God
39
ruthless Spanish conquistador who seizes central Mexico by defeating the wealthy Aztec empire (1521) - had guns; cannons; steel; horses; and Indian Allies to help defeat
Hernando Cortez
40
In 1532, Spanish conquistador who conquered the rich Inca Empire which included all or portions of the modern countries of Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Bolivia
Francisco Pizarro
41
European practice were the government automatically receives 20% of all money made
"King's Fifth"
42
conquistador and first European to see the Pacific, Panama, etc.
Vazco Nunez Balboa
43
conquistador and first European to explore Florida (1513). Searched for gold and the fountain of youth
Juan Ponce de Leon
44
Led the first expedition that circumnavigated the globe. left with 5 ships in 1519 with only one ship, "Victoria," returning to Spain in 1522.
Ferdinand Magellan
45
Desperately searched fro the fabled "Seven Cities of Gold." found no gold but members of the expedition were the first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon and bison herds
Francisco Coronado
46
wrote "The Destruction of the Indies, Las Casas" which described the horrible treatment of the Indians. Later Protestants, especially the English would use this to concoct the "Black Legend"
Bartolome de las Casas
47
mixed Indian and Spanish blood
mestizos
48
mix Spanish and African blood
mulattoes
49
Read about the rulers of Spain in notes
.....
50
What happened in *1588 that made Spain begin to weaken? the beginning of the end of Spain's "golden age"
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
51
When Bacon and around 1000 followers went on a rampage threatening the govnt and killing all Indians they came across. They captured and burned Jamestown forcing Governor Berkeley to flee
Bacon's Rebellion (became the leader of the piedmont settlers very quickly)
52
Who was nicknamed "the Virgin Queen"
Elizabeth I
53
After Charles was beheaded, England became a commonwealth ruled by_____.
Oliver Cromwell
54
the restoring of a monarch in England is know as _______ particularly in 1660.
The Restoration
55
the belief that God gave you power to be king so you only have to answer to God
The Divine Right
56
The peaceful overthrowing of King James II by his daughter Mary II and her husband William of Orange
Glorious Revolution
57
when Gov. White returned 3 yrs later from England with supplies for his colony (1590), he found that it was abandoned without a clue except for the word "Croatoan" (an Indian village) written on a tree. What is this colony called?
The Lost Colony
58
What are three possible reasons for the lost colony?
attack of Indians; surrender to Indians and live with them; or tried to build a ship and sail back to England
59
first person of English descent born in North America (in the lost colony)
Virgina Dare
60
wrote pamphlets to persuade English colonization
Richard Hakluyt
61
allowed investors to "pool" their resources and limit risk
joint-stock companies
62
joint-stock companies are the forerunners of....?
corporations
63
The first English settlement in America
Jamestown (1607)
64
a grant or guarantee of rights, franchises, or privileges from the sovereign power of a state or country
charter
65
Pocahontas, the daughter of the powerful ruler of the Powhatan Confederacy, marries who?
John Rolfe
66
The charter King James I gave to the Virginia Company guaranteed what for the colonist?
the same rights for colonist as Englishmen at home
67
Very young (late twenties) but already a veteran soldier and adventurer. He was tough and harsh. 1608 elected president of the council of Jamestown but was removed from power a year later.
John Smith
68
In 1612, _______ developed a hybrid of tobacco plant that grew well in Virginia. This crop became the economic foundation of the Virginia colony
John Rolfe
69
in the 17th century, the most common form of bound labor was...?
indentured servitude
70
a contract in which a poor person signs away 2 to 7 years of his/her labor for a trip to the Americas.
indenture
71
authorized the grant of 50 acres for every individual brought to Virgina. this was an effort to encourage population grown
head-right system
72
most common form of bound labor in the 18th century was...?
African slavery
73
the first Africans brought to English North America arrived in Jamestown in ______?
1619
74
Virginia 1619 important because...
1. first Africans imported there
2. The House of Burgesses met for 1st time
3. ship with marriageable women arrived (now Virgina was home)
75
The older areas of colonial Virgina near the coast was known as the ________ region. Most of the wealthy elite live in this region and dominate politically, economically, and culturally
tidewater
76
the poorer smaller farmers or late-comers to Virgina lived in the interior, higher elevated region known as the _______ region.
piedmont
77
Wealthy Englishman who had to flee to North America because of affair. Very opportunistic. He quickly became the leader of the piedmont settlers
Nathaniel Bacon
78
Why did the Glorious Revolution (1688) cause turmoil in Maryland?
