History Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
What is the regal period?
A
753-509 BCE
2
Q
When was Rome founded?
A
21 April 753 BCE
3
Q
when was the stone wall built around the base of Palantine Hill?
A
750-725 BCE
4
Q
What dates are encompassed in the Republic period?
A
509-31 BCE
5
Q
Who is Paris?
A
Prince and shepherd, he decides who gets the golden apple
6
Q
What is the setting of the wedding and golden apple?
A
Peleus and Thetis (Achilles parents) decide to have a wedding and invite the gods.
Discordia/Eris the goddess of strife is not invited and gets upset so she creates a golden apple inscribed with the fairest
Juno(hera), Minerva (athena) and Venus claim the apple each believing themselves the fairest
Paris a human prince is appointed to decide who deserves the apple. It is delivered to him on Mt. Ida by Hermes (Mercury)
7
Q
How does Paris make his decision about the apple?
A
Each goddess offers him a bribe
- Juno power and domination
- Minerva unmatched wisdom and battle prowess
- Venus the love of Helen of sparta (most beautiful woman)
Paris Awards the apple to venus and Helen falls in love with Paris, however Helen is already married to the king of Sparta Menelaus
8
Q
What happens between Helen and Paris?
A
Venus and Paris abduct Helen
This results in the trojan war
9
Q
Who led the Greeks in the trojan war?
A
Menelaus (helens husband) gathers greek forces and Agamemnon leads them
10
Q
Who led the Trojans?
A
Paris’s brother Hector lead the Trojans
11
Q
What happened in the Trojan war?
A
The Greeks besieged Troy for 10 years and got nowhere
They pretended to retreat leaving the Trojan horse as a gift. The Trojans fall for the ploy and Troy is sacked by the Greeks hidden in the horse
12
Q
What are the main differences between latin and english?
A
No capitals
No punctuation or spaces
13
Q
Explain the three parts of a roman name
A
Praenomina (first names)
Nomin (family name)
Cognomen (denotes branch families or connections to significant events)
14
Q
What is the fourth part of a name that was sometimes included?
A
Filius - denotes an individuals lineage or tribe
15
Q
How did women naming differ from men?
A
Woman take the feminine form of their fathers nomin
e.g. cornelius -> cornelia
16
Q
Explain how slave naming differed
A
Slaves had only one name and if they became free their praenomen and nomen became their masters and their cognomen was their og name
17
Q
Who were Barbari (barbarians)?
A
People who are incapable of speaking Greek or Latin
18
Q
What are the three types of citizens?
A
Servi (slaves)
Liberti (freedmen/freedwomen)
Ingenui (freeborn)
19
Q
What are the two political classes?
A
Patricians (the elite) whose names could denote class
Plebians (the common people)
This system was abolished as time progressed due to economic mobility
20
Q
Explain soldiers class?
A
Soldiers had a moderately prestigious role in roman society
Since they were responsible for purchasing and maintaining their own equipment the poor were less likely to be soldiers
21
Q
Cavalry/Equestrian class?
A
Seen as an elite class within the military since they owned horses and could afford better equipment
Equities described the class originally but later became associated with a broader social class of wealthy
needed 400,000 sesterces minimum to be a eques
Equestrians were often involved in business trade or financial ventures which senators were prohibited from engaging in
22
Q
What is Novus Homo?
A
one has to be a quaestor to be in the senatorial order
Novus homo -> new man which involves giving up business and investing in land to become involved in politics
23
Q
What is the Patronage System?
A
Clients -> lower status people who had support from a patron
Patroni -> wealthy or influential figures who provided protection, financial support and career opportunities to their clients
Mid-level patroni for a low level client could be a client for a high-level patroni
24
Q
Name the 4 people who escaped troy on ships
A
Aenas (father)
Ascanius (son)
Anchises Palladium (grandfather)
Creusa (wife)
25
What does Aenas do after he escapes?
