history final Flashcards
(256 cards)
1
Q
agricultural revolution
A
-increase in agricultural production
-new technology, selective breeding, etc. made farming/ feeding people easier and faster
2
Q
enclosure movement
A
-landowners closed off their estates
-lords wanted commoners off their land
-bought land from small farmers
-caused the urbanization bc commoners were forced to move and find new jobs
3
Q
jethro tull
A
-helped form agricultural revolution
-created seed drill
-planted seeds and covered them with dirt
4
Q
crop rotation
A
-europe started doing it in the agricultural revolution
-rotating which crops you plant to replenish the nutrients in the soil
5
Q
industrialization
A
-the development of industries in a country on a wide scale
6
Q
factors of production in the industrial revolution
A
-land
-labor
-capital
7
Q
industrial revolution
A
-period of rapid growth of the use of machines in manufacturing and production
-began in mid 1700s
-radically changed society
8
Q
john kay
A
-invented the flying shuttle
9
Q
richard arkwright
A
-invented the water frame
-english
-most successful textile manufacturer
10
Q
james hargreaves
A
-invented the spinning jenny
11
Q
edmund cartwright
A
-invented the power loom
12
Q
james watt
A
-improved newcomen’s steam engine to power machinery
13
Q
george stephenson
A
-created the “rocket” train
-first steam-powered passenger railway in 1825
14
Q
spinning jenny
A
-like a spinning wheel but can spin more than one thread at a time
-james hargreaves made the machine and patented it
-it could spin 16 threads at one time
15
Q
water frame
A
-powered by water
-turned out yarn much faster than spinning wheels
-led to development of mechanized looms
-created by richard arkwright
16
Q
steam engine
A
-turns energy released by burning fuel into motion
-thomas newcomen built the first model
-james watt improved it vastly
-after watt it was incorporated into machinery
17
Q
power loom
A
-operated mechanically
-powered by water
-changed workers job from running loom to watching loom
-sped up production of textiles
-created by edward cartwright
18
Q
the rocket locomotive
A
-created by george stephenson
-traveled 40 miles in 1 and 1/2 hours
-caused 15,000 miles of railroad tracks to be built
19
Q
significance of steam power
A
-increased speed of work
-created automatic power source
-allowed goods and workers to be transported across long distances quickly
20
Q
significance of factories
A
-consolidated workforce
-created a single place where goods were produced start to finish
-created great wealth for owners
-created opportunity for owners to abuse/exploit workers
21
Q
significance of railroads
A
-connected the country
-helped farmers/ranchers in the west
-caused major growth in some cities
-destruction of native american and cowboy lifestyle
-rr became powerful due to land grants
22
Q
importance of manchester, uk
A
-leading cotton and textile production center in britain
23
Q
causes of migration to the cities
A
-changes in farming
-rise in population
-need for workers
-enclosure movement
24
Q
urbanization
A
-increase in percentage of people living in urban areas
25
unpreparedness of cities for mass migration
-lack of adequate housing
-lack of sanitation
-lack of public transportation
-all combined to make cities a disease hub
26
population increase
-bc of agricultural revolution more people were able to be fed
-being fed better means living longer
-living longer means having more children
27
rise of the middle class
-as cities grew merchants explored new jobs
-workers demanded more money for their labor
-aka bourgeousie
28
rise of the working class
-aka proletariat
-industrial economy relied on thousands of workers
-usually whole families were part of the workforce together
-shift from agricultural economy to industrial shifted people who worked on farms to be a working class
29
wealth gap
-difference in incomes/assets
-gap between rich and poor was increased during industrial revolution
30
jose morales
-preist who tried to carry revolution forward after father hidalgo
31
irish potato famine
-famine in 1845
-main source of nutrition for irish, potatoes was destroyed by disease
-irish grew other crops but biritan required them to export those
-people either migrated or died
-caused by lack of variety in potato crop and lack of british concern
32
adam smith
-scottish economist
-wrote wealth of nations
-introduced the world to the idea of capitalism
-believed in laissez-faire
33
wealth of nations
-book by adam smith
-introduced capitalism
34
capitalism
-factors of production are privately owned rather than stately owned
35
positive consequences of industrial revolution
-increase material wealth
-made products cheaper at a faster paced
-created an environment of creativity
-education
-eventual betterment of work conditions
36
laissez-faire
-policy of letting things take their own course without interference
37
thomas malthus
-eighteenth century english intellectual
-warned population growth threatened future generations
-argued that diesases/wars were needed
-wrote "an essay on the principle of population"
38
jeremy bentham
-british theorist and philosopher
-proposed ultiliarianism
39
utiliarianism
-people should judge things based on their usefulness
-governments should operate to bring the greates good to the greatest number of people
40
john stuart mills
-naturalist
-former member of parliament
-founder of utiliarianism
-fought for women's rights
-wrote on liberty
41
pace of life
-used to be based off of hours of daylight
-was slower paced
-work was based off of when it was done
-after industrial revolution bc of lightbulb it was based off of set hours
-culture became efficiency based and was faster paced
-with inventions people could get things done faster, get places faster, etc.
