history and intro

Question 1

Where did the origins of scientific psychology emerge?

Answer 1

b) Germany

Question 2

What provided the immediate context for the beginning of the new psychology?

Answer 2

b) Research in sensory physiology

Question 3

What challenge did the late-eighteenth-century declaration pose regarding the scientific study of the mind?

Answer 3

b) It declared that a true scientific study of the mind was not possible

Question 4

What gave impetus to the ‘new psychology’ in the nineteenth century?

Answer 4

c) The adoption of experimental methods to study the senses

Question 5

Who first popularized the term ‘psychology’ to designate the study of the mind?

Answer 5

b) Christian Wolff

Question 6

Christian Wolff divided psychology into which two categories?

Answer 6

b) Rational and Empirical Psychology

Question 7

What is empirical psychology based on?

Answer 7

b) Observations of others and ourselves

Question 8

Rational psychology is based on:

Answer 8

b) Knowledge independent of experience

Question 9

Immanuel Kant denied the validity of which type of psychology?

Answer 9

b) Rational Psychology

Question 10

Why did Kant reject rational psychology?

Answer 10

a) Because he believed mental processes must be activated by experience

Question 11

Why did Kant argue that psychology could not be a proper natural science?

Answer 11

a) Mental events cannot be quantified

Question 12

What did Kant argue was a major flaw in introspection?

Answer 12

b) It distorts the events it observes

Question 13

What method did Kant suggest could improve psychology’s status as an empirical science?

Answer 13

c) Anthropological studies

Question 14

How did Kant believe psychology could observe the activities of human beings?

Answer 14

b) By observing human behavior in realistic settings

Question 15

Who responded to Kant’s claims by raising the status of introspection?

Answer 15

b) Jakob Friedrich Fries

Question 16

Which philosophical traditions influenced the emergence of scientific psychology?

Answer 16

a) British and continental philosophies of mind

Question 17

Who is known as the ‘Father of Physiology’?

Answer 17

b) Johannes Müller

Question 18

According to Müller, the perception of stimuli depends on:

Answer 18

b) The specific sense organ stimulated

Question 19

Hermann von Helmholtz proposed the:

Answer 19

a) Law of specific nerve energies

Question 20

What was the main focus of psychophysics?

Answer 20

a) Studying how physical stimuli relate to psychological experience

Question 21

Ernst Weber’s experiments focused on:

Answer 21

b) Sensory perception and touch sensitivity

Question 23

Who saw in Weber’s results the possibility of relating mental events to physical events?

Answer 23

Gustav Fechner

Fechner is known for his work in psychophysics and the relationship between the mind and body

Question 24

Fechner believed that the relationship between mind and body ran in:

Answer 24

Parallel

This concept suggests that mental and physical processes coexist without interfering with each other

Question 25

What did Fechner propose as a measure of the increase of corresponding mental intensity?

Answer 25

Bodily energy increase

Question 26

What was Weber’s key discovery about sensory judgments?

Answer 26

They followed magnitude formulas

Question 27

What does Weber’s law state?

Answer 27

The increase in perceived intensity of a stimulus is a constant proportion of the stimulus intensity

Question 28

Which type of threshold did Fechner measure in his psychophysical research?

Answer 28

Absolute and difference thresholds

Question 29

What field did Fechner establish with his research?

Answer 29

Psychophysics

Question 30

Who extended Müller’s hypothesis by testing reaction time in frogs?

Answer 30

Hermann von Helmholtz

Question 31

Helmholtz’s research on reaction time demonstrated that:

Answer 31

The time to respond was slower for impulses that had longer distances to travel

Question 32

Which Dutch physiologist investigated the measurement of mental processes using reaction time?

Answer 32

F. C. Donders

Question 33

What did F. C. Donders compare in his experiments?

Answer 33

Simple reaction time and time for a choice response

Question 34

What experimental technique did Donders introduce?

Answer 34

Subtractive method

Question 35

What was the significance of Donders’ subtractive method?

Answer 35

It showed the possibility of measuring mental processes

Question 36

Who among the following proposed that subjective judgments about physical magnitudes could be compared to actual physical magnitudes?

Answer 36

G. T. Fechner

Question 37

What concept did Fechner establish as a new science in psychology?

Answer 37

Psychophysics

Question 38

Weber’s law states that:

Answer 38

The relationship between stimulus intensity and perception follows a logarithmic pattern

Question 39

What does Fechner’s Law typically refer to?

Answer 39

The logarithmic relationship between stimulus intensity and perception

Question 40

According to Weber, when comparing two weights:

Answer 40

A small difference is more noticeable in lighter weights

Question 41

Johannes Müller speculated that nerve impulses travel:

Answer 41

Slower than the speed of light

Question 42

Who tested Müller’s hypothesis about the speed of nerve impulses?

Answer 42

Hermann von Helmholtz

Question 43

Who devised the reaction-time experiment to measure mental processes?

Answer 43

F. C. Donders

Question 44

What was the significance of Donders’ reaction-time experiment?

Answer 44

It estimated the time required for mental processes

Question 45

What method did Donders use to estimate mental processing time?

Answer 45

Subtractive method

Question 46

Who among the following used precise quantitative methods to investigate memory?

Answer 46

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 47

What method did Ebbinghaus develop to study memory retention?

Answer 47

Savings method

Question 48

The 'nonsense syllable' was introduced by Ebbinghaus to:

Answer 48

Reduce semantic associations

Question 49

According to Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve, what percentage of learned material is recalled after one day?

Answer 49

50%

Question 50

Who led memory research after Ebbinghaus?