Lands off the coast of Italy (Latium)
Aeneas meets Latinus the king and helps him conquer his opponents
Latinus offers his daughters hand to Aeneas in return
Aeneas builds a city for his new wife Lavinia called Lavinium
26
Who is Numitor?
The good king who is twins with the Evil Amulius
he is exiled by Amulius who becomes the 13 king
Numitor eventually returns and becomes the 14 king
27
What happens shortly after Romulus and Remus's birth?
Amulius doesn't want Numitor to have descendents, desires to drown the twins in the Tiber river
- his men can't do it and leave the children beside the river
Romulus and Remus are nursed by a she-wolf and found by a shepherd who raises them (Faustulus)
28
Who is Rhea Silvia and what is her story?
Daughter of Numitor, she is coerced by Amulius to be a virgin so Numitor's line cannot continue
Mars has sexual relations with her causing her to birth Romulus and Remus
29
What happens when Romulus and Remus grow up?
18 they realize they are better than everyone and are the lost twins
Twins march to Alba Longa along with Numitor and kill amulius
Numitor is restored as king
30
How is Rome founded by the twins
Romulus and Remus found twin cities on the river where they were left
- Palantine, Romulus
- Aventine, Remus
A sacred boundary called the Pomerium separates the two cities
Romulus has a bigger and better city and Remus is envious so he disturbs the sacred wall
him crossing the wall nulified its divine protection so Romulus kills remus to restore the protection and names the combined cities Rome
31
What river does rome reside beside
The southeastern side of Tiber river
32
What are the 7 major hilltops in Rome?
Palantine, Aventine, Capitoline, Quirnal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian
33
Geographical Advantages to Latium Rome location
1. Defensible, flat area surrounded by mountainous and volcanic terrain
2. Good water supply from Tiber
3. Access to the sea and inland through terrain
4. Lots of Timber, Stone and Metal
34
Explain all the ways one could become a roman slave
1. prisoner of war (most common)
2. slavery as a punishment
3. sold as a child because ur family cannot support you
4. child to a slave
35
What is Peculium?
The law dictating that each slave must be given an allowance and can buy themselves free
- only given to adult men
36
Why were greek slaves sought out?
because they were highly educated in comparison to other places
- slaves could be doctors, accountants...
37
What is a Paedagogi?
A slave that is a tutor and teacher
38
What is a Latifundia
An estate or land that has a high number of slaves (normally 10000+)
- if the latifundia had really poor conditions like siciliy for mining or agriculture a revolt could occur
39
Who was Spartacus?
A thracian gladiator who was sold into slavery and led a slave revolt. 70-123k slaves revolted
40
What is Manumissio?
Emancipation -> process of a slave becoming a citizen
ceremony was called the Manumit
41
What was the rape of the sabine women?
Rome was lacking women and as such the future was uncertain. To make up for this king propositioned the surrounding areas for their women to marry roman men. They were declined so they created a plan to fake a festival and got the Sabines to invite women and children. The roman's kidnapped and assualted the women and forced them to become their wives. Obviously the sabines weren't happy and marched to siege Roma but the women intervened and prevented the war. From then on most of the Sabine people were integrated into Rome
42
The structure of the Roman King
King ruled alongside 2 elected consuls but had veto power
43
When and Why did Rome topple the monarchy
The grandson of the prince rapes a girl named Lucretia. Her brother and his friend are furious as this is the straw the broke the camels back about the monarchy. He rallies a massive army and deposes the king creating a republic in 510 BC
44
What is the Captoline Temple?
Largest temple in the ancient world it was inaugurated on 13 september 507 BC
45
Who made up the Captoline Triad
Jupiter - Zeus
Juno - Hera
Minerva - Athena
46
Who Is Horatius Cocles?
A man who vowed to hold off the Etruscan army along with his 3 friends, they destroyed the romans only bridge over the tiber allowing the roman army to retreat into the city. He escapes by jumping in the river and surviving
47
Who is Romulus?
First roman king and founder
48
Who is Titus Tatius?