42
child labor
-children were viewed as workers
-children worked on farms prior to the industrial revolution but there werent as many risks involved
43
on liberty
-written by john stuart mills
44
utopian socialism
-ideal society based on socialist ideas
-capitalists surrender means of production to the people peacefully
45
robert owen
-improved working conditions
-attempted to create utopia in indiana
-set up model community at his cotton mill in scotland
46
socialism
-political and economic theory of social organization
-argues that the means of production should be owned by the community as a whole
47
communism
-political thoery derived from karl marx
-advocated for a class war which led to a society where property is publicly owned
-each person is paid/given jobs based on their abilities and needs
48
karl marx
-father of communism
-19th century philosopher and economic theorist
-beleived that communism would replace capitalism
49
communist manifesto
-book written in 1848 by karl marx and fredreich engels
-urged workers to rise up and seize means of produciton from upper and middle classes
50
unions
-an association of workers
-formed to fargain wages and working conditions
-sometimes participated in strikes
51
strikes
52
factory act of 1819
-restricted working agea nd hours for children
-said that children undre 9 could not work
-children 9-13 had to work partime and go to shcool part time
53
reform act of 1832
-increased suffrage
-eliminated rotten and pocket boroughs
-gave middle class men the right to vote (left working class men dissapointed)
54
chartist movement
-19th century british citizens demanded reforms in parliament and elections
-ex. right to vote for all men
55
married women's property act of 1882
-allowed married women to own and control property
56
abolition of slavery
-william wilberforce fought to abolish it first in the trade, then slavery in britain as a whole, then i the colonies
-officially ended in 1807
57
william wilberforce
-british statesmen and reformer
-leader of the abolitionsit movement in english parliament
58
mary wollstonecraft
-birtish feminist of the 18th century
-argued women's equality with men
-wroe vindication of the rights of women in 1792
59
women's suffarge movement
-womens right to vote
60
industrial revolutions impact on the arts
-new styles developed
-ex. impressionism , realism, romanticism
61
charles dickens
-english writer
-novels depicted and criticized social injustice
62
realism
-natural and real work depicted in the sense that it actually happened
63
jules verne
-sci fi author of the 19th century
-wrote journey to the center of the earth and twenty thousand leauges under the sea
64
photography
-the art of taking pcitures with a camera
-names after tthe original rpoceess of shining light to reveal the image on special paper
-helped incrase realism bc you cant put as much pov into a photograph as you can a painting of an event
-ex. crimean war (shattered the illusion that war was glorious)
65
mozart
-composer from autria
-knownfor classsical nw style
-child prodigy
66
romanticism
-reflected deep interests in nature and the thoughs/feelings of the inducvidal
-in music the compoer celebrated herosim and national pride
-ex beethoven
67
victor hugo
-french writer
-best known novels are hunchback of notre dame and les misreablees
68
mary shelley
-wrote in romantic tstyle
-author of frankenstien
69
percy bysshe shelly
-most ffamous romantic poet
-wrote ozmandias
70
chopin
-romantic composer
71
wagner
-german romantic composer of operas
-created music drama
-combines music, spectacle, and drama
72
impressionism
-artistic movement
-sought to capture atristic impression or momentary feel of the piee they were drawing
73
monet
-fernch painter
-used time of impressionism called super realism
74
degas
-french painter-impressionism
-did horses and ballet dancers
75
debussy
-impressionist composer
76
thomas edison
-american inventor
-best known for lightbulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders and motion pictures
77
marconi gugilemo
-inventor of the radio
78
orville and wilbur wright
-developed the first working plane at kitty hawk nc
79
alexander graham bell
-inventor of the telephone
80
henry ford
-american manufacturer of automobiles
-pioneerd mass production of cars through the assembly line
81
assembly lines
-improved productivity by using intercchangalbe parts nd craft production
82
louis pasteur
-french chemist
-discoverred heat could kill bacteria tha would othersie spoil milk, wime , beer, etc.