.....
79
"That old fool has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the murder of my father." referring to the execution of his father
King Charles II
80
Who was named the "torchbearer of the American Revolution"
Nathanial Bacon
81
the first proprietary colony
Maryland
82
_________ are given to an individual or group to control and manage as he/ they see fit
proprietary colonies
83
an English Catholic noble who desired a refuge for persecuted English Catholics
Sir George Calvert (1st Lord Baltimore)
84
The official Church in Virgina was what?
The Church of England or Anglican Church
85
the purpose of this act was to protect the Catholic minority from the ever increasing numbers of Protestants protecting them from persecution
Act of toleration (1649) : (no one could be persecuted for their beliefs as long as they believed in Jesus Christ)
86
Which was the first restoration colony?
Carolina
87
What was the last English Colony to be established? (1733)
Georgia
88
What colony was determined to make money off of renting the land in a feudalistic manner?
Carolina
89
designed an odd constitution for Carolina designed to enrich the Lord;s at the expense of the settlers of Carolina
John Locke
90
Most settlers in which colony were poor tenant (rent) farmers who had to give a certain portion of their labor to the Lords or pay a small fee known as a "quit rent"?
Carolina
91
17 year old girl who was left in charge of the family's South Carolina plantation wile her dad was attending to their plantations in the Caribbean. She experimented with Indigo
Elisa Lucas
92
What were the two reasons for the Georgia colony?
1. to serve as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida
2. overcrowded prisons with debtors
93
Was placed in charge of a committee looking into the terrible problem of prison overcrowding. Eventually was put in charge of an effort to rehabilitate debtors in the colony of Georgia
James Oglethrope
94
James Oglethrope was a ___________, or person who gives money to help society
Philanthropist
95
What did James Oglethrope believe to be the best kind of person?
small farmers
96
what were the rules that governed Georgia?
1. no rum
2. no large landholdings (50 acres)
3. no slaves
4. no lawyers
97
What was the largest group of protestants?
Puritans
98
group that believed that the Anglican Church should be cleaned or purified by removing all its Catholic- like practices
Puritans
99
group that felt the Anglican Church was too corrupt to rehabilitate and therefore must be abolished
Separatists
100
anyone that takes a trip for a religious reason
pilgrim
101
a separatist who left England (after a brief stint in the Netherlands) and settled at Plymouth
Pilgrim
102
a simple document that mostly is dedicated to flattering the King. the constitution of the Pilgrims
The Mayflower Compact
103
most important early Pilgrim leader
William Bradford
104
Who settles at the Plymouth Colony?
the Pilgrims
105
the Plymouth colony would eventually be absorbed by the larger _________ Colony in 1691
Massachusetts Bay Colony
106
believed in the shining "City upon a Hill." concept was that since the Puritans knew how God wanted a Christian community to live, then they should come over to America and establish this "perfect society"
John Winthrop
107
The charter and all stockholders came to North America leaving which colony answerable to no on one in England?
Massachusetts Bay
108
Puritans believed in ________. (God already planned out everything including your final destination)
Predestination
109
the __________ (1688) in England prompts New England to give Sir Edmund Andros the boot; William and Mary restore the colonies from a dominion to their former, separate status
Glorious Revolution
110
the "town meeting" was idealized by who?
Norman Rockwell
111
Which colony was the most intolerant colony for religious freedom?
Massachusetts Bay (Because it was suppose to be the "perfect society" and a perfect plan can not allow for questioning and changing)
112
Witchcraft trials had occurred in Europe and New England prior to _______ (1692-1693)
Salem
113
Why did Salem witch trials occur in 1692-93
The Massachusetts Bay Company's charter is revoked (1691) and it become a royal colony. Cause a tremendous amount of stress because the Puritan's "City on a Hill" failed. Why? must be the work of the devil.
114
Who was first accused of being a witch in the Salem witch trials?
Tituba, an Indian slave
115
The governor of the unpopular union of the Dominion of New England was?
