History Exam Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What types of history are there?
A
Political History
Social History
Military History
2
Q
What is Political History?
A
The history of government, political parties and leaders.
3
Q
What is Social History
A
The history of societies and how they evolve and change.
4
Q
What is Military History
A
The history of warfare and armed conflict and the role that this has played in society.
5
Q
What is Historical Evidence? What types are there?
A
Historians base their interpretations of history from evidence gathered from the past.
Primary and Secondary evidence
6
Q
Primary Evidence
A
Primary historical evidence is directly from the time period. It is often “eye witness” accounts of history.
Eg. Diaries, writings from the time period, film footage, music
7
Q
Secondary Evidence
A
Secondary evidence is produced after the event (often by historians).
Eg. Textbooks, books, dramatic movies, Newspaper/Magazine articles
8
Q
How many provinces and territories was Canada during the TOC?
A
7 provinces 1 territory and several districts.
Alberta and Saskatchewan did not exist
Newfoundland was a British colony
9
Q
How was Canada’s economy during the TOC?
A
Mostly primary (farming, fishing, etc.)
There was some manufacturing in Eastern Canada(esp railroads)
10
Q
What was Canada’s government like during the TOC?
A
Parliamentary democracy with 2 main parties(Liberals and Conservatives)
11
Q
When was Laurier PM?
A
1896-1911
12
Q
How were aboriginal rights during the TOC?
A
Natives in Canada were forced to live on reserves, go to residential white schools and could not vote. The government wanted to assimilate them.
13
Q
How was immigration during the TOC?
A
Racist. Non whites and non Christians were denied entry or taxed heavily.
14
Q
How were womens rights during the TOC?
A
Women in 1900 had no legal rights. Could not vote and were not considered legal “persons”. Women who argued for the vote (suffrage) were called “Suffragettes”.
15
Q
What was some new technology during the TOC?
A
electricity, cars, the telephone and the radio.
16
Q
French and English relations during the TOC?
A
In 1900 the French in Canada were demanding more rights. French and English disagreed on most issues.
17
Q
What was the entertainment during the TOC?
A
There was no TV or movies at this time. Families entertained themselves by playing piano, going to plays and dances.
18
Q
How was fashion during the TOC?
A
Fashion was very formal in 1900, little skin was shown. Hats were very common.
19
Q
Education during the TOC?
A
Education in 1900 was compulsory for children but only till the age of 12.
20
Q
Foreign relations during the TOC?
A
Canada’s foreign policy was controlled by Britain at this time. Usually Canada waited for Britain to make a decision and followed the lead.
21
Q
Sports during the TOC
A
Sports participation was not widespread in 1900. Richer Canadians played hockey, football and curling.
22
Q
Who was involved in the Boer war?
A
British, Canada, Boers (Dutch South Africans)
23
Q
Where did the Boer war take place?
A
South Africa
24
Q
When did the Boer war take place
A
1899-1902
25
Why did the Boer war start?
A fight over gold and resources
26
What happened during the Boer war?
A war between Britain and the Boers over control of South Africa. Britain wanted Canada to send troops to help. Laurier compromised and sent a volunteer force to fight. French Canadians are angry (don’t want to support Britain), British Canadians are angry because they have let down empire. Eventually the British defeated the Boers.
27
Significance of the Boer war
- Canada showed it could act independently in foreign policy.
- Shows Laurier’s ability to compromise between French and English in Canada.
- Shows a deep division between English and French Canadians.
- Canada’s first foreign war.
28
Who was involved in The Alaskan Boundary Dispute
Britain, US, Canada
29
When did The Alaskan Boundary Dispute happen
1897-1903
30
Where did The Alaskan Boundary Dispute happen
Alaskan Panhandle
31
What was The Alaskan Boundary Dispute about
A dispute over who owned the land
32
Why did The Alaskan Boundary Dispute happen
Gold was discovered in the Yukon, USA wanted control over this area to control access.
33
How did the Alaskan Boundary dispute end?
A tribunal was held and the British lord Alverstone sided with the USA. USA got the land
34
Significance of the Alaskan boundary dispute
- Many Canadians were angry and felt betrayed by Britain. Canada started to demand control over foreign policy.
- Shows that the USA was a big threat to Canada at this point in history.
- Canada starts to assert more control over its affairs.
