History - Henry 8th

Question 1

Thomas Cromwell Rise to power

Answer 1

-1485 born into a working class family
-1503 leaves England following an unknown problem
-Joins the French foreign legion to fight against Spain
-Becomes a clothe merchant in Belgium
-1514 returns to England Marries into wealth
-1523 appointed as an MP
-worked for Wolsey and remains loyal throughout
-1530 Cromwell given place in privy council
-1532 becomes kings closest associate and becomes a lord.
-promised Henry the annulment
-appoints Cromwellarchbishop of Canterbury

Reasons why
Cromwell was noted as having an incredible amount of determination, ambition and intelligence with a very charming personality.

Key legislation
Passed the act of restraints of appeals which gave king power over the church

Question 2

How did Wolsey rise to power?

Answer 2

Wolsey rose to power through his religious involvement in the catholic church. He had a wide range of roles under Henry including royal almoner, archbishop of York and lord chancellor and cardinal
As well as his charming character

Question 3

Wolsey’s reforms

Answer 3

Justice
-Made the justice system more efficiently, so they could cover more cases
-Makes courts become fairer to the poor

Finances
-First set of taxation based on income purely

Enclosures
-Rich people enclosed their land, he removed this so they couldn’t claim land that poor people had the same claim too

Established the amicable grant translates to a friendly gift to the king a form of tax which didn’t require parliament approval

Creates Eltham ordinance rules that the royal courts had to maintain a strict behaviour policy in the kings palaces or royal grounds

Question 4

Wolsey’s foreign policy

Answer 4

treaty of London
-put the permanent end between France and Spain with England being the center of European diplomacy this increased Henry’s prestige.
-Briefly successful as all countries accept then ignore it later.

Field of the cloth of gold 1520

Between Henry and Francis in Calais saw two weeks of jousting, partying and celebrating, concluded with both kings wrestling.
-No change to Relations

War with France 1522

France declared war on Charles V. Wolsey pushed for peace but failed so Britain sides with Spain declaring war on France.
1523 began a full scale land invasion of France.
Charge on Paris led to Charles abandoning Henry and took the French king hostage without British support.

Treaty of more 1525

Charles didn’t pay Henry for his support which destroyed relations between the two leaders. Wolsey changes foreign policy to support France, as a result removing Henry’s claim for the french throne

Treaty of Westminster 1527

Wolsey helps organise the league of cognac creating a bond between the pope, Venice and France. It was created to stop Charles pushing further into the Italian peninsula. Westminster treaty meant Britain threatened Spain with armed intervention.
Aimed to improve relations on a national level with it’s neighbours

Others

Spain took the pope under control following a raid on Rome this meant that the pope couldn’t accept the annulment between Henry and Charles auntie

Spain goes to war with France and England no troops are sent by England, France is defeated in the battle in northern Italy, The hopes of any divorce were over

Question 5

Why did Wolsey fall from power (annulment)

Answer 5

The annulment

The annulment was a major problem that Wolsey had to deal with for Henry. He had several solutions

Solution one
Use the religious grounds of Leviticus to attempt to annul the marriage claiming its illegitimate under gods laws.

Solution two
Make Catherine a nun making the marriage illegitimate as nuns cannot marry under gods law.

Solution three
Dispute the facts of the original marriage claiming that they never slept with each other and claimed that different things didn’t happen

Solution four
Wolsey asks the pope to allow him to make his own decision on the marriage, he allows it if he can agree with Cardinal Compeggio this just stalled the deal and never lead to the annulment

Pope was unable to agree to annulment as he was a hostage to Charles V

Question 6

Why did Wolsey fall from power (foreign policy)

Answer 6

Wolsey foreign policy was a reason for his downfall as he was blamed for the failures following the march on Paris and the failings of the treaty of London which was ignored with only a temporary effect.

Question 7

Why did Wolsey fall from power [Personality]f

Answer 7

Wolsey’s personality is one of the main reasons of his downfall as

• not from Nobel blood and didn’t ever fit in
• very flamboyant with his wealth and liked to show off
• took a lot of power for himself
• enemies attacked him at court following his failed annulment plans
• Duke of Norfolk led the push for his removal heading 30 accusations against Wolsey’s
• Duke of Suffolk also disliked Wolsey
• accused of crimes against Britain
• Henry was skeptical as duke of Norfolk was Henry’s mistress’ uncle

Question 8

What factors lead to Wolsey’s fall from power?

Answer 8

Personality, annulment, foreign policy , the Boleyn’s and Henry’s decisions

Question 9

Why did Wolsey fall from power (Boleyn’s)

Answer 9

A very well known family, Henry s two mistresses’ were sisters. Uncle is the duke of Norfolk, a very influential and known faction of the courts.

The Boleyns disliked Wolsey and wished to push him out of the caught because he was unable to get the annulment.

Wolsey dismissed as a royal chair 1529

Question 10

Why did Wolsey fall from power? (Henry’s decisions)

Answer 10

Henry struggled to make decisions against Woolsey. Finally chose to put Wolsey on trial, evidence said that Wolsey never wanted the marriage.

