History Exam 1

Question 1

Sargon

Answer 1

Mesopotamia
1. leader of the Akkadians
2. in 2340 BCE, overran the Sumerian city-states and established a dynastic empire
3. power was based on military
4. empire inspired generations
5. in his 11th year, conquered the western land to its furthest point and brought it under his sole authority

Question 2

Gilgamesh

Answer 2

Mesopotamia
1. wise, strong, perfect in body, part man and part God
2. Befriends a hairy beast called Enkidu and they go off together to accomplish heroic deeds
3. After Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh experiences the pain of mortality and begins to search for the secret of immortality
4. finds Utnapishtim who has immortality granted by the gods after surviving the great flood sent to destroy humankind, while he tries to help, Gilgamesh still remains mortal
5. theme - immortality is only for the gods

Question 3

Hammurabi

Answer 3

Mesopotamia
1. ruled over the Amorites (Old Babylonians
2. in 1792 his empire came to control much of Mesopotamia
3. employed a well-disciplined army of foot soldiers
4. learned to divide his opponents and subdue them one by one
5. man of war and peace - meaning he took a strong interest in state affairs
6. created a law code of 282 laws that reveals a society with a system of strict justice

Question 4

Nile

Answer 4

Egypt
1. predictable flooding which meant it was easy to harness
2. had fertile soil and water to produce plenty of food
3. highway between upper and lower Egypt
4. Produced a reed that only grew along its banks which provided paper
5. People believed they were chosen by the gods to live along the nile

Question 5

Menes

Answer 5

Egypt
1. first pharaoh of Egypt
2. 3100 - established the first unified Egyptian state
3. unified upper and lower Egypt for the first time
4. also unified them politically (Nile physically)

Question 6

Khufu

Answer 6

Egypt
1. a king of Egypt
2. built the largest and most magnificent of all the pyramids

Question 7

Hyksos

Answer 7

Egypt
1. pastoralist people
2. superior military technology (longer/stronger swords, body armor, chariots)
3. conquered then ruled lower Egypt
4. was the first to invade Egypt in 1652
5. driven out of Egypt later in 1551 by Ahmose

Question 8

Pastoralists

Answer 8

Egypt
1. no agriculture, animals provide almost everything they need
2. no settled homes because they wandered around for land for their animals
3. democratic
4. cannot read or write because did not care
5. cared about war and spent most of time fighting and training because it was fun

Question 9

Chariot

Answer 9

Egypt
1. most important weapon of war during the bronze age
2. Hyksos began to use first

Question 10

Ahmose I

Answer 10

Egypt
1. 1567 - 1542
2. led the Egyptians and rose up in rebellion to drive Hyksos out
3. 1551 - liberated Egypt
4. after driving Hyksos out, led to the beginning of the last dazzling period of Egyptian histoy

Question 11

Hatshepsut

Answer 11

Egypt
1. 1478-1458
2. first female pharaoh of Egypt
3. possible first female ruler in history
4. built a great temple at Deir el Bahri, near Thebes
5. sent out
military expeditions, encouraged mining, fostered agriculture,
and sent a trading expedition up the Nile

Question 12

Thuthmosis III

Answer 12

Egypt
1. 1458-1425
2. nephew of Hatshepsut
3. goal was to conquer an empire
4. warrior pharaoh that led army into battle
5. fought in the battle of Megiddo and won to conquer the East

Question 13

Indo-Europeans

Answer 13

Egypt
1. Original tribe broke up and different tribes when different directions and the languages began to diverge
2. one group eventually entered and gained control of the Greek mainland and developed a civilization
3. nomadic people
4. spoke languages derived from a single parent tongue
5. primarily pastoral peoples who
migrated from season to season in search of fodder for their
herds

Question 14

Hitties

Answer 14

Egypt
1. rival of Egypt
2. Indo-European and pastoralist people
3. conquered parts of Egyptian empire in the near east
4.first indo-europeans to use iron
5. Battle of Qadesh - fought Ramses (got there first, hid and sent spies, then attacked by surprise and Ramses’ army left and he prayed, and according to him, Egyptians won)

Question 15

Ramses the Great aka II

Answer 15

Egypt
1. 1279-1213
2. most famous Egyptian ruler
3. longest reign of any Egyptian pharaoh
3. built more monuments than any other ruler
4. had the most children than any other ruler ~ 100
5. inherited a weakened empire by the Hittites and wanted to restore it
6. Battle of Qadesh
7. married a hittite princess to cement alliance