35
Who was involved in the Naval Crisis
Britain and Canada
36
When did the Naval Crisis happen
1910
37
Why did the Naval crisis happen?
A dispute over support for Britain and their empire
38
What happened during the Naval crisis
Britain wanted Canada to pay for more ships for the British navy so it could compete with the threat of a German navy in Europe.
39
How did the Naval crisis end?
How? Laurier says no, but buys old British ships and creates a new Canadian navy that will help Britain in any future war.
40
Significance of the Naval Crisis
- Creation of a Canadian navy shows that Canada is independent.
- Once again, French were against support of Britain, English Canada was in favor. Divided country.
- Laurier was shown as a skilled compromiser.
41
Who was involved in the Reciprocity Debate?
Canada and the US
42
Where did the Reciprocity Debate happen?
Canada and the US
43
When did the Reciprocity Debate happen?
1910-1911
44
Why did the Reciprocity Debate happen
Laurier wanted free trade with the USA for Canadian products and natural resources. His opponents were against this.
45
What was the Reciprocity Debate about
A debate about free trade
(trade without tariffs).
46
How did the Reciprocity Debate end
In the 1911 election, Laurier lost and free trade was defeated. Free trade didn’t happen until 1988.
47
Significance of the Reciprocity Debate?
- Laurier loses election and is out as PM.
- Reciprocity is defeated and free trade doesn’t happen with USA for another 77 years.
48
How many acres of free land did new immigrants to the Prairies get
160 acres
49
What problem did immigrants have on the ships that transported them across the Atlantic?
The ships were unsafe, in fact during safety drills people were afraid of drowning and overcrowded.
50
How many acres of land (landholdings) did the average Galician have in 1898?
5 acres
51
What were the top 3 origin countries in order for new immigrants in 1905?
British, US, Glacian
52
How many new immigrants were deported for defective sight in 1909?
17
53
How many pounds of flour were the immigrants recommended to bring as first supplies to the Prairies
100 pounds of flour
54
What plant fungus disease destroyed wheat in 1896 and 1904?
Rust
55
What was the largest city by population in Canada in 1911?
Montreal
56
This type of infection was common in Montreal (as reported by the Montreal Star) at the turn of the century:
Typhoid
57
What was the maximum speed limit for cars within the city Toronto in 1905?
10-15 miles per hour
58
How many times more approximately were whites paid than Chinese in the Cannery (factory) in Westminster, BC in 1900?
Approximately 2 times as much.
59
What kind of industry was the most fatal for workers in 1904?
Railway service.
60
What was a cure for Hiccoughing from the home doctor?
A lump of sugar saturated in vinegar.
61
What crime did most people receive summary convictions for in 1905?
Drunkenness
62
Besides imprisonment, how was “holdup man” John Sandsock punished by a Winnipeg judge in 1905?
Seventy-five lashes.
63
What was school teacher R.R. Talbot’s monthly salary?
45 dollars per month
64
What was the cost of rent for a week for a family of 5 in 1910?
$4.05
65
What illegal drug did the “anxious Canadians” accuse the Chinese of producing?
Opium.
66
What 4 languages (besides English) were taught in Secondary schools between 1900 and 1925?
Latin Greek French German
67
What province provided Conservative Robert Borden the most seats to win the 1911 election?
Ontario
68
What were Laurier's immigration policy's 2 goals during the TOC?
Fill the empty prairies with new immigrants to prevent American expansion.
Provide a new workforce for Canada’s growing industrial sector in central Canada (Ontario and Quebec).
69
Immigrant push factors during the TOC?
Poor economic conditions in Europe. High unemployment, lack of opportunity. Rigid social order in Europe (hard to be successful). Religious, political discrimination. Overcrowding.
70
Immigrant Pull factors during the TOC?
Canada advertised free land ownership (160 acres). Lots of jobs. Religious freedom and political stability. Social order in Canada was not as harsh as Europe.
71
Who is Clifford Sifton?
- Became Liberal minister in charge of immigration in 1896.
- Created a successful “Open door policy” that helped settle the prairies.
72
What did Sifton do to the open door policy after a while?
- Sifton relaxed the immigration policy to allow entry of non English speaking immigrants from Europe.
- System was still racist however as non whites were not welcome.