Answer 50

Georg Elias Müller

Question 51

The memory drum, used for serial list learning, was invented by:

Answer 51

Georg Elias Müller

Question 52

Müller contributed to which theory of forgetting?

Answer 52

Interference theory

Question 53

According to the interference theory, forgetting occurs due to:

Answer 53

Disruption by competing memories

Question 54

Which American psychologist stated that psychology had the 'hope of a science'?

Answer 54

William James

Question 55

The dominant philosophical tradition in antebellum America was influenced by:

Answer 55

British empiricism

Question 56

The first generation of American psychologists trained abroad mainly in:

Answer 56

Germany and Britain

Question 57

In early American psychology, which subject was psychology often studied under?

Answer 57

Philosophy

Question 58

William James’s book that marked a shift in psychology was:

Answer 58

The Principles of Psychology

Question 59

Which scientist’s evolutionary theory had a significant influence on American psychology?

Answer 59

Charles Darwin

Question 60

Who coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest'?

Answer 60

Herbert Spencer

Question 61

What was Lamarck’s now-discredited theory regarding evolution?

Answer 61

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 62

What was the primary mechanism of evolution according to Darwin?

Answer 62

Natural selection

Question 63

Which concept suggests that learned behaviors improving survival can be inherited?

Answer 63

Lamarckism

Question 64

William James is associated with which school of psychology?

Answer 64

Functionalism

Question 65

Functionalism, as proposed by William James, emphasizes:

Answer 65

The function of consciousness in adaptation

Question 66

Functionalist psychology was strongly influenced by:

Answer 66

Evolutionary theory

Question 67

According to William James, the mind is best understood as:

Answer 67

A stream of consciousness

Question 68

Who founded the first American psychological laboratory?

Answer 68

G. Stanley Hall

Question 69

In which year was the first American psychological laboratory established?

Answer 69

1883

Question 70

What was the name of the first psychology journal established by G. Stanley Hall?

Answer 70

American Journal of Psychology

Question 71

By 1904, how many psychology laboratories existed in U.S. universities?

Answer 71

49

Question 72

Which organization was established in 1892 to promote psychology in America?

Answer 72

The American Psychological Association (APA)

Question 73

Who is credited with separating the roles of experimenter and observer in psychological research?

Answer 73

Dehue

Question 74

What is the purpose of 'catch-trials' in psychological research?

Answer 74

To introduce trials with no stimulus to control for bias

Question 75

What type of participants were increasingly used in psychology experiments instead of introspective observers?

Answer 75

Children and animals

Question 76

Which of the following was an early focus of psychological laboratory research?

Answer 76

Psychophysics and sensory sensitivity

Question 77

Who introduced the distinction between experimental and correlational research?

Answer 77

R. S. Woodworth

Question 78

Who used scatter plots to study correlations between variables?

Answer 78

Francis Galton

Question 79

What is the main purpose of using a control group in experiments?

Answer 79

To establish a baseline for comparison

Question 80

Which statistical method was introduced by Karl Pearson?

Answer 80

Correlation coefficient

Question 81

In what year was Student’s 't' test introduced?

Answer 81

1908

Question 82

Which statistical test became a standard part of psychological research in the 1920s?

Answer 82

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Question 83

What was a major reason for early psychological journals including extensive tables and graphs?

Answer 83

To visualize complex data patterns

Question 84

Who conducted early research on memory using nonsense syllables?

Answer 84

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 85

What major change did the 1929 APA style guide introduce?

Answer 85

A standardized format for research reports

Question 86

What was the focus of Galton’s research on prayer?

Answer 86

Whether prayer leads to better life outcomes

Question 87

What is a standardized format for research reports?

Answer 87

A standardized format for research reports ## Footnote This format ensures consistency and clarity in presenting research findings.

Question 88

What was the focus of Galton’s research on prayer?

Answer 88

Whether prayer leads to better life outcomes ## Footnote Galton explored the impact of prayer on life circumstances.

Question 89

By the 1930s, what was the dominant statistical method for psychological experiments?

Answer 89

Hypothesis testing using t-tests and ANOVA ## Footnote These methods allowed for more rigorous analysis of experimental data.

Question 90

Who conducted one of the first studies on sensory physiology?

Answer 90

Gustav Fechner ## Footnote Fechner is known for his foundational work in psychophysics.

Question 91

What is the primary goal of experimental psychology?

Answer 91

To scientifically study behavior and mental processes ## Footnote This goal emphasizes a systematic approach to understanding psychological phenomena.

Question 92

Who founded the first psychology laboratory in Germany?

Answer 92

Wilhelm Wundt ## Footnote Wundt is often referred to as the 'father of experimental psychology.'

Question 93

What was a key argument used by psychologists to establish their field?

Answer 93

The scientific nature of experimental psychology ## Footnote This argument helped differentiate psychology from philosophy.

Question 94

Which method was NOT commonly used in early psychology experiments?

Answer 94

Psychoanalysis ## Footnote Psychoanalysis was more of a therapeutic approach than an experimental method.

Question 95

92. Who defined psychology’s subject matter as “anything that a psychologist is interested in, as a psychologist”?

Answer 95

Answer: c) James McKeen Cattell

Question 96

93. Which psychologist’s research practices influenced North American experimental psychology more than Wundt’s?

Answer 96

G. E. Müller

Question 97

Functional psychology emphasized

Answer 97

) The utility of mind and consciousness in adaptation

Question 98

Which psychologist introduced the concept of structural psychology?

Answer 98

Edward Titchener

Question 99

Who was a strong proponent of systematic introspection?

Answer 99

Oswald Külpe

Question 100

Titchener’s view of the mind was influenced by

Answer 100

British empiricist philosophy