Co-ruled Rome with Romulus for five years he helped integrate the sabines into Roman Society
49
Who is Numa Pompilius?
Third king of rome - a sabine chosen by the previous co-kings. said to have produced the roman calendar
50
Who is Tullus Hostilius?
A hostile king focused on expansion of roman teritory
51
Who is Ancus Marcius
Known for his statecraft, building projects and peaceful foreign policy
52
Who is Tarquinius Priscus?
First Etruscan king. known for military conquests and grand architecture
53
Who is Servius Tullius?
He started as a latin slave and became a very popular king before he was assasinated by his daughter and grandson who were having an affair (tf ......)
54
Who is Tarquinius Superbus?
Etruscan -> final king of rome was evil and tyrannical
55
Who is Sextus Tarquinius?
The son of the last king (evil) he is also evil and wanted Lucretia. He rapes lucretia
56
Who is Lucretia?
A noblewoman in ancient rome -> her rape and subsequent suicide is what causes the rebellion to overthrow the roman monarchy
57
who is Tarquinius Collatinus?
Man who together with Junius Brutus seeks to avenge Lucretia and rid Rome of the monarchy -> they replace the king with elected consuls
58
What is a Consul?
Instead of a king two consuls rule rome, each having power over the other. Important decisions must be agreed upon. It is a anually elected role
59
What is the capitoline temple?
Finished september 13 507, it is the largest temple dedicated to jupiter, juno and minerva
60
What is the story of Lars Porsenna and his army?
Leader of an army attacking rome for their deposition of tarquinius Superbus. The romans are forced to retreat to the bridge spanning the tiber river (only one at the time). Romans are forced to retreat over the bridge. The retreat is defended by 4 including Horatious. The four men hold off the army and horatius survives by diving into the river. Romans break the bridge leaving a standoff on either side of the river
61
Who is Mucius Scaevola?
Man who wants to deal with lars army. He knows they are only there because of Lars and Tarquinius. Says he will swim over and assasinate Lars. Doesn't know what lars looks like and chooses his secretary in a 50/50 chance. Is arrested and tortured, Mucius in a show of bravery places his hand in hot coals they were planning to torture him with until his hand burns off. He says he is just one man and the entire army is like him. This scares the army and they spare mucius and leave rome
62
Explain the Secession of the Plebians
494 -> secession of the plebs
- all plebeians leave rome as a strike until they get rights
- subject to the law but no one knew what teh laws were
- go to a sacred mount outside rome
- romans realize that their state doesn't work without the plebs who serve as the workforce for the 1%
- plebeians get recognition from the laws cancelled debts and aediles
- also tribune of the plebs (legal system)
63
What is the battle of lake regillus?
Rome itself is the roman army while the latini army has help from all the surrounding cities. Neither side wants to give up the fight but it results in a draw after heavy losses from both sides. both armies got pretty wiped out leaving rome and Latini vulnerable. Both parties sensed their vulnerability and forged a treaty
64
What are the tenets of the Treaty of Cassius Vecellinus?
493: Treaty between Rome and the Latin League
1. Eternal Peace
2. Military cooperation against 3rd party aggressors
3. Shared loot from military endeavors
4. Gives legal force to common community rights
65
What is the fall of the Decemviri?
In 450 Appius caught sight of virginia, who he fell in lust with. Virginias father and fiance were away so he has his clients kidnap her and claim shes his runaway slave. A lot of people objected but could do nothing as head of the decemviri. Father and fiance comes back to protest and father stabs her saying "this is the only way i have to secure your liberty". He then flees and the decemviri were arrested
66
Explain the decemviri?
Temporary commision formed to resolve a power struggle between the patricians and the plebs -> replaced consuls for 2 years
Appius Claudius -> head
67
When was the defeat of Veii?
396 -> veii was the largest etruscan city which rome conquered after 100 years of fighting
68
Cisalpine Gaul Invasion?
