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history II Flashcards

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1
Q

Who criticized Titchener’s structural psychology and argued for a functional approach?

A

John Dewey

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2
Q

Functional psychology is primarily concerned with

A

Mental operations

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3
Q

Who developed the paired associate technique for studying memory?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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4
Q

Where did Titchener establish his psychological laboratory?

A

Cornell University

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5
Q

The first psychological laboratory in a women’s college was established by

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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6
Q

Who was denied a PhD at Harvard despite fulfilling all requirements?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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7
Q

Which school of psychology dominated American psychology by 1905?

A

Functionalism

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8
Q

Who argued that psychology should emulate physics in analyzing mind?

A

Edward Titchener

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9
Q

The primary method used in structural psychology was

A

Introspection

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10
Q

Who was the first woman elected as APA President?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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11
Q

Which method was central to functional psychology?

A

Direct observation

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12
Q

Which psychologist integrated the study of abnormal experiences into introspection?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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13
Q

. James Rowland Angell contributed to the development of

A

Functionalism

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14
Q

Who was a major critic of Titchener’s reductionist approach?

A

John Dewey

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15
Q

Functional psychology was influenced by

A

Evolutionary theory

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16
Q

The concept of “self psychology” was introduced by

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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17
Q

Harvard’s refusal to grant Calkins a PhD was due to

A

Gender discrimination

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18
Q

Which method was used by functionalists to study behavior?

A

Physiological experiments

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19
Q

The first psychology laboratory was established at Wellesley College in

A

1891

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20
Q

Who influenced Angell’s functional psychology?

A

John Dewey

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21
Q

Which psychologist rejected the idea of studying abnormal minds before understanding the normal mind?

A

Edward Titchener

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22
Q

Functionalists viewed psychology as

A

A practical discipline

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23
Q

The paired-associate learning technique is used to study

A

Memory

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24
Q

Who established a graduate program in psychology at Clark University?