83
dmitri mendeleev
-russian chemist
-created periodic table
-predicted discovery of more elements in the future
84
marie and pierre curie
-discovered polonium and radium
85
ernest rutherford
discovered that the atom had a nucleus
86
nells bohr
-built on rutherfords work
-devleoped the planetary model of the atom in 1913
-said taht electrons are in energy levels
-the farther n electron is away from the nucleus the higher its energy is
87
max plank
-said that a heated body doesnt radiate energy in a steady stream but spits it out in chunks called quanta
-quantum theory questioned the old views of atoms based on newtonian physics
88
ivan pavlov
-discovered classical conditioning
-trianed dogs to salivate at hte ringing of a bell
89
charles darwin
-english natural sientist ho discored the theory of evoluion through natural selection
90
the beagle
-darwin went on a voyage around the world in this cship-only on board fo 18 mo
91
the origin of species
-charles darwins book
-explained that various species evolve over time and only those wiht advantages can survive an drepoduce
92
theory of evolution
-states that evolutionary change comes thorugh variation in each generation and differential survival of the individuals wih these characteristics
93
august comte
-father of sociology
94
emile zola
-gaint of the realism movement
-accuesd the french government of anti-semitism and unlawful jailing of alfred dreyfus in his piecej'acuse
95
gustave flaubert
-french author
wrote madame bovary which was the fisrrt major realist novel
96
leo tolstoy
-russian writer of realistic fiction
-annakerenina, wra and peace
97
war and peace
-draws from journals, letters, and historical reports of the napoleonic invation of russia
-through the eeyes of five russian aristocratic families
98
alfred dreyfus
-french soldier and victim of antisemitism
--acccused of treason and jialed on devils island
-later found innocent byb french govt
99
antisemitism
-hostility of prejudice against jews
100
antisemitism and evolutionary theory
-anti-semit. was given rising validity bc of the thoery that they were a lesser race anad should be erradicated
101
the pale
-rusian govt prohiited jews from living outside of the pale region
102
george sand
-french female author
-took up a man's name and dressed liek a man to rpotest the different treatment of women
103
infant custody act of 1839
-allowed mothers to have custody of their children after a divorce
104
on the subjugation of women
-book by john stuart mills
-said that womena nd men are equal
-socitey forces women to adapt ann inferior role
105
emmeline goulden pankhurst
-british activist
-leader of the suffragette movement
106
concert of europe
-sereies of alliances between european countries in the 19th ccentury
-resulted from the congress of vienna
-created to prevent uuprisings
107
conservatism
-based on tradition
-favored political authority and organized religion
108
liberalism
-govt should and can achieve justice and equality of opportunity
(wants change but also to keep some of the old)
109
radicals
-wanted to change everything
-burn it all down and start new
110
bonds that create a nation
-culturelimit public assembles
-history
-language
-territory
-nationality
-reliigion
111
imperial measures to supress nationalism
-address dissenters
-limit public assemblies
-address dissent with mmiliaty actions
112
napoleon III
-nephew of emerpor napoleon I
-dedicated his exiled youth to planning for his family's return to power
-knew how to work the system of democracy to his advantage/ knew what he had to do to get power
-elected first president of france and then declared himself emperor one year later
113
middle class in 19th century revolutions
-social class made up of buisness professionals, skilled workers, and wealthy farmers
114
german unificantion
-bismark used 3 wars between 1864 and 1871 to unite germany
-he united them under the motto "blood and iron"
115
otto von bismarck
-chancellow of prussia from 1862 to 1871
-then became chancellor of germany
-conservative nationalist
-led prussia to victory over austria
-responsible for the creation of the german empire
116
realpolitick
-otto von bismark's policy
-practicle politics
-no ideals or moral principles behind actions, just what is practicle
117
blood and iron
-bismark's policy of using warfare against his enemies as a means of unifying the nation of germany
-in a famous speech he gave
118
franco prussian war
-war bttwn prussia and france