Whole of northern italy is surrounded by mountains where lies 5 major cisalpine Gaul tribes
390 -> cross mountains south to expand their territory
69
Vae Victus meaning?
"Tough shit" -> said to the defeated/conquered
70
341 what happened?
Lating league revolt -> romans were expanding south which the latin league viewed as impeding on their territory
71
340 what happened?
defeat of latin league at naples
72
Disolution of the latin league, what was the result?
338
Rome establishes a new arrangement that sets a pattern for future expansions
Outlines 3 classes of relationships a place can have with rome
73
What is civitas optimo iure?
Latin word for citizenship & best rights -> roman relationship where denizens of a city are given full membership and citizenship (males only ofc)
- able to vote, hold office
- forced to adopt roman religion
74
What is civitas Sine suffragio?
Citizenship without vote
75
Civitates Foederatae?
People who are treatied with rome - allied states (there are 2 levels)
1. Latin Allie
- pretty much same as latin league -> need to provide half roman army, dont pay taxes, maintain independence
2. Free Allies
- Independent from rome, have to supply troops and follow foreign policies (have same enemies as rome)
76
When were the three samnite wars?
1. 343 - 341 BC
2. 326 - 304 BC
3. 298 - 290 BC
77
What is Tarentum and why is it significant?
Tarentum is the biggest and most powerful of the southern greek cities. They hire foreign mercenaries to defend themselves from Rome -> Pyrrus of Epirus and his force of 25k infantry, 3k cavalry and 20 elephants
78
What happened between Pyrrus and the Romans?
He defeated the romans in 280 and again in 279 but the battle came at a massive cost to his own forces. It was so costly that the term pyrrhic victory was coined referring to a pointless victory because you lost so much in doing it. He attacked rome directly with his remaining forces but accomplished nothing so moved on to syracuse
79
What happened after Pyrrhus went to syracuse?
He goes back to italy in 275 with a new army and money, he then marches north to Beventum where he is defeated. Following the defeat he is killed in another battle in 272 by a falling roof tile. This lowk put Rome on the map as a famous general was killed
80
What is Arminium and it significance
Roman city founded in 268 BC, it is a vital port city on the adriatic sea and a key point against celtic invaders. Rome conquered all of Southern Italy following Pyrrhus's death and became the central focal point of the Mediterranean
81
Explain the City of Messana Dilemma?
A city taken over by the Mamertines. They called on syracuse to expel them but he fails. Carthage and the romans are both brought into the conflict starting the first punic war
82
Why is Messana important to the romans?
Commercial interest of greek in italy
Good base for invading italy - prevent carthage from taking over sicily
Finance, military glory
83
Explain the initial conditions at the beginning of the first Punic war?
Carthage had a famous navy and could fight at sea
264 -> rome declares war on their navy knowing nothing about naval conflict
- the greeks capture a carthaginian warship and the romans replicate it x100 in 60 days
- They had no idea how to fight navally so just pulled up beside and jumped onto enemy ships
- Rome only lost 2 battles (land battle in africa in 255, and sea disaster in 249)
84
Who is Claudius Pulcher and what was the naval disaster?
Admiral of the roman fleet he wanted glory and a fight. Romans checked if gods approved before every action and gods dissapproved a battle. He took the fight anyways and lost 93 out of 123 ships. Lived but was prosecuted for disobeying the gods. Defeat happened outside the port city of Drepanum
85
Who is Hamilcar Barca?
Best general of Carthaginian land forces from 247 BC - 241 BC
86
What was the ending of the first punic war?
Ends in 241 when romans defeat carthage and make Sicily the first roman province.
87
What was the second roman province territory made out of?
Sardinia and Corsica - took 12 years to conquer and fell in 237
88
Where did the romans go after conquering The south and what was the result?
They go up into northern italy and start making peaceful treaties with spain.
89
What is Saguntum?