Question 16

internal/external factors

Answer 16

collapse of the bronze age world
internal
1. bad leadership - no qualification, usually backed up by religion and could quickly ruin a great state
2. civil wars - people rise up and rebel, government unable to keep the peace and therefore has a negative impact on population and the economy
3. economic decline - government becomes less efficient to fulfill functions
4. climate change - periods of prolonged drought
5. natural disasters - signs from gods, ruler not backed up, government unable to help people
external
1. invasions from neighboring pastoralists people

Question 17

Mycenae

Answer 17

collapse of the bronze age world
1. indo-europeans who were the first greeks
3. ruled all of greece independent states, where it was the greatest city
4. internal - constant civil war and droughts
5. external - faced attacks from outside by pastoralists

Question 18

Pylos

Answer 18

collapse of the bronze age world
1. destroyed from attacks by pastoralists
2. kingdom of Nestor
3. Mycenean city

Question 19

Ugarit

Answer 19

collapse of the bronze age world
1. another one of the cities destroyed by pastoralists in 1179
2. near east

Question 20

sea peoples

Answer 20

collapse of the bronze age world
1. what Egyptians called the invaders

Question 21

Ramses III

Answer 21

collapse of the bronze age world
1. 1186-1154
2. ruled during the time where pastoralists went on a rampage
3. last to be hit so was able to figure out tactics and survive

Question 22

Assyrian Empire

Answer 22

Persia
1. 911-605
2. semitic people
3. conquered largest empire up to their time
4. were hated by their subjects the persians
5. downfall - internal divisions and uprising of subjects
6. was replaced by 4 great middle eastern powers - Media, Lydia, Babylonia, and Egypt

Question 23

Persian Empire

Answer 23

Persia
1. indo-european people
2. divided into different tribes each ruled by it own king
3. conquered by a succession of outside people
4. able to free themselves and conquered other cities like Media
5. factors of success - great leadership, very good large army (taught young), imperial adminitration (satrapies divided empire ruled by a satrap), religion (not forced to accept but big motivation)

Question 24

Cyrus II

Answer 24

Persia
1. king of kings
2. 559-530
3. most famous persian king
4. member of the achaemenid dynasty
5. under media subject until unified all persian tribes and allied with babylon to overthrow media
6. then go to conquer everything else like lydia, ionia, babylonia
7. killed in battle

Question 25

Cambyses II

Answer 25

Persia 1. 530-522 2. Cyrus' son 3. succeeded cyrus when he died 4. conquered eygpt and nubia 5. finished conquering the 4 powers of the middle east 6. dies under mysterious circumstances on his way back from egypt

Question 26

Darius I

Answer 26

Persia 1. after brief civil war after cambyses dies, between achaemenid family, Darius won 2. distant cousin of cambyses 3. third king of the persian empire 4. led to expand empire to its greatest extent 5. led the first persian army across the sea into europe

Question 27

satrapies/satraps

Answer 27

Persia Satrapies - for administrative purposes, empire was divided into these each ruled by a satrap satrap - ruled a satrapy as a protector of the kingdom, collected tributes, responsible for justice and security, raised military and commanded the forces within the satrapies

Question 28

zoroastrainism

Answer 28

Persia 1. developed by Zoroaster 2. two gods - Ahura Mazda (good) and Angromainya (evil) 3. constant struggle between good and even that people played an important role 4. there would be a judgement day and all people living and dead will be judged 5. was not forced upon but believed that they needed to conquer to spread the word 6. religion of persia

Question 29

archaic age

Answer 29

archaic age greece 1. recovery from the long dark age - greece 2. population rises, number and sizes of cities increase and greeks begin to engage in trade with outside and they also establish colonies around the known world 3. learned new technologies from other civilizations 4. 2 developments were polis and movement of people from states to land nearby 5. 8th century

Question 30

Phoenicians

Answer 30

archaic age greece 1. who the greeks borrowed the alphabet from 2. semitic speaking people 3. great international sea traders 4. known as transmitters 5. 22 different signs to represent sound 6. fell subject to the assyrians and persians

Question 31

hoplite

Answer 31

archaic age greece 1. new type of greek soldier after learning about iron originally used bronze 2. armed with iron, not bronze anymore 3. soldiers could pay for their equipment because it was cheaper 4. had political power because in the army 5. advanced into battle as a unit - phalanx