-led to unification of germany
-led by kaiser william I
-instigated by bismark
-france was led by napoleon III
-ended with the treaty of frankfurt
-france surrendered territories of alasace and lorraine to germany
119
greeces independence movement
-greeks lived under the domination of the ottoman empire but kept a common identity bc of language and religion
-1821 they revolted against the turks
-were backed by gb, france, and russia
-defeated turks by 1830
-put a german prince on greek throne by 1832
120
monroe doctrine
-american foreign policy opposng interference iwth western conflicts
121
geopolitical hotspot
-a location of political importance
-many countries fight ot obtain it
-ex. dardenelles, constantinople, suez canal
122
russian decembrist revolution
-revolution in 1825
-ppl tried to overthrow nicholas I
123
ottoman empire
-islamic state founded after the fall of the byzantine empire
-based in constantinople/istabul
-encompassed middle east, north africa, caucasus, and eastern europe
124
crimean war
-frst war to be photographed
-war fought btwn the russian empire, and an allaince of gb, france and the ottoman empire
-russians lost
125
thin red line
-last line of british defense in the crimean war
-held the line and beat back the russians
126
charge of the light brigade
-calvary was told incorrect info in the battle of balaclava
-they ran into a barrage of canons leading to thier deaths
127
fall of metternich
-because of the revolutions of 1848 francis II of austria and metternich were forced to leave vienna by liberal mobs
128
home rule
-local self gov
129
british commonwealth of nations
-group of countries/territors that are/were ruled by gb and arewere equal parteners iwth gb
130
new zealand
-colony of gbb that granted women universal suffrage
131
maori
-new zealand indigenous culture
-est. ~800 ce
132
austrailias formation
-immigrants came to austrialia from british prisons to lessen the criminal pop in gb
-worked herding sheep
133
women's suffarge in 19th century revolutions
-movement in the 1880s
-sought to challenge the legal, economic, and political rights of women in america and europe
-it was an extension of enlightenment ideas onto women
-women eventually got the right to vote and have a job
134
irish home rule
-ireland wanted to govern itself free from britsh rule (have home rule)
-gb finally gave them self-rule but the catholics and protestants did not get along
-issues were not addressed until after WW1
135
garibaldi
-italian patriot
-conquest of siciliy and napels led to the formation of the italian state
136
italian unification
-in 1848 italy was split into many states
-cavor worked to unify the nother
-helped garibaldi unify the south
-garibaldi eventually handed it all over to king of sardania vicotor emmanuel II
137
nationalisms unifying abiliity
-some nations found thier identity in unification liek italy and germany
138
nationism separating ability
-some found their identity in separating ex. belgium, greece
139
spanish colonies
-mexico
-venezuela
-peru
-chile
-haiti
-colombia
-argentina
-paraguay
140
division of latin american socitey
-peninsulares (spanish born)
-creoles (descendants of spanish born but born in la)
-mestizos (mixed)
-indigenous
141
haitain revolution
-toussaint l'overture led the uprising
-succesfully overthrew french govt
-first black govt set up
-us was weary to support but evntually ended up doing it
142
france's rescinding its abolition of slavery
-declaration of the rights of man and citizen had abolish slavery
-napoleon reinstated it in the colonies
143
france's response to haitian independence
-france tricked l'overture and imprisoned him
-congress of vienna forced france to withdraw their troops from haiti
144
simon bolivar
-mvp in gaining independence in south america
-born in venezuela
-led military forces there, colombia, ecuadro, peru, bolivia
-called "el libertador"
145
jose de san martin
-south american statesman and general
-born in argentina
-leader in winning independence for peru, argentina, and chile
146
mexican independence
-preists hidalgo and morales led violent rebellion that were crushed by loyalists
-second revolt was led by agustin de iturbide and won independencee
147
padre hidalgo
-lived in a small town in mexico
-led 80,000 peasants in a revlot
-they were defeated and he died
148
scramble for africa
-sudden wave of conquests in africa by european powers in 1880s-1890s
-britain got most of eastern africa