Roman allied city in southern spain. It is attacked by the Carthaginians by Hamilcar barcas son in 219. after 8 months of siege the city falls and rome declares war in defense of their allied city
90
What does Hannibal Barca do at the onset of the second punic war?
Moves his army through the mountains in the winter -> loses over half to the elements. He still manages to catch the romans by surprise though
91
264-241
First punic war
92
Battle of Tinicum
218 - romans defeated by (C) in north italy
93
Lake Trasimene
217- Hannibal broke the norm and ambushed the romans around lake trasimene after dark. Killed 40k romans and the consul
94
Cannae
216 - Hannibal fights south but still cant get near rome, he goes south to try and turn the greeks against rome. Rome worries he will succeed in this so field their largest army. Romans are circled and killed (65k fallen)
95
What happens following Cannae
All of romes greek allies turn against them (syracuse, greeks, macedonians) and rome uses guerilla warfare to slow them down and delay them
96
Who is Phillip v of macedonia
King of macedonia from 221 to 179 - attempted to extend macedonian influence but was defeated
97
Who is Q Fabius Maximus and what was his title and tactics
Guerilla warfare
- burning crops
- cut off supply chains
- slowly push hannibal further south
Cunctator (the delayer)
98
What is the battle of Metaurus?
Battle alongside the river between the romans and Carthagians. Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was bringing an army of everything his brother would need through the mountains again. He was seen by a roman general Gaius Claudius Nero, who defeats the army before it can reach hannibal. Hasdrubals head is sent in a bag to his brother
99
What happens by 206 in the punic war
P Cornelius Scipio has driven the carthegenians out of spain and now controls all territory previously held by the cartheginians
100
What was the story of Archimedes
A genius inventor whom the Romans wanted who lived in sicily. He was killed by an unaware soldier
101
When was the first Macedonian War?
215-205
102
How did the second Punic war end?
Scipio comes back from spain in 206 and raises another massive army. They sail to carthage in 204 and besiege them. Hannibal was not there so a treaty is about to be signed. Hannibal is reported to be arriving though so carthage breaks the treaty knowing hannibal has never lost. Hannibal suffers his first defeat at Zama and the punic war ends
103
What happened to Hannibal following his defeat?
He fled east and was pursued for years. He was found in 184 but killed himself with bulls blood before they could get him
104
Why did Romans hate spain?
It took 200 years of bloody horrific battles to conquer spain. The Ibirians had violent tough armies
105
What was the siege of Numantia
134-133 -> one of the worst examples of roman imperialism. There were a lot of these brutal cruel battles portraying this common view of roman savagery
106
Cynoscephalae
site of the roman victory in 197 BC that ended the second macedonian war. Macedonia tried to take over greece and romans were called upon to help
107
Antiochus III
King of Syria -> he starts causing problems in the ast
108
What is the battle of Magnesia
Another war from 189 - 182. Antiochus was defeated at the battle of magnesia
109
Third Macedonian war
171-168 ended at the battle of Pynda
110
Fourth Macedonian war
149-148
111
Third Punic war
149-146 - Cato the elder a senator convinced rome to mount a preemptive strike against carthage which allowed them to finish it in 3 years
112
What were the six major issues with Rome in the Middle Republic Error
1. Devastation of italy - burned fields
2. Agreement for troops - many farmers became soldiers and farmland went to rich aristocrats leaving lack of functioning farms
3. Influx of wealth coming in from foreign conquests and latifundia
4. Ager Publicus - romans confiscated land and made it public, renting it to farmers
5. Increase in Slave Labour - caused slave revolts
6. Farmers replaced by slaves in the latifundia
113
Tiberius Sempronius Graccus
Eldest brother elected to tribune of the plebs. He wanted to solve all problems at once and wanted to give land back to the poor
114
Who is Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus
Roman general and statesman noted for his military exploits in the third punic war. His daughter birthed Gaius and Tiberius. She was very involved in Rome
115
What happened to Tiberius
Tiberius relied on his sacrosantity granted by tribune of the plebs for safety. beat to death along with 300 of his followers because he wanted to give land to the poor
116
What happened To Sempronius Gracchus
He was tribune for 2 years following his brothers death. Implemented land reform, built roads, inexpensive grain, new agricultural colonies. Lost sacrosanctity after he was done with the tribune and was forced to commit suicide to escape being beat to death
117
Concordia
Goddess of harmony, agreement and peace
- Rome starts to become corrupt and selfish and starts wars with old allies
118
Jugurtha
Romes ally for 56 years involved in a dirty corrupt war with rome from 111-105
119
Who is C Marius
Man ends war in Numidia
-elected consul 6 times 107-100
-incredibly popular
120
What were the army reforms made by Marius?