He is found guilty and sentenced to death. Dies on his way south with a broken heart

No proof that the letters used to as evidence were ever truthful likely created by the duke of Norfolk

Question 11

Why did it start

Answer 11

• The pilgrimage of grace started in 1536 as people feared the change in religion to protestant would mean monistries would fall upon hardship and struggles

People resented Cromwell’s involvement into local issues.

Due to a struggling economic climate people began enclosing land. Which had been made illegal

Question 12

Events of the Pilgrimage of Grace

Answer 12

• 1 Rebellion in Lincolnshire on 7th October at least 10,000 rebels marched on the county town. supported by the gentry. Following a threat of treason charges the Gentry backed down leaving just rebels.
• 2 The York Rebellion 40,000 Rebels assembled in 9 well formed armies. The largest and most significant was lead by a lawyer Robert Aske The rebellion made a large movement south onto London. Henry gave the Duke of Norfolk 8000 troops to deal with the rebellion.

-3 On doncaster Bridge the 8000 met the 40000 rebels ,Norfolk chose to negotiate with the Rebilion, promising the end of protestism and the reintroduction of the Pope. With this the Rebilion disbanded and Henry bluffs them.

Robert Aske is Hung and Protestism continues

Question 13

Significance of the Pilgrimage of Grace

Answer 13

It was clear that Henrys control over the North was becoming weak and his split from the calothic church was a negative to the majority. It was also clear that Henrys armies were ill equipped to deal with an internal coo.

It also showed the levels of skill henry had to persuade them to disband and still not have another militia form.

Question 14

Key Acts in the Reformation

Answer 14

The Act of Succession - Only children from Henrys second Marriage could inherit the Throne

** The Act of Supremacy** - The king and Not the Pope controlled the English Church.

** The Treason Act 1534** - Expanded the Crime of treason to speaking out against Royal Supremacy

Oath of Supremacy - All had to take an oath recognizing Anne as queen, failure to do so would result in death.

Question 15

Opposition to the Reform

Answer 15

Elizabeth Barton
- Nun who had visions which Criticized Henrys divorce to Catharine. Made this aware to Henry that she saw he would burn in hell. Threatened Henry had her excuted. Her honesty is unknown and her intentions remain a mystery.

John Fisher
- Bishop of Rochester and Cardinal - Condemned the divorce from Catharine. Fined 300 Pounds for Associations with Elizabeth Barton.
- Refused the Oath of Succession Excuted for treason in 1535

Thomas More Henrys Lord Chancellor after Wolsey, Loyal Catholic. Burned Protestant Texts and People. Resigned as the Chancellor after the divorce. Refuses Oath of Succession Leads to exceution

Question 16

Henry and the Catholic Church

Answer 16

Henry was a loyal Catholic and against Protestantism. Henry wrote a book called Defense of the seven Sacraments Defending Catholicism .

His main motive for the change of Heart was the Annulment, It is largely believed Henry remained a calothic behind closed doors.

Question 17

Catholic vs Protestant

Answer 17

Protestant
- Rejected the Popes Authority
- churches should preach from the Bible.
- Bible should be in English.

Catholic
- Pope is the Only Authority.
- Priests have the power to preach the word of God.
- Bibles should be in Latin.

Question 18

Impacts of the Reformation.

Answer 18

Between 1534 and 1540 The English Churched Between the two practices. Cromwell and Cranmer Attempted to reform England while Howard and Gardiner preserved catholic ideas.

Act of Ten Articles 1536
- Set 3 Beliefs of Henrys Church

Royal Injunctions
- Made all Priests Practice the Same way.

Bishops Book
- Another Statement at beliefs from the Church, Reduced Catholic Ideas

** Royal Injunctions 1538**
- Every church should have the bible translated into English and Holy relics should be destroyed.

Six Articles
- Reaffirmed His calothic Beliefs,

Following Cromwell’s death, Protestantism began to die.

Question 19

Role of Monistries

Answer 19

Places where Monks and Nuns lived, worked and Practiced.

Made Approximately 1000 Pounds Per year.

800 Monistries in England

Use
- Place of Refugee
- Looked after the sick and Dieing
- Acted as Landowners and Business
- Key parts of Communities.
- Existing since middle ages.

Question 20

Dissolution of Monistries

Answer 20

During the reformation Henry closed the Monasteries. Reformers like Cromwell disapproved of their Catholic religious practices. They were extremely wealthy. Taking the money of the Monasteries would pay for foreign wars

• Cromwell Began conducting inspections/visitations on the Monistries, accused them of homosexuality’s and Nuns who were bearing Children (Sin).

Closures Earned 160,000 A year as a result. Smaller were closed in 1536, 3 year before the 1539 closure of the larger ones.