Question 32

polis

Answer 32

archaic age greece 1. unique greek city state 2. 1000 independent poleis 3. ran by an assembly 4. citizens had political rights to attend assembly, propose things, join in debate, and vote 5. types: oligarchy and democracy

Question 33

sparta

Answer 33

archaic age greece 1. one of the polis 2. had oligarchy 3. one of most famous greek city state 4. highly disciplined- young age trained, women lived at home to bear and raise children 5. military state

Question 34

oligarchy

Answer 34

archaic age greece 1. ruled by the few 2. most common type of polis 3. only hoplites had political rights 4. women, aliens, slaves, and poor male citizens did not 5. about 10 percent can vote 6. two kings from different families were primarily responsible for military affairs

Question 35

athens

Answer 35

archaic age greece 1. one of polis, one of most famous 2. democracy - but aristocrats still held most positions 3. best land and controlled political and religious life 4. became leading center of greek culture 5. athena was the patron goddess

Question 36

democracy

Answer 36

archaic age greece 1. ruled by the many 2. all male citizens regardless of wealth had political pwoer 3. women, aliens, and slaves still had no political rights 4. reforms of Cleisthenes created the foundations for 5. Pericles helped contribute to its use

Question 37

Persian war

Answer 37

classical greece 1. ionia conqured by persia and then revolted and were crushed and punished 2. battle of marathon - darius wanted to punish athens for helping, athenians won due to home field advantage and persian soldiers and better armor, darius vows to take revenge 3. xerxes invades greece - after darius dies, son gets army to invade 4. battle of Thermopylae- part where greeks decided to stop persians because narrow, where persians won because of a traitor, spartan kin Leonidas and 300 left to die because of a prophecy 5. battle of salamis - persians go to athens and destory and xerxes wants to end war so decides to attack greek navy in salamis channel where it was narrow and their boats were more and faster while greeks were...greeks won and he fled 6. battle of plataea - persian soliders left behind and greeks won because of persian general mistake of fighitng uphill and homefield advantage, and perisna soliders not persian and hoplites had great armor

Question 38

Battle of Marathon

Answer 38

classical greece 1. darius wanted to punish athens for aiding revolt of ionia 2. cross sea and land in athenian territory marathon 3. athenians won because of homefield advantage and persian soldiers not perisna and armor was better 4. darius vows to take revenge 5. Persians sent a message to Athenians basically telling them to surrender and Athenians responded with a message that they know the odds but that they rather fight for their freedom 6. Athenians fighting for their freedom

Question 39

Xerxes

Answer 39

classical greece 1. 486-465 2. son of darius 3. not as good as a military leader as father 4. fought in persian war (Thermopylae and salamis) 5. led a massive invasion towards greece

Question 40

battle of salamis

Answer 40

classical greece 1. persians move south as athens is destroyed 2. decides to attack greek navy because wanted to finish and win and leave 3. mistake because space was narrow and could not use thier superior speed and numbers 4. fled and left a large army behind 5. greek navy won

Question 41

battle of platea

Answer 41

classical greece 1. last big battle of persian war 2. persian soldier left in greece after salamis and now odds are better for greeks 3. greeks won 4. mistake of persian general of fighting uphill 5. greeks had homefield advantage, most persian soldiers were not persians, and hoplites had great armor

Question 42

herodotus

Answer 42

classical greece 1. greek historian 2. Wrote History of the Persian War - commonly regarded as the first real history in western civilization 3. Central theme - conflict between the greeks and persians - he viewed as a struggle between freedom and despotism 4. believed underlying divine forces or gods as explanatory causal factors in history 5. Traveled extensively and questioned many people to obtain his information 6. Master storyteller

Question 43

Thucydides

Answer 43

classical greece 1. Better historian than Herodotus 2. Considered the greatest historian of the ancient world 3. Was an athenian and a participant of the peloponnesian war 4. Was an elected general but a defeat in battle led him to be sent to exile 5. Wrote History of the Peloponnesian War 6. Not concerned with underlying divine forces or gods as explanatory causal factors in history 7. Saw war and politics in purely rational terms as activities of human beings 8. Believed that the study of history is of great value in understanding the present

Question 44

TA question; What makes an account a mythohistory? Why do societies develop these accounts?

Answer 44

Mythohistory 1. collection of stories, origin stories, warning, actions of gods or humans 2. usually less verifiable 3. tells an overall story of how a society views it itself 4. usually has a divine element to it (but not always) 5. develop to explain unexplainable, preserve memory, teach values, make sense of the world