1. removes property qualification for soldiers
2. extends soldiers term to 16 years from 6
3. changed the training and organization
4. Paid everyone a salary
121
What were the results of Marius's reforms
The Cimbri and the Teutones came down through the gauls and defeated the army before the reform many times. With reformed army the Teurones are defeated in 102 and the Cimbri in 100
122
What happened following the army reforms to Marius
He became more radical from his success and began using violence to push through his ideas. in 100 he has people serving him running for tribune and they are assasinated. Marius flees from 98-97
123
What is the social war?
The revolt of romes allies in 91. They were not getting any benefits from rome despite providing things to them. Rome granted citizenship to all in italy and allieship to the gauls.
124
Who is Mithridates VI
King of Pontus, he assasinates 80k romans and declares himself liberator of the east against rome. Romans send troops against him commanded by Cornelius Sulla in 88
125
What happens following the defeat of Pontus
Cornelius sulla and his army besiege Rome. When it falls they proscribe all of their enemies
126
What is Proscription?
Putting up wanted posters
127
What happens with Cornelius Sulla when he enters rome
He is elected as consul after killing all his opps. in 81 he is appointed dictator for the first time in 100 years. He was interested in social reforms and consolidating his own power. Retires in 79 after finishing his duties as consul.
128
What happens upon Sulla's retirement?
His ideas for necessary reforms didnt make it through the senate leaving power in the hands of a few ambitious men who use it to further their own gains
129
Who is Q Sertorius?
A spanish leader campaigning against rome. By 77 almost all of spain was under his control
130
What are the romans doing while Sertorius is conquering spain?
Moving east and conquering the land there
131
Spartacus
Leads a slave rebellion from 73-71 originating from his gladiator school. All the slaves revolt and are able to defeat Roman legions
132
Pompey Magnus
Picked to fight against Sertorius. He successfully defeats him and comes back in 71 and is made consul.
- The senate gives him unlimited power and the imperium to override anyone so that he can deal with the problems in the east
133
What is Imperium
Roman power is always given to a single person in a particular place for a particular time. They cant retain their power after their imperium runs out
134
What happens after Pompey leaves to quel the east?
Syria, Pontus are made provinces. Judaea is made a roman client kingdom by Pompey. Pompey returned in 61 wanting money and land for his soldiers. Senate denies pompey this and he gets very upset
135
What was the triumvirate
Formal Aliance between Caesar, Pompey and romes richest man Crassus. They engineer a victory for Caesar to become counsel in 69
136
What happened in the 50's
Crassus and Pompey elected consul in 55 and in 54 Crassus got command of the army to stamp out the Parthians in the east.
137
What happened in 53 in Carrhae
Crassus's entire army got wiped
138
What happened with Caesar in the 55-50s
Caesar is in Gaul and Pompey in rome, Pompey marries Caesars daughter.