- In addition, non Christians were barred entry.
In 1910 the Immigration Act changed and was more selective of where immigrants came from. The government only wanted English speaking immigrants.
73
What problems did immigrants face?
land was often poor quality, no support was given to new immigrants.
Many faced discrimination. Non English speaking immigrants were treated very poorly.
Conditions in cities were often crowded and filled with disease. New immigrants were exploited for cheap labour with dangerous working conditions .
74
What did the open door policy do?
In just 10 years immigrants had filled the Prairies and created the new provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Canada's industries had also expanded
75
What, according to the Premier of Manitoba, made women unsuitable to vote in elections?
They were emotional and would be a menace rather than an aid.
76
What was the goal of the Woman's temperance movement?
Their goal was to make prohibition laws banning the sale of alcohol and to allow women to vote.
77
What province was the first to give women the vote?
The province that was first to give women the ability to vote was Manitoba
78
What city had the highest % of foreign-born residents of any city in Canada during this time?
The city that had the highest % of foreign-born residents of any city in Canada during this time was Winnipeg
79
What insulting term did Henri Bourassa call new immigrants to Canada?
Henry Bourassa called new immigrants scum of all nations and intruders.
80
What was the best way according to Woodsworth to assimilate new immigrants and make them Canadian?
The best way to assimilate new immigrants and make them Canadian according to Woodsworth was to open a social gospel and start English kindergartens, classes to learn english.
81
1 Chinese person died for every _ of track of the railway between the Rockies and Vancouver.
mile
82
Name 2 careers that Chinese were allowed to do in BC?
2 careers that Chinese people were allowed to do in BC were cooks and street vendors
83
How much did the head tax reduce Chinese immigrants by?
5000 TO 8
84
What were “Dreadnoughts”?
“Dreadnoughts” were warships made by Britain to strengthen their navy
85
What was "Le Devoir"?
“Le Devoir” was a newspaper by Henri Bourassa to fight Laurier and his navy
86
What group in Canada put pressure on Laurier in favour of free trade (reciprocity)?
The group in Canada that put pressure on Laurier were farmers.
87
What did Roman Catholic Archbishop Bourne say that was so outrageous to French Canadians at the Eucharistic Congress?
He wanted English to be the dominant language in Catholic churches
88
Who from Laurier's own party turned against him in the free trade debate?
Clifford Sifton is the person from Laurier’s own party who turned against him in the free trade debate
89
Who became Prime minister in 1911?
Robert Borden became the Prime minister in 1911
90
What does MAIN stand for?
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
91
Militarism
The belief that your armed forces can solve all of your country’s issues or problems.
92
Why was Russia confident in their militarism?
They have been building their armed forces for 50 years and because they easily defeated France in the Franco Prussian war of 1870. They also expanded their navy and revolutionized warfare with their advanced weaponry, planning and training.
93
British militarism?
They were increasing their armed forces and navy.
Dreadnoughts were a new class of battleship for the British Navy. Britain tried to pressure Canada to donate to this new navy in 1910 but Laurier faced great opposition. He compromised and brought some old and obsolete British ships and created the Canadian Navy. Laurier critics called it a tin pot navy
94
Alliances
A system of mutual protection between countries to defend/attack other countries.
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy became the Triple alliance or Central powers
Britain and France became the entente cordiale
Britain, France and Russia became the triple entente
This created a powder keg situation
95
Imperialism
The gaining of control by one country over another country’s territory, economy, government and resources. Building an empire.
96
Germany and imperialism?
Germany was jealous of britain and France and wanted its place in the sun
They were willing to go to war to gain more colonies
97
Nationalism
The belief that your country’s culture, religion, language, way of life was superior to other countries.
98
Who was a particularly volatile area of Europe with many cultural groups wanted independence?
Balkans
99
Where did the assassination take place
Bosnia Herzegovina(Sarajevo)
100
When was the assassination
June 1914
101
Who was involved in the assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the black hand terrorist group
Gavrillo Princip (the assassin)
102
What happened during the assassination?
AH was furious and demanded justice from Serbia. They sent an ultimatum to Serbia with a list of almost impossible demands. Serbia could not meet all of them and AH declared war. The Serbs were supported by their Slavic allies Russia and war began all over Europe.
