History Apartheid Flashcards
(22 cards)
What does the concept of ‘Change’ refer to in the context of Apartheid South Africa?
How South African society, governance, and resistance evolved between 1948–1964, including shifts from peaceful protest to armed struggle and international responses.
What does ‘Continuity’ highlight in this case study?
The persistence of racial inequality and segregation despite changes in leadership or protest strategies.
Define ‘Causation’ in relation to apartheid.
The reasons behind the implementation of apartheid—such as Afrikaner nationalism, economic motives, and white supremacy ideology.
What are the ‘Consequences’ of Apartheid?
Social and economic marginalization of non-white South Africans, violence, resistance movements, and international condemnation.
Why is ‘Significance’ important in this topic?
It helps evaluate which events (e.g., Sharpeville Massacre, Rivonia Trial) had major impacts on the apartheid system and global awareness.
What does ‘Perspectives’ encourage students to explore?
Different views from within South Africa (government vs. opposition) and from international observers.
What was ‘Petty Apartheid’?
Everyday segregation affecting public facilities like buses, restaurants, and toilets.
What was ‘Grand Apartheid’?
Large-scale, structural segregation—laws that divided populations by race, restricted movement, and created homelands.
Name key legislative tools used to implement apartheid.
Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, Bantu Education Act, and Pass Laws.
What was the Defiance Campaign?
A 1952 non-violent campaign led by the ANC where volunteers intentionally broke apartheid laws.
What did the Freedom Charter (1955) advocate?
A vision for a non-racial, democratic South Africa—’The people shall govern.’
Why did resistance turn violent post-1960?
The Sharpeville Massacre demonstrated the limits of peaceful protest and led the ANC to consider armed struggle.
Give examples of non-violent protest.
Boycotts (e.g., bus boycotts), strikes, the Defiance Campaign, and Freedom Charter gatherings.
What happened at Sharpeville in 1960?
Police opened fire on a peaceful anti-pass law protest, killing 69 people—this event galvanized resistance.
What was the ANC’s armed wing called and when was it formed?
Umkhonto we Sizwe (‘Spear of the Nation’), formed in 1961 after the ANC was banned.
How did the international community respond to apartheid?
Through economic sanctions, boycotts (e.g., sporting bans), and pressure via the UN.
Which countries or organizations were especially vocal?
Newly independent African nations, the Soviet Union, and Western activists (e.g., Anti-Apartheid Movement in the UK).
Who was Nelson Mandela?
Leader of the ANC and co-founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, imprisoned during the Rivonia Trial (1963–64).
Who was Albert Luthuli?
President of the ANC and Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1960), known for advocating non-violent resistance.
What were the roles of ANC, PAC, SACP, and MK?
ANC: Led political resistance against apartheid.
PAC: Broke from ANC; more militant and Africanist.
SACP: Allied with ANC; provided ideological support.
MK: Carried out sabotage and armed resistance.
What was the Rivonia Trial (1963–64)?
A trial of ANC leaders (including Mandela) for planning armed resistance; many were sentenced to life imprisonment.
What was the role of the National Party?
The ruling party that created and enforced apartheid, led by figures like Hendrik Verwoerd.
