history, final exam Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
who was the first living person to be put on a coin?
A
Julius Caesar
2
Q
true or false? Julius Caesar always wrote in the 3rd person (if true, why?)
A
true: this is so his writing was seen as unbiased
3
Q
who got the command against the Parthians in the East?
A
Crassus
4
Q
how long was the command that the senate gave to Caesar?
A
5 years
5
Q
how was Crassus defeated in Carrhae?
A
his army was encircled and rained down by arrows, Crassus was captured and assassinated
6
Q
how did Pompey and Caesar attempt to reconcile their differences?
A
Pompey married Caesar’s daughter
7
Q
What did the Parthians control that was extremely desirable?
A
the Silk Road
8
Q
who conquered Britain
A
Caesar (only really beat them, not actually conquered)
9
Q
which gallic general led the revolt against Caesar?
A
Vercingetorix
10
Q
which town do the Gauls withdraw to in their battle against Caesar?
A
Alesia
11
Q
how does Caesar defeat the Gauls in Alesia?
A
he puts up two walls (interior and exterior) around Alesia
12
Q
What are the 2 walls around Alesia called?
A
interior: circumvallation, exterior: contravallation
13
Q
what happened to Vercingetorix after the besieging of Alesia?
A
he is captured and kept in Rome for a few years. He is then displayed in a parade for people to “boo” at. Afterwards he is strangled and dumped
14
Q
who convinces the senate to declare martial law against Caesar and why?
A
Pompey: to give him the power to prevent Caesar’s return
15
Q
how does Caesar find out that Pompey is plotting against him?
A
he has lots of spies
16
Q
what river does Caesar cross, thereby declaring civil war?
A
the Rubicon
17
Q
wha does “Iacta Alea Est” mean, and who said it?
A
“the die is cast” - Caesar
18
Q
what unexpected thing happens when Caesar marches south?
A
Pompey flees and brings his army with him
19
Q
where does Pompey flee to?
A
Dyrrhachium
20
Q
after Pompey fled, where do him and Caesar eventually meet?
A
Pharsalus
21
Q
after Pompey is defeated at Pharsalus, whom does he go to?
A
Ptolemy XIII of Alexandria
22
Q
true or false: Caesar wants Pompey dead
A
FALSE: Caesar wants to grant him a pardon and bring him back to Rome
23
Q
what present does Ptolemy send to Caesar when his ship arrives in Alexandria?
A
A wicker basket with Pompey’s head in it
24
Q
How is Cleopatra VII related to Ptolemy XIII?
A
she is his sister and his wife
25
at what ages did Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra VII get married?
when Ptolemy was 12 and Cleopatra was 18
26
true or false: Cleopatra abandoned Ptolemy in favour of Caesar
true: Cleopatra gains Caesars support against Ptolemy, resulting in a war
27
how does ptolemy die?
he drowns in the Nile when he's 16
28
after defeating Ptolemy, how does caesar return to Rome?
on foot, which is odd
29
what is the name of Mithridates son who is raising a rebellion in Pontus?
Pharnaces
30
where does Caesar meet Pharnaces?
the battle of Zela
31
Who wins at the battle of Zela?
Caesar
32
what does Caesar say upon defeating everyone at the battle of Zela?
Veni Vidi Vici = I came, I saw, I conquered
33
Not all of Pompey's army has given up. Where do they meet and who are they led by?
they meet in Africa, they are led by Pompey's two sons
34
At what battle is Caesar able to defeat Pompey's army?
The battle of Thapsus
35
what province does Caesar create when he defeats Pompey's army?
Africa Nova
36
where is one of Pompey's sons killed?
Munda
37
why did Caesar decide to make himself dictator?
he realized that this was the only position without a partner, thus no veto power
38
Caesar declares himself "perpetual dictator" - what is the term for this in latin?
dictator perpetuus
39
what is the name of the new Senate house that Pompey built after the last one was burned down?
Curia Pompeiana
40
what is the name of the prophet who predicted Caesar's death?
Sporena
41
what was the sign that people took as an omen for Caesar to not fight the Parthinians?
the birds were flying oddly and babies were being born weird
42
what did Sporena keep repeating to Caesar?
beware the ides of march
43
who grabbed Caesar's toga when Caesar came to the Senate before leaving to fight the Parthinians?
Tillius Cimber
44
what does Caesar yell when Tillius Cimber grabs his toga?