-france got most of northwestern africa
-other countries like germany, belgium, portugal, italy, and spain got smaller territories
149
imperialism
-policy of extending a country's and influence thorugh diplomacy or military force
150
racism
-beleif that one race is better than another
151
causes of imperialism
-search for raw materials/natural resources
-search for new markets
-spread christianity
-competition btwn powerful countries to get hte most land
-social darwinsim/racism
152
social darwinsim
-belief that only the fittest in human political and economic struggle
153
ethnocentrism
-belief in superiority of one's own culture/nation/race
154
belgian congo
-leopold II took over and exploited it for resources
-he was supposed to be a trustee (bc of berlin act)
-instead violated agreement and took its resources
155
berlin conference
-meeting from 1884-1885
-representatives of european nations agreed on the rules of colonization of africa
156
boers
-dutch settlers in south africa
157
shaka zulu
-king of the zulu nation in south africa
-united area before qhite settlers moved in
158
cecil rhodes
-british entreprenuer and politician
-involved in british expansion form south africa into central africa
-wanted to connecct cairo with johanessburg
-colonies of south rhodesia and northern rhodesia were namesd after him
159
paternalism
-policy or practicee of treating people like you are their father and dealing with them like they arre their children
160
suez canal
-human made water way
-opened in 1869
-connected red sea and mediteranean sea
-british eventaully edged france out of control
161
ottoman empries decline
-too large
-fails to adopte western technology
-loses territory but lasts until WWI
162
persia durign the age of imperialsim
-both russia and gb vied for control the oil in persia
163
qing dynasty's hubris
-qing empreror thought that china had all they needed
-did not open china to foreign trade
164
canton
-a system that controlled foreign trade
-confined it all the the trading port in canton
165
century of humiliation
-chinas term for its first domination by imperialist from the first opium war to the comunist victory 1839-1949
166
chinas' trade imbalance with great biritan
-china was exporting more goods out into gb than gb was bringing in to china
-made more wealth for china nd more debt for gb
167
opium solution
-gb needed something that would fix the trade imbalance btwn them and china (smth they would need)
-they began to smuggle opium into the country
-they got a whole country adddicted
168
opium wars and their outcome
-1839-1842
-won by gb after destroying china's fleet
169
taiping rebellion
-revolt from the people of china
-leader believed he was the borther of Jesus and meant to bring peace to chian
170
boxer rebellion
1899 beijing rebellion
-started a secret society that blamed all of chinas problems on missionaries and foreign troops
-rebellion ended by british troops
171
open door policy
-policy proposed by US
-all nations would have equal opportunites to trade in china
172
admiral matthew perry's black ships
-american fleet came into tokyo bay and said taht japan had to open trade
one of the causes of the meiji resotration
173
meiji resotration
-modernization/industrialization of japan in 1800s
174
sino-japanese war
-war between china and japan
-japan wanted new markets and natural resources
-ended with treaty of portsmouth
-granted japan chinesse port access, control of manchuria, island of sakhalin, and a protectorate of korea
175
russo-japanese war
-conflict between russians and japan inn 1904-1905
-both counries wanted manchuria and korea
-showed tha japan was a force to be dealt with
176
british east india company
-joint stock company
-controlled most of india
177
jewel in the crown
-what gb called india bc it was the most valuable imperialistic colony they had
178
sepoys
-indian troops hired by the eic
179
sepoy mutiny
-rebellion of hindu and muslim soldiers against eic and british citizens
-it was bc of racial and religious ignorance
180
ghandi
-political and spiritual leader of the idnain drive fore independence from gb
181
tzar alexander II
-russian tzar who attempted to reform
-"the emancipator" (set serfs free)
-led to his assasination by the people's will
182
tzar nicholas II
-autocrat in russia during WW1
-took the side of the germans in the balkan conflict
-son had hemophilia
-wife gave rasputin lots of power
-abdicated throne during russian revolutoins and was assasinated
183
despotism