Sir Edmund Andros (very unpopular; tried to run Dominion like a dictator (ex.abolished town meetings)
116
Charles II granted this person a colony for Quakers because he was a close friend and the Stuart family owed him money and a favor
Penn Jr.
117
New York's early European settlers were mostly from where? (1609)
the Netherlands ( the original Dutch clam to the area originated with the explorations of Englishman Henry Hudson who was working for the Dutch East India Company at the time)
118
what colony was established by a Dutch joint-stock company, the Dutch West India Company?
New Nethlands
119
in 1653, the Dutch built a wooden palisade along a street in New Amsterdam to protect them from Indian Attacks. What is this street called today?
Wall Street
120
Who was the last director-general of New York who cost the Netherlands the entire colony with his tyrannical manner?
Peter Stuyvesant
121
During a war, the English Jame Duke of York led an English force that captured _______ (1664)
the New Netherlands Colony
122
When the New Netherlands Colony was captured, New Amsterdam became what city?
New York City
123
What colony was granted to two friends of King James II?
New Jersey (at one time there was an east and west Jersey)
124
means "Society of Religious Friends"
Quakerism
125
Quakers lived in what colony?
Pennsylvania
126
Fox's five principles of Quakers:
1) Everyone can be saved. 2) Everyone can be his/her own priest because they all have an "inner light" (spirit of God or soul connection to God) 3) no oaths. 4) pacifism. 5)no class distinctions. 6). they dress and act differently
127
close friend of the Stuart family. The Stuart family owed him money and a favor.
William Penn Sr.
128
who founded Quakerism?
George Fox
129
why was the "inner light" of Quakers a political danger?
because it makes everyone equal
130
believing in no war or violence
pacifism
131
(1638) an intelligent woman who led religious discussions that included criticism of certain Boston ministers. After a trial in which she showed that her knowledge of the Bible was superior to that of her accusers she was banished from MBC and moved to Rhode Island
Anne Hutchinson
132
a man who refused to admit to being a witch and was pressed to death. Why did he do this?
Giles Corey; to insure his children's inheritance
133
what was the most religious tolerant colony?
Rhode Island
134
who founded Rhode Island? (1631)
Roger Williams
135
who is the commander of the professional British Army in the Seven Years War?
Edward Braddock (fails to understand that in the new world, European rules of war did not apply)
136
Roger Williams's beliefs:
God's will was obscure; each person should worship in his own way; Priesthood of the Believer; separation of church and state; complete religious freedom; treat Indians fairly
137
who takes control of the British army in N.A after the death of Edward Braddock In the Seven Years War?
William Pitt
138
belief that each individual could be their own priest
Priesthood of the Believer
139
"the city of Brotherly Love"
Philadelphia
140
the three men who treated the Indians fairly where who?
Penn; Olgethorpe; Roger Williams
141
"praying Indians"
Puritan Indians
142
Pokanoket Indian leader, Metacomet, was also known as who?
King Philip
143
Pokanoket Indian leader, Metacomet, formed an anti-English alliance with the Narragansets in 1675. At first things went well but then tides turned when the Iroquois joined colonist from New England and New York after refusing a request to join Metacomet's side because of the fur trade between the colonists. What war was this?
King Philips's War
144
The Iroquois fought a series of wars (1640s-80s) known as the _______ against other Native Americans to control the lucrative beaver fur trade
Beaver Wars
145
who established a trading post at Quebec in 1608 for the French?
Samuel de Champlain
146
what is Samuel de Champlain also known as?
"Father of New France
147
Followed the Miss. River all the way to its mouth at the gulf of Mexico
Robert de la Salle
148
the most important religious revival in American history; the revival of old conservative church beliefs. "hellfire and birmstone" teachers
The Great Awakening (response to the loss of faith and deism in the colonies)
149
how many "world wars" has their been?
9
150
What was the French and Indian War called in Europe?
The Seven Years war
151
The British colonists and soldiers where fighting who in the French and Indian war?
the French and Indians
152
Public education originated from what?
religion (children must be educated in order to read the bible) (first in New England)
153
The French began building forts to protect their claim on Louisianan from who?
The British
154
fort that was built by the French at the junction of 3 rivers (Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio) on land claimed by the Virginia Colony
Ft. Duquesne
155
in 1753, Lt. Gov. Robert Dinwiddie sent who to warn the French to leave?