Ista quidem vis est: this is assault
45
what does caesar do to "die properly"?
pulls his toga over his head and legs
46
how many times was caesar stabbed?
23 times
47
what does caesar say when Brutus comes at him? (debated, some texts say he was silent)
you too, young man? (in greek)
48
who were the two main conspirators in Caesar's assassination?
M. Iunius Brutus and C. Cassius Longinus
49
how many stab wounds were fatal?
1. all other stab wounds were superficial
50
how was Caesar's body disposed of?
the conspirators had decided to drag him to the Tiber, but they ended up leaving his body in the Curia. His body was carried off by two slaves on a pallet with one hand hanging off
51
who invented that Caesar said "et tu brute"?
Richard Edes, in 1582 (this was copied by Shakespeare twice)
52
who sectioned off part of the Curia and turned it into public toilets?
Augustus Caesar
53
who took control of Rome after Caesars assassination ? (2)
M. Antonius and M. Aemilius Lepidus
54
what did Antony and Lepidus do to Caesar's assassins?
They allowed them to leave Rome (they went to Greece) to prevent bloodshed
55
what did Caesar's will decree?
he posthumously adopted his sister's grandson, C. Octavius Augustus (18 years old) who is training too be a military leader in Apollonia
56
who gave the 'friends, roman, countrymen' speech?
Augustus
57
when C. Octavius Augustus is adopted, what does his name become?
C. Julius Caesar Octavianus
58
what does Octavian do as his first act?
he wins two of Antony's legions
59
whose side does Octavian take between Antony & Lepidus // The senate
The senate: odd because they are the ones who killed his great-uncle
60
when Antony, Lepidus and Octavian unite, what is their goal?
to defeat the anti-caesarians
61
what does "tresviri rei publicae constituendae" mean?
3 men for the rebuilding of the state
62
who are the members of the second triumvirate?
Antony, Lepidus and Octavian
63
how long is the power of the second triumvirate held for?
5 years
64
who was the consul / lawyer / philosopher who had become quite friendly with Octavian but opposed Antony at the beginning?
Cicero
65
how was Cicero killed?
they cut off his head, and they hung his head (which had delivered the speech) and they cut off his right hand (which he had used to write the speech)
66
what did Cicero do to offend Antony?
he wrote and delivered a series of very vicious speeches
67
who was referred to as "divus" and what does it mean?
Caesar: means "the divine one"
68
what is "divi filius" and who refers to himself as such?
means "son of the divine one", Octavian calls himself this
69
where do Antony and Octavian meet the forces of Caesars assassins?
Philippi (in Macedonia)
70
how do Brutus and Cassius die?
suicide
71
who starts causing problems among the triumvirate?
Antony's brother and his wife
72
What is the peace of Brundisium?
the meeting wherein the triumvirate decides its better to stay together than break apart
73
who is considered the least important member of the triumvirate?
Lepidus
74
when the triumvirate decides to divide up the empire and each take a section, who gets what?
Octavian gets the west, Antony gets the East, Lepidus gets Africa
75
in order to keep Antony and Octavian from having too many problems, what is done?
Antony marries Octavian's sister Octavia
76
why do Antony and Octavia go to Alexandria?
Antony wants to use it as a base for his Parthian expedition (he wants to finish Caesar's work)
77
what is the name of Caesar & Cleopatra's son?
Ptolemy XV Caesar (also called Caesarion)
78
true or false: Antony falls in love with Cleopatra
true
79
what are the names of Antony and Cleopatra's twins?
Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene II
80
What is the name of Cleopatra and Antony's third child?
Ptolemy Philadelphus
81
who launches a large revolt against Octavian?
Lepidus
82
what was the name of Pompey's surviving son?
Sextus Pompey
83
who tries to free all the slaves of Sicily to use them as soldiers against Octavian?
Sextus Pompey
84
true or false: Octavian kills Lepidus
false: he brings him back to Rome and puts him on house arrest because he is Pontifex Maximus
85
who was the admiral of the fleet that defeated Lepidus and Pompey, and where did the defeat take place?
M. Agrippa: battle of Naulochus
86
what made the battle of Naulochus distinctive?
it was the first sea battle since the first punic war
87
What did Antony give to Cleopatra and the kids?
Roman territory to be their playground
88
what sort of campaign does Octavian run against Antony and Cleopatra?
a propaganda campaign - he calls Antony drunk and incompetent, and says that Cleopatra is seducing him to steal Rome
89
what does Coniuratio Italian mean?
a sworn oath to Italy
90
where do Antony and Cleopatra send their ships to defeat Octavian?
a harbour in Actium
91
who wins the battle against Antony and Cleopatra, and where does it take place?
