History Exam 2 Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
Macedonia before 359
A
- was weak and divided
- had heroic monarchy
- lower - king ruled and lived
- upper - free from kings rule
- had potential, because had a large population, a good calvary, and had many natural resources
2
Q
Macedonia after 359
A
- Pausanias was killed and left behind his son - also told his younger brother Phillip to take care of him and king
- Phillip took the throne, buys off tribes and organizes army
3
Q
Phillip I
A
- Macedonia ruler after Pausanias
- reorganized the macedonian army into a phalanx and have them longer spears
- unified Macedonia
- was a great diplomat and at tricking his enemies
- conquered greece
- was killed by a bodguard
4
Q
Alexander III
A
- son of Phillip
- was afraid he was not going to get the throne after Caranus was born
- inherits the throne at 20
- invades Persia
- used propaganda
- never lost a battle
5
Q
Darius III
A
- chicken
- Last battle is Gaugamela, where after he is killed
- king of persia at the time when Alexader invaded
6
Q
Nectanebo
A
- the last pharaoh to drive out persians and that he or a descendant would come to liberate egypt
- Alexander uses this
7
Q
After Alexander’s death
A
Generals fight over empire
- Ptolemaic Egypt
- Seleucid Empire
- Macedonia
8
Q
India
A
- had mountains so people were able to develop their own unique civilization
- had two rivers - Indus and Ganges
9
Q
Chandragupta Maurya
A
- participated in a rebellion against Magadha’s king, after failed, fled to Egypt
- was present when Alexander attacked and was inspired
- after Alex died, and troops left, took advantage and conquered that land
- established the Mauryan Empire
10
Q
Seleucus I
A
- ruler of the Seleucid Empire
- attacked Mauryan Empire and failed
- had to give land to them
11
Q
Asoka the Beloved
A
- Chandragupta’s grandson
- ruled during the Zenith of empire
- was ruthless at first
- converted to Buddhism and tried to rule nicer and spread Buddhism
12
Q
China
A
- divided into inner and outer china
- had two rivers - yellow and Yangtze
- was cut off from the outside world and was not a unified state
13
Q
Shih Huang-di
A
- goal was to unite inner and outer china
- first to conquer the Chinese state and himself the emperor
- takes steps to make empire more unified like making roads, provinces, building a way, eliminating remaining kingdoms, and standardizations.
14
Q
Liu Bang
A
- after Shih Huang-di death there was a civil war and Liu Bang won and was emperor
- he established the Han Dynasty
- ruled during the time of golden age of chinese history
15
Q
Han Dynasty
A
- established by Liu Bang after the death of Shih Huang-di’s death
- golden age of Han Dynasty
16
Q
Roman Republic
A
- hoplite army, citizenship, voting assemblies, elected city official, senate, consul
- appeared to be a democracy
17
Q
senate
A
- wealthiest and powerful men in Rome who held office for life
18
Q
how did the revolution start
A
- corruption
- senators fought over power
19
Q
things senators fought over
A
- election to office
- policy
- military commands
20
Q
before and after 133
A
- senators accepted defeat but not anymore
- too much power at stake
21
Q
tribunate of sempronius Gracchus
A
- Gracchus was a tribunate and wanted to fix two problems, the shortage of soldiers and increase in poor people
- do so by giving them land
- senatos refused so he went to assembly and passed it
22
Q
what was revealed after the tribunate
A
- senators were not actaully needed
- murder of gracchus
- beginning of revolution
- too much power
- first assasination
- people could be apart of making decisions
23
Q
the first triumvirate
A
- pompey and crassus help caesar get into the consul
- caesar passes laws with violence for their advantage
- caesar becomes a great military leader
- first blow - julia dies
- second blow - crassus dies
- senate and pompey go to war against caesar
24
Q
battle of pharsalus
A
- caesar wins and pompey flees to greece
- another battle, pompey fless to egypt and is killed by ptolemaic agents
- caesar is upset and deposes ptolemaic and puts cleopatra on the throne
- caesar wins war and becomes dictator
25
what did caesar do during his role
- weakened the senate no intent of restoring the republic
26
Brutus and Cassius
- led the plot/senators to kill Caesar thinking it would restore the republic - after his death - empire was divided between Octavius and Antonius
27
battle of philippi
brutus and cassius commit suicide and empire is divided
28
battle of actium
- in greece
- octavian forces beat cleopatra and antonius
- egypt became part of the roman empire
- cleopatra and antonius commit suicide a year later
- civil war ended, so did the republic, and ocativan was in control
29
what did Octavian do to keep power
- told people he was trying to restore the republic
- presented himself as an ordinary citizen
- maintained a good army
- made a system for governing provinces where he overruled the senators
- stabilized the frontiers of the empire
30
Marius
- roman general
- made military reforms
- major changes in recruitment to make larger armies
- recuited volunteers from both urban and rural poor
- placed power in the hands of the individual generals
- generals would promise land
31
Cornelius Sulla
- next general to take advantage of new military system
- resotred power to the senate and eliminated most of the powers of the popular assemblies
32
spartacus
- a gladiator who led an uprising of slaves
- managed to defeat several roman armies before being trapped and killed
33
pax romana
- the roman peace and orderly government during the 1st and 2nd centuries
- there were still rebellions