55 - caesar invades britain
52 - Revolt breaks out in Gaul and Caesar defeats it after being besieged in a town called Alesia
139
Pompey and Caesars Civil war beginnings
Pompey knew caesar would come back to rome soon bringing an army. He gets Martial law and an army from the senate to repel him. Caesar discovers this through his many spies
140
Rubicon
River in northern italy marking the boundary between Cisalpine Gaul and rome. Caesar crosses it with his army in 49 BC violating roman law
141
Dyrrhachium
Pompey runs from Rome ahead of Caesar handing him control of the city. Flees to Dyrrhachium where Caesar ends up besieging him. The city falls but Pompey flees again
142
Pharsalus
Caesar defeats Pompey again at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to his only real ally Ptolemy XIII who resides in Alexandria
143
Ptolemy XII
Pharaoh of Egypt from 51-47 and macedonian king. Caesar chases after Pompey to Alexandria to pardon him. Received with his severed head as ptolemy betrayed Pompey
144
Ptolemy and Caesar
Ptolemy becomes caesars ally, but falls for cleopatra who is married (and the sister of ) ptolemy. Cleo sides with Caesar and after the burning of Alexandria Cleopatra becomes pharaoh and her brother is killed
145
Veni Vidi Vici
I came I saw I conquered
146
Munda
Last military effort against Caesar (45 BC) caesar realizes he needs more power so gets himself declared Dictator Perpretuus
147
Death of Caesar
Stabbed to death by the senators, orchestrated by Brutus and Cassius Longinus although the senators have no plan after his death
148
Rule after Caesars Death
Antonius and Lepidus take control after Caesars death but then Caesars will is discovered saying his nephew Octavius is his heir. Octavius arrives in Rome on the 6th of May 44 and begins to remove Antonius and Lepidus. Finds it difficult so the three form the second triumvirate
149
Political Violence and instability following caesars death
Proscription starts being used again with octavians good friend being hung.
150
Philippi
42 BC - forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (second triumvirate) fight the forces of Caesars assasins. Triumvirate breaks down and the three divide Roman territory
151
Antony and Cleopatra
Antony is married to Octavians sister but falls for Cleopatra. Octavian launches a vicious propaganda campaign against antony when hearing about this
152
Coniuration Italiae
32 BC - all of italy swears personal oath of allegiance to Octavian and he starts preparing an army. Octavians forces are preemptively attacked by Antony who heard of this from spies
153
Actium
Harbour housing antony and cleos ships. They suffer a defeat here and flee. in 30 BC Octavian gets to Alexandria and goes for antony and Cleopatra. The couple kill themselves
154
The 7 Reasons For the fall of the Republic
1. Acceptance of violence as a political tool
2. Over ambitious men
3. Client armies loyal to their commander and not the country
4. Weak self serving and morally bankrupt senate
5. Illegal and extraordinary power granting
6. Unswerving opposition of the senate to commanders when their own interests were threatened even when it was for the greater good
7. Acceptance of these commanders and their actions by the senate
155
Octavians Final Years In Power before the name change
He closes the doors to the temple of janus (only happens when no war)
- starts to get rid of all the powers he accumulated and becomes a standard Consul
- starts reforms
156
Octavians Granted Powers
RESTITUTIO REI PUBLICAE → The senate freaks out, they give him very specific powers with very specific time limits. This is called the RESTITUTIO REI PUBLICAE = RESTORATION OF THE STATE.
Granted CORONA CIVICA (Civic Crown) → The first thing they do is grant him the civic crown. (olden days, granted to someone as savior of the citizens.) grants him various powers, and perks.
Granted IMPERIUM CONSULARE → Limited by place, specific imperium (Granted over Gaul, Spain, and Syria) (incl. Cilicia and Cyprus) (renewed every ten and five years)
Granted Two Laurel Trees → (Jan. 16th) Used to make victory crowns. He plants them in front of his doors.
Granted CLIPEUS VIRTUTIS → Big bronze shield with inscription on it
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Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus
Name change for Octavian, he becomes the patron of all the Roman people and tries to help everyone. Puts SPQR on the coins (senate and the people of rome).
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Summary Of Octavians later rule
He was made consul a total of 13 times. He was the stable patron of the roman people and was successful in eradicating most of the problems and injustices of the republic. Eradicated the democratic process though putting most of the power in the hands of a chosen emperor (by the previous one)