-exercise of absolute power
-especially in a cruel or excessive way
184
father gapon (bloody sunday)
-led a revolt against the tzar of russia in 1905
-ended with russian guards shooting ht rioters
185
repressive rule
-govt that stops new and radical ideas form being heard ussually thorugh imprisonment or death
186
pogroms
-organized violence against jews, especially in russia
187
rasputin
-russian monk
-able to influence russian politics by gaining the confidenceof czarina bc he seemed to bee able to help tzar nicholas son with his hemophilia
188
trans siberrian railroad
-contructed in the 1870s to connect russia and urope with the pacidfic
-completed by the 1880s
-borught russia into a more acive asian role
189
lenin
-created the first communist party in russia
-set up wrolds first communist party dictatorship
-led the october revolutoin of 1917
-rule dhte country until his death in 1924
190
anastasia
-youngest of the romanov family
-rumored that hse survived
191
militarims
-policy of glroyfying military power
-keeping a standing army to always be prepared for war
192
the alliance structure of europe
-forcus was not to bring peace but ot deter other couttnries from going to war
193
nationalism
-a storng feeling of devotion or pride in ones country
194
pan slavic movement
-movement advocation for the unification of slavic nations and people
195
kaiser whilhelm
-emperor of germany during WWI
196
gavrilo pricipe and the black hand
-man who was responsible for the kiling of archduke franz ferdinand
-was part of the black hand
197
archduke franz ferdinand
-heir to the austria-hungarian throne
-was assasinated in sarajevo, leading to WW1
198
great war
-1914-1918
-involved all of europe
-many ;eople were slaughterd
-there was mass devastation
-economic collapse, misery, and social disruptino
199
allies in WWI (entente)
-gb
-france
-russia
200
central powers in WWi
-germany
-austria hungary
-ottoman empire
201
western front in WWI
-germany vs. france and gb
-trench warfare
-small lang gains
-ended in a bloody stalemate
202
eastern front in WWI
-germany, austria-hungary, and turks vs. serbs and russia
-no trenches
-large land gains
203
schlieffen plan
-attack plan by th egermans
-sweep through belgium to attack france
-though russia would take longer to mobilize thier troops
-diidnt want to fight on two fronts at once
-it faled and made them look brutal
204
stalemate
-situation when no progress is made
205
trench warfare
-opposing troops firght form trenches facing each other
206
gallipoli
-british military attack in 1915 against ottoman empire
-mission failed with high casualities by the british
-winston churchill sent men into battle to their deaths and felt so bad that he gave up being a genreal
207
battle fot he somme
-began on july 1 1916
-allies only cattpuresda few km of territory
-1.25 million casualities
-british used tank for hte first time inhitory
208
the lusitania
-passenger ship sunk by germany
-had american and british passenger s on it
-one of the factors tha contributed to america joining in WWI
209
unrestricted submarine warfare
-germany's policy of sinking ships iwth thier u-boats that carried war materials
210
the sussex pledge
-enacted after the sinking of the french baot sussex
-germany promised not to sink eney boast without warming
-allies had to modify thier illegal blockade
211
zimmerman note
-sent to mexico by germany
-tried to convince them to declar was on us
-was intercepted and decoded
-one of the factors in getting us into war
212
AEF
-american expeditionary forcces
-first american ground troops to reach the european front
-commanded by pershing
-began arriving in france in the summer of 1917
213
total war
-participating countries devote all their resources to war
214
propoganda
-used techniques to persuade people to belieffve buy or do something
215
armistice
a truce for a time
216
reparations
-germany force to pay fines to the allies for cost of the war as aprt of treaty of versailles
-opposed by us
-germany wen tinto a dpression
217
president wilson's 14 points
-focused on establishing peace after WWI and a balance of power
218
george clemenceau
-french prime minister in the last years of WWI
-pushed for heavy reparations against germans
-wanted to make germans suffer and break germany uup
219
david lloyd george
-britains prime minister at the endof WWI
-goal was to make germany pay for other countries war losses
220
treaty of versailles
-treaty that ended WWI