- trade flourished
34
trajan
- one of the good emperors
- implemented an alimentary program that provided state funds to assist poor parents in raising and educating thier children
- active in constructing public works
35
sassanids
- Muslims conquered them
- claimed the achaemenid empire
- religion was Zoroastrianism
36
diocletian
- roman emperor
- extended imperial control by strengthing and exapnding bureaucracies of the roman empire
- made political and military reforms increased the army and civil services but drained the public funds
37
seljuk turks
- pastoralists people from asia
- went to abbasid empire and were put in the army
- when realized that they were the majority and overthrow them
38
battle of milvian bridge
constantine had a vision and a dream
- became emperor
- first time christianity was used in battle
39
constantinople
- capital established by constantine after he won
40
edict of milan
- granted religous freedom to everyone in the roman emprie - christianity was finally legalized
41
Theodosius
- makes christianity the official religion of roman empire
42
how did byzantine come to be
- eastern part of roman empire
- western part was destroyed by the german tribes
- christianity survived
43
paul of tarsus
- early figure in christianity
- believed that the message of Jesus should be preached to gentiles as well
44
Visigoths
- one of the groups displaced by the Huns and became allies of roman
- revolted and a roman attempt to stop them led to roman defeat
45
adrianople
where the battle of visigoths and romans took place after visigoths revolted and romans failed
46
romulus augustulus
- a roman emperor
- was deposed by a master of soldiers
- it signaled the end of the roman empire in the west
47
franks
- germanic people
- establsihed a kingdom in the european continent
...
48
battle of muta
- first battle between christians and muslims
49
islam
- established by Muhhamad
- religion of abbasid calipahte empire
50
Muhammad
- led to conquer most of arabia
- after his passing, caliphs conquered an empire called Abbasid caliphate
51
Hegira
- the flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca and its persecution to Medina
- marks the first date on the official calendar of islam
- formed the first muslim community
52
Yarmuk
- a river where muslims defeated the byzantine army
53
Jihad
- the process of expansion of islam after muhammad's death
- from practice of conducting raids against local neighborhoods to the conduct of holy war against non believers
- justifying hostile action against enemies
- military campaigns to spread islam
54
Mu'awiya vs Ali
- Ali was calpih
- Ali was assssinated
- Mu'awiya took his place
- conflict becuase...
55
Sunnit/Shi'ite
- sunni - largest traditions of isalm, from which the shi'ites split soon after the death of Muhammad in a disagreement over his succession
Shi'ite - second largest tradition of islam - rise up agasint the Umayyads
56
Umayyads
- Mu'awiya made the calipahte hereditary in his own family ...
- brought upon themselves resentment and eventually uprisings that led to their fall
57
Abbasid empire
- zenith point during the rule of Harun al-Rashid
- after death, empire broke into and replace of independent state
- left with middle east
- then conquered by Seljek turks
58
Toghril Beg
seljuk turk leader that led them to overthrow abbasids
- became political and military leader
- abbasids still caliphs
59
battle of manzikert
- seljeks defeat byzantines and occupy most of anatolia
- byzantine sufferes a dramatic defeat and never recover
- leads to the crusades
60
crusades
a series of military campaigns launched by western european christians to reconquer the holy lands from the seljek turks
61
Alexius I
- byzantine emperor upset that turks had his lands (Revenues) but knew they were weak to reconqeur
- as for help from western europena christinas
- there were divisions - roman catholicism and eastern orthodoxt
62
pope urban II
- lived in rome and was a religious leader of all western christians
- sees an oportunity in reconquering the holy lands "helping the byzatines'
63
why crusades were popular
- piety - extremely religious - die and go to heaven - God was calling for the crusades
-pugnaciousness - love of fighting
- greed - stealing
64
first crusade
- only successsful
- did not help the byzantines at all
- went straight to conquer the holy lands
- captures jerusalem and holy lands in 1099 becasue the knights were better and turks had divisions
- muslims recover and reconquer - led to mroe crusades
- first time europe connected to the outside world (msotly to msulims) - led to mroe trade and generting more wealth
- europe was finally out of the dark age after rome's fall
65
In Roman Religion, how did the practices of the augurs differ from those of the quindecimviri?
- both priesthoods
- Augurs
- -saw different types of divination
- - 16 of them
- - responsible for daily readings of the flight of birds
- -over time took on more responsibilities
- quindecimviri
- - oversee the protection, collection, and consultation of the sibylline books and foreign cults
- -15 of them
66
What was unique about the Vestal Virgins as priestess in Rome?
- dedicated to the goddess Vesta
- they began their priesthood between 6-10 years old to serve 30 years
- gave up the right to marry in exchange for honor and respect
- were entered into a lotery by there fathers where 2 were chosen
- could serve as a witness in court cases and could pardon someone if they met them in the street by chance
- female priesthood "overseen" by Pontifex Maximus
67
timeline
alexander
india and han china
roman republic
roman revolution
Seljek turks