A

G. Stanley Hall

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25
What was Hall's primary area of interest?
Developmental psychology
26
. Hall’s recapitulation theory suggests that:
A child’s development mirrors human evolutionary stages
27
. What was the “Clark method” introduced by Hall?
The use of child-study questionnaires
28
James Mark Baldwin attempted to:
Integrate genetic accounts of development into psychology
29
Who measured individual differences using anthropometric methods?
Francis Galton
30
What type of characteristics did Galton measure?
Physical and mental characteristics
31
Which psychologist focused on intelligence testing in relation to academic performance?
James McKeen Cattell
32
What was the major limitation of Cattell’s intelligence tests?
They did not correlate with academic performance
33
Helen Thompson Woolley’s research emphasized that:
Sex differences were largely influenced by social factors
34
which psychologist was responsible for establishing clinical psychology?
Lightner Witmer
35
Who introduced systematic intelligence testing?
Alfred Binet
36
Morgan’s Canon emphasizes:
The principle of parsimony in interpreting animal actions
37
Who collected anecdotes about animal intelligence?
George J. Romanes
38
What was a key criticism of Romanes' research?
It lacked scientific rigor
39
C. Lloyd Morgan advocated for:
) The scientific observation of animal behavior
40
Which of the following did Hall’s recapitulation theory influence?
The study of child development
41
What term did Cattell use to describe his psychological studies?
Mental testing
42
. The study of individual differences was initially influenced by:
Evolutionary theory
43
Which of the following best defines attribution theory?
The tendency to explain behavior by assigning causes to it
44
what are the two main types of attributions?
Internal and external
45
What is the fundamental attribution error?
) Ignoring situational influences when judging others’ actions
46
Which psychological concept is closely related to attribution theory?
Social perception
47
When people explain their own failures by blaming external factors, they are demonstrating:
Self-serving bias
48
What can influence the way people make attributions?
Cultural background b) Past experiences c) Personal biases
49
What was the primary focus of animal psychology before Watson’s influence?
The analysis of behavior to understand the mind ✅
50
who proposed that psychology should be redefined as a science of behavior rather than mind and consciousness?
John B. Watson ✅
51
What was the main conclusion of Watson’s rat experiments?
Kinesthetic feedback plays a crucial role in problem-solving
52
Why did Watson face criticism from antivivisectionists?
His experiments involved altering the sensory modalities of rats ✅
53
Which method did Watson reject in his approach to psychology?
Introspection ✅
54
What did Watson’s “Behaviorist Manifesto” emphasize?
The prediction and control of behavior
55
Why did Titchener criticize Watson’s approach?
He believed it turned psychology into a technology
56
According to Watson, how should psychology be conducted?
Using public, repeatable, and reliable observations
57
What did Watson propose as the fundamental unit of behavior?
The conditioned reflex
58
Who publicly defended Watson against antivivisectionists?
James Mark Baldwin
59
Watson’s shift towards behaviorism was influenced by which field?
Neuroscience and physiology
60
Who distinguished between sensory and motor nerves at the spinal cord level?
Bell and Magendie
61
What did Sechenov demonstrate about cerebral processes?
They can influence reflexive action
62
According to Sechenov, what causes psychological events?
Environmental stimuli
63
What was the key conclusion of Sechenov’s research?
Only external factors drive psychological phenomena
64
What was Pavlov’s original area of research?
Digestion
65
What method did Pavlov use to study digestion
Sham feeding
66
What observation led Pavlov to study conditioned reflexes
Gastric juices secreted in response to sight of food
67
What did Pavlov rename "psychic reflex"
Conditional reflex
68
What was the main focus of Watson’s experiment with "Albert B"
) Conditioning emotional responses
69
187.What did Gestalt psychology oppose?
Reduction of experience into parts
70
What concept did Christian von Ehrenfels introduc
Whole-quality (Gestaltqualität
71
Köhler’s research on chimpanzees suggested that learning occurs through:
194. Insight and perceptual reorganization
72
The Gestaltists disagreed with which two psychological approaches?
. Structuralism and behaviorism
73
What analogy did Gestalt psychologists use to explain perception? a) Chemical bonding in molecules
The organization of iron filings in a magnetic field
74
Which psychologist applied Gestalt principles to social behavior?
Asch
75
Who extended Gestalt ideas to child development?
198.Koffka
76
Wertheimer’s work on thinking contributed to:
Field theory
77
Logical positivism emphasizes:
Observable phenomena in sciences
78
Which psychologist promoted operationism in psychology?
S. S. Stevens
79
Operationism requires that concepts be defined in terms of:
Observable and measurable operations
80
n operationism, hunger is defined based on:
Hours of food deprivation or blood sugar levels
81
Logical positivism limited psychology to studying
Observable behavior
82
Who influenced the development of operationism in psychology?
E. G. Boring
83
Edwin Guthrie defined mind as:
A mode of behavior that changes with practice
84
Guthrie believed learning occurs through: a) Insightful problem-solving
Contiguity between stimuli and responses
85
The "Golden Age of Learning Theory" lasted from:
1930-1950
86
What is a key difference between neo-behaviorists and Gestalt psychologists?
Neo-behaviorists relied on measurable behavior, while Gestaltists emphasized perception.
87
Which psychologist emphasized cognitive maps in behavior?
Tolman
88
Hull’s theory of behavior was based on:
Drive reduction
89
Who proposed a molar theory of learning in contrast to Guthrie’s molecular approach?
a) Edward C. Tolma
90
Which theory is associated with Clark Hull?
Logico-deductive theory
91
Which phenomenon did Hull link to the serial position effect in learning?
Rats making errors in the middle of a maze
92
What did Tolman’s cognitive maps demonstrate?
Learning occurs through insight and expectations
93
What was a major limitation of Hull’s theory?
It could not account for learning without reinforcement
94
What type of psychology did B.F. Skinner advocate?
Empirical behaviorism
95
Which journal was founded in 1958 to publish research in behaviorism
Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
96
Which psychological approach re-emphasized the study of mental processes?
Cognitive psychology
97
The shift from behaviorism to cognitive psychology was influenced by:
Information theory
98
Which field of study provided a new measure for human performance in the 1950s?
Information theory
99
Piaget’s work primarily focused on:
Language and cognitive development in children
100
Early child psychology was heavily influenced by:
Behaviorist principle

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