21 yr old George Washington
156
why was George Washington building Ft. Necessity a bad idea?
the French force was large; fort was in bad location; men had few supplies; and Indian allies abandoned them
157
the French's meeting to keep the most powerful Native American force, the Iroquois, neutral in the battles between the French and British
Albany Congress
158
Called for a "Grand Council" over all of the colonies with authority over Indian/defense relations; trade/settlement in the West; and taxation
Albany Plan of Union (Benjamin Franklin) (passed by the Albany Congress but overwhelmingly opposed by the colonial and British governments)
159
who is England's ally in the Seven Years War?
Prussia (small but powerful German state)
160
with the British on the way to attack Ft. Dequesne, the French and Indians surprise attack them in that battle known as what?
Braddock's Disaster
161
What is the turning point of the French and Indian war for the British?
battle in Quebec (sept. 13, 1759)
162
who were the two generals in the battle of Quebec with excellent reputations and both died in battle?
James Wolfe (Br.) and Louis Montcalm (Fr.)
163
treaty in which ended the war stating that England would receive Canada and all of the land east of the Mississippi river and France retained fishing rights off Newfoundland with only a few small islands as bases to salt the cod fish
Treaty of Paris 1762
164
what was the most important geographical fact about America?
the abundance of potential farm land
165
the most important slave rebellion in colonial period. over 100 slaves rose up and killed several whites and attempted to escape to Florida. they were captured and killed
Stono Rebellion (another rebellion was in NYC in 1712 where slaves started fires and were captured. 18 executed)
166
where did the Scots-Irish get there name?
they fled Scotland from the persecuting English and went to Ireland. They continued to be persecuted because the Irish considered them invaders so they went to North America
167
were did the Scots-Irish choose to live?
the frontier
168
the church of the Scots-Irish; also another sect of Calvinism
the Presbyterian Church (the Church of Scotland)
169
what is a misnomer that is associated with the Germans?
"Deutch" - Pennsylvania Dutch
170
route connecting New England, West Africa, and West Indies transferring goods between the three
triangular trade
171
The second part of the triangular trade, with the slaves heading for life on the sugar plantations of West Indies is know as the
Middle Passage
172
what were the 3 largest groups of religion?
Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Anglican Church
173
what church was the official Church in the South? even thought they were a minority?
the Anglican Church
174
After the Revolutionary War, the Anglican Church became which Church in America?
the Episcopal Church (same basic beliefs)
175
Catholics were mostly in what colony?
Maryland
176
a tremendous flurry of scientific discovery when Europe leap ahead of the world technologically and began to head toward secularism
The Enlightenment
177
During The Enlightenment, _______ was seen as the ultimate source of knowledge and _______ influence in Europe began to wane.
science; religious
178
a devout Puritan who defended old beliefs during the Enlightenment but also was a scientist who supported inoculation for smallpox and the sun centered theory of the solar system
Cotton Mather
179
the best example of an Enlightenment figure
Benjamin Franklin (lightening rod; iron Franklin stove; bifocal spectacles)
180
what was the name of Benjamin Franklin's printed almanac?
"Poor Richard's Almanac"
181
belief in a god that desgned the universe according to a rational set of universal laws. the universe now runs on its own as a perfect machine so god does not take an active role. god is "hands off"
deism
182
the two of the most important ministers of the Great Awakening
George Whitfield and Johnathan Edwards
183
Englishman who toured the colonies speaking to thousands. Was able to move the skeptic and penny pincher Ben Franklin to empty his pockets into the offering plate
George Whitefield
184
Minister Johnathan Edwards terrified his religiously lax followers with one of the most famous sermons in history known as ?
"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
185
The first 3 colleges were?
Harvard (1636-N.E); William and Mary (1693-S.); Yale (1701)
186
believe that the wealth in the world in infinite. The goal of a nation's leader should be to acquire as much wealth as possible
Mercantilists
187
The colonies exist for what?
the benefit of the mother country
188
"enumerate" (listed) certain commodities which could not be shipped from American to foreign ports (in 1660 the only item was tobacco but the list expanded over time)
Navigation Acts (1660-96)
189
required all goods leaving Europe to go through England first before shipping out to the colonies. This was designed to enrich English middlemen at the expense of the colonists
Staple Act of 1663