103
Ross Rifle
1914
CEF/Sam Hughes
It was a good rifle for hunting but not good in the trenches because it would get jammed up by the water and dirt.
Soldiers were often forced to throw away the weapon nd try to obtain the english rifle (Lee Enfield)
Caused deaths of some soldiers
104
Valtier camp
1914
Quebec
Sam Hughes
The camp was meant to train the CEF for ww1 but the training was poor and there was bad equipment.
Camp was a massive failure and they were poorly trained and equipped. They had to be retrained in Britain.
Showed the incompetence of Sam Hughes
105
No 2 Construction Battalion
1914
Black only Battalion in the CEF
Even though non white people wanted to enlist, they were discouraged from doing it. Gov of Canada was scared that putting them in a white army and giving them training would make them aggressive so they made a non combat battalion for black Canadians.
Showed the racism in the CEF
106
Enemy Aliens
1914
Immigrants from countries Canada was at war with were deemed enemies of Canada
Many Ukrainians and Galicians were considered enemies
They were arrested, put into camps and had their property confiscated
107
Why were tin helmets invented in WW1?
Tin helmets were invented in WW1 to protect soldiers’ heads from shrapnel.
108
Who used gas first in WW1? When?
Germans used gas first on October 27, 1914.
109
How did a soldier know that he had lice?
The lice would leave blotchy red bite marks all over their bodies.
110
How did the army try to solve the lice problem? Was it effective?
The army would light candles to burn the lice which was effective but it was hard to avoid burning the clothes as well. They would also put the soldiers’ clothes through delousing machines while they took baths but it was not very effective since the eggs would still be on their clothes.
111
Besides irritation, what other problem did the lice cause?
The lice also caused disease to spread through the armies. It was known as pyrrexhia or trench fever. It would give you shooting pains in your shins and then a very high fever.
112
What attracted the rats to the trenches? Why were there so many of them?
The decomposing corpses and food scraps were what brought the rats to the trenches. There were so many of them because one pair of rats can produce 880 offspring in only 1 year.
113
What part of the dead body would the rats eat first?
The rats would eat the eyes first.
114
How big could the rats grow?
The rats could grow nearly as big as cats.
115
What caused Trench foot? How did soldiers try to avoid this problem?
Walking through wet places in the cold caused Trench foot. Soldiers tried to avoid this problem by rubbing their feet in whale oil every 24 hours.
116
What kind of meat was bully beef? Why was the bread always stale?
Bully beef was canned corned beef. The bread was always stale because it would take around 8 days for it to get to the front lines
117
Where was the battle of Ypres
Belgium
118
When was the battle of Ypres
April 1915
119
What happened in the battle of Ypres
Germans attacked British and Canadian soldiers using chlorine gas. It killed many soldiers and when they fled they left a huge hole in the British line. Canadians used urine soaked rags to stop gas inhalation and repelled the German attack. Ends in a stalemate but many Canadian casualties.
120
When was the somme
July 1916
121
Where was the somme
France
122
What happened in the Somme
British army(NFL regiment) attacks Germany in the Somme
It was supposed to lead to a breakthrough against Germany. The British blew up a mine then attacked the German trenches. The Germans regrouped and massacred the attacking forces. It was a huge defeat for the British and wiped out the NFL as a fighting force
123
When was Vimy Ridge
April 1917
124
Where was Vimy Ridge
France
125
What happened in Vimy Ridge
Canadian operation to take the high ground of Vimy Ridge. All Canadians fought together under Canadian general Arthur Currie
They built a railway system for supplies, calibrated their artillery to fire accurately, used a creeping barrage(aka The Vimy Glide). Canada took over the ridge.
Huge victory for Canada but many causalities. Source of pride for Canada
126
When was Hill 70
August 1917
127
Where as Hill 70
France
128
What happened in Hill 70
Canadians were making a distraction by attacking the German forces near Lens so the British could attack Ypres
Huge victory for Canada
6 Canadians received Victoria Crosses
Many casualties
129
When was Passchendaele
October/November 1917
130
Where was Passchendaele
Belgium
131
What happened in Passchendaele
Britain wanted Canada to attack Passchendaele. The battlefield was a muddy swamp. After much difficulty they took the town.
Another victory but many many casualties. The victory was useless as Britain withdrew their troops a few weeks later.
132