M. Agrippa, Actium
92
how do Antony and Cleopatra die?
Cleopatra killed herself with an asp, when Antony discovered this, he killed himself
93
which of Cleopatra's children gets put to death?
Caesarion
94
when Egypt was made a province, how did it differ from all other provinces thus far?
it became a province that Octavian owned. All of the Egyptian wealth went directly to Octavian, not the Roman state
95
7 reasons as to what caused the end of the Roman Republic
1. the acceptance of violence as a political tool
2. over ambitious men created by the unchecked competition for power, wealth and prestige
3. client armies who owed allegiance to their commanders, not the senate or the people
4. a weak, self-serving and morally bankrupt senate
5. the granting of extraordinary and illegal powers to commanders over long periods of time
6. the opposition of the senate to these commanders and magistrates when their own interests were directly threatened (even when the commanders and magistrates were acting for the greater good)
7. the acceptance of these commanders and magistrates and their actions by the senate when their interests coincided
96
when do the gates of the temple of Janus close?
when Rome is not fighting a war somewhere
97
who is Janus?
a two faced god, after whom January is named
98
up until Octavian, how many times had the gates been closed?
twice - under Numa Pompilius and A. Manlius Torquatus
99
what is the only office Octavian continued to hold (he got rid of all other powers)
consul
100
what is the First Settlement?
Octavian handed all power back to the senate
101
what does restitutio rei publicae mean?
restoration of the state
102
what is the corona civica ?
a laurel crown made of oak leaves and acorns granted to someone for saving Roman citizens lives
103
what is Imperium Consulare?
power of a consul for a commander in the field. this power is limited by location and is renewed every 5 or 10 years
104
what do laurel trees symbolize?
victory
105
how many laurel trees was Octavian given and where did he put them?
2 laurel trees, he put them on either side of his door
106
what is the clipeus virtutis?
shield of bravery
107
What does Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus mean and upon whom was the title bestowed?
Imperator = someone who wields power, Augustus is now the term for Emperor, was bestowed upon Octavian
108
what are the 3 names that Octavian had throughout his life?
Octavius -> Octavian -> Augustus
109
what was engraved on the Clipeus Virtutis?
Ob Civis Servatos: "On account of having saved the citizens "
110
how many times was Augustus consul?
13
111
what is Pater Patriae and upon whom was it bestowed?
means father of the fatherland, bestowed upon Augustus
112
true or false? Augustus was appointed Pontifex Maximus after Lepidus died
true
113
what is Auctoritas?
Authority: people obey Augustus because they trust him
114
which magistrate roles does Augustus reject? (2)
dictatorship and censorship
115
why does Augustus give up the title of consul?
people are getting upset that he's getting this title every year, and there was an assassination attempt
116
what is the second settlement of 23?
Augustus agrees to give up the consulship every year: he's consul only 2 more times
117
what is imperium proconsulare maius?
means greater proconsular imperium: means Augustus' power is greater than any other proconsuls power
118
what is Augustus' most important power?
tribunicia potestas: powers of a tribune
119
how long did it take for all the Emperor's powers to be 'bundled' together?
100 years
120
who was the longest running emperor until the 5th century?
Augustus
121
2 main innovations Augustus implemented
1. the eradication of the democratic process: nobody votes for the highest positions, the Emperor chooses
2. Office by ability rather than office by birth: doesn't matter anymore if they're a senator or equestrian or even a freedman
122
how does Augustus divide the provinces?
the provinces that are mostly peaceful go to the senate, the ones that are more challenging go to the equestrians
123
how many provinces did Augustus add?
11
124
4 powers of the emperor for the entire empire
1. domini nostri (our lord)
2. imperatore caesares
3. pontifix maximus
4. augustus
125
who is P. Quinctilius Varus?
one of Augustus's generals: he's got 3 legions
126
where is P. Quinctilius Varus and his army ambushed?
the teutoberg forest
127
what is the massacre at the teutoberg forest called?
Clades Variana
128
how does Augustus die?
of natural causes at age 75.
129
how long did Augustus reign for?
44 years
130
what was Antony's role before stepping in to lead Rome after caesar's assassination?
consul
131
what was Lepidus' role before stepping in to lead Rome after caesar's assassination?
master of the horse