-forced blame on germany and other allies
221
leauge of nations
-rpoposed by prsident wilson
-established in treaty of versaille in 1919
-america did not want to join depsite wilsons pelas
222
5 causes of WWI
-militarism
-allainces
-nationalism
-imperialsim
-assasination of franz ferdinand
223
powder keg of europe
-balkans
-had a long history of nationalist uprisings
224
old regime of france
-politifcal and social stystem of france prior to french revolution
-everyone was a subject of the king
-estate system
225
estates general
-assembly of representatives from al three estates of social classes in france
226
frances' third estate
-98% of the population
-bourgeoise to peasants
227
bourgeoise in france
-middle class in france
-included mercahnts, industrialists, and professtional ppl
228
louis XVI
-king of france
-killed by the guillotine in the french revolution
229
marie antionette
-queen of france during the reign of terror
-married to louis the XVI
-tried to escape france but got caught and was forced to live in versailles
-eventually executed
230
jacobins
-most radical french republicans during tthe revolution
-led by robespierre from 1793-1784
231
2declaraition of the rights of man and citizens
-statment of fudemental political rights adopted by the french national assemly at the beggginning of the french revolution
232
girondinists
-moderate republican group that fought for control during the french national convention in 1793
-teydid not want to kill louis XVI
233
sans cullotes
-radical group of wrokgin class
-wanted a greater voice in govt and higher wages
234
reign of terror
-thousands executed for "treason" or being precieved as anti-revolution
-robespierre was the leader but eventually a victim himselff
235
robespierre
-leader of the committe of public saftey
-architect of the reign of terror
236
madame la guillotine
-personification of the guillotine
-used to execute french aristocrats
237
committee of public safety
-led by robespierre
-goal was to protect the revolution butt they really ended up producing chaos and fear
-ended up killing over 20,000 ppl
238
secularizing france
-changedd days from 7 to 10 in a week so ppl couldn tknow which was sunday
-cnahged names of months in a year
-replacesd God with "virtue" or "reason"
-kicked church out of france
239
directory
-5 person comitte that replaceed committe for public saftey
-only lasted four years bc they became corrupt
-napoleon saved them only to oust them
240
napoleons early career
-successful in military school
-rose in the ranks of the artiliery
-had success in austria, prussia, and egypt
-later beaten by british in egypt
241
napoleons coup de tat
-overthrw directory and replaced it with a three person executive branch
-reformed law codes, established voting rights, created national banck, reformed education
242
napoleons coronoation
-decided to rule france as its emperor
-took the crown from the pope and named himself king in 1803
-indicated he was more powerful than the pope
243
napoleons reign as king
-became authoritarian ruler who placed many of his brothers/family members of thas the rulers of other european countires
-increased male suffrage and reformed las
244
napoleonic codes
-system of laws established for france by napoleon
--made all french citizens equla under law
-establihed principle that people were guilty until proven innocent
245
napoleons changes to francce
-reformed laws and education
-brought back religion
-however ruled wo voice of people
246
countires napoleon conquered
-spain
-italy
-austria
-poland
-german states
-switzerland
-denmark
-norway
247
battle fo trafaglar
-naval battle where napoleons forces were defeated by the british
248
napoleons exiles
-island of elba
249
hundred days
-period of time when napoleon returned from exile and made his last bid for power
250
wnapoleons russian campaign
--failed campaign bc of russias scrohec earth policy, harsh russian winter, and starvattion of the toops
251
contentinal system
-napoleon's effort to bblockforeign trade with england by forbidding british imports in europe
252
battle of waterloo
june 8 1815
-napeoleon met his final defeat at hte hands of duke fo wellington
253
congress of vienna
-meeting of european monrachs
-called to reestablish pre-napoleon europe after his defeat
254
metternich of austira
led congress of vienna
255
talleyrand
-french representatavve at the congress of vienna
256
duke of wellington
-led troops against napoleonc in battle of waterloo