Question 21

Winners and Losers of the Reformation

Answer 21

Winners
- Cromwell and Cranmer brought down a key catholic symbol
- Henry gathered vast wealth and ended opposition to his rule
- Nobel’s received gifts and increased there income.

Losers
- Monks and Nuns lost their lively hood, home and suffered unemployment
- The poor who had nowhere to turn for help
- Tenant farmers who saw their rent rise following the sale of land

Question 22

Wolsey : Rise to Power

Answer 22

Wolsey came from a power background as the Son of Butcher

• Attends oxford University
• Becomes a Priest
• Appointed Royal Almoner 1509
• Appointed into Royal Council 1509
• 1512 Sources an Army for Henrys war on France
• Archbishop of York and Cardinal 1514
• Lord Chancellor in 1515
• Given Top position in Henrys government
• 1518 becomes Papal Legate

Question 23

Wolsey : Reforms

Answer 23

Wolsey reformed a lot of things to help poorer people in society likely due to his origin he believed they needed more support

Justice
- Strengthen court of Star Chamber
- Imprisoned high ranking officials to to prove no one was above the Law such as Henry Percy

Enclosures
- Landowners fenced off common land for sheep rearing
- Wolsey took 260 land owners to court to punish those who’d done so unlawfully
- Made everyone’s claim to land as powerful as each other

Finance
- The system of taxation was taken on calculations made long time ago
- Wolsey sent out assessors to ensure tax valuations were accurate on peoples land.
- Made tax more fair

Amicable Grant
- Parliament rejected any more taxations on the public
- Translates to “friendly gift” to the king
- Supposed to secure extra funds to the king
- Not Voluntary

Eltham Ordinances
- Rules the behavior of royal courts
- Set Specific meal times, spending limits and ruled no animals

Question 24

Wolsey : Foreign Policy

Answer 24

Main aims were to make Henry a Peacekeeper , secure alliances and gain military glory for Britain

Treaty of London 1518
- Nonaggression agreement between England, France, Spain and Habsourg empire.
- Henry appeared to be a Peacekeeper
- Made Britain a place of significance for peace

Field of Cloth of Gold 1520
-Lavish gathering between England and France.
- Henry and Francias Wrestled
- Met to discuss relations
- Made Henry important to European Politics

War with France
- England Sided with Charles of Habsburg empire.
- Charles Promised Henry the Throne of France but betrayed him
- Francis given back the throne
- Henry Began supporting France in the War

Treaty of Westminster
- Wolsey strengthened relations with France
- Threatened by Charles V with war if he did not stop the conquest into Italy

Treaty of More 1525
- Henry becomes an official ally of Frances to try deter the growing power of Charles.

Question 25

Wolsey : Great Matter

Answer 25

- Henrys wife **Catharine of Aragon** had 1 daughter and several still births - Henry fancied **Anne Boleyn** - Gaining an Annulment became his biggest matter - Wolsey tried several methods to get the annulment. - Wolsey tried making her a **Nun** claiming it broke Gods Law - Used **Leviticus** to argue that the marriage was illegimate as he shouldn't have married his dead brothers widow - Pope replied from a part of **Deuteronomy** citing that the man must have children with his brothers widow - The process was further delayed by **Cardinal Campeggio**

Question 26

Wolsey : Fall From Power

Answer 26

Wolsey was falling out of the interest by Henry due to his sloppy foreign Policy, His failure to get the annulment and the struggled relations in the Royal Court. - Wolsey dies 1530 on his way down south for treason - Boleyn Faction were a very strong faction of the Royal Courts - Faction Believed that Wolsey didnt like Anne and supported Catherine instead - Thomas and George Boleyn Began spreading rumor's that Wolsey planned to overthrow Henry - Wolsey also let Henry down by not having British involvement in the Treaty of Cambrai **Accredited to foreign Policy , Personality, Boleyn Faction but mainly the Annulment**

Question 27

Cromwell : Rise to Power

Answer 27

Cromwell's rise was similar to Wolsey's - Born 1485 to an Innkeeper - 1503 began traveling Europe as a clothe merchant - 1514 becomes a successful lawyer in London - 1518 becomes a member of Wolsey's council - 1529 Appointed as MP - 1531 Becomes a member of the **Privy Council** - 1534 Becomes Vicar General giving him same Power as Henry in the church From non royal/Nobel blood knowledge of how to sell items, legal knowledge, Power in Parliament and large quantity of languages were accredited

Question 28

Cromwell : Annulment

Answer 28

Cromwell's legal background inspired a different approach to the Annulment - Cromwell passed the **Act of Restrain of Appeals** in 1533 declaring Britain an Empire - No Longer subject to foreign law - Allows Henry to grant his own divorce - Pope has no legal authority over Britain anymore - Henry and Anne were secretly together and Anne was pregnant and if they were not married the child would have been illegimate to the throne

Question 29

Cromwell : Reforms

Answer 29

Cromwell made several reforms mainly political and legal due to his background **Royal Council** - Made up of 100 Members down to 20 Legal Experts - Renamed Privy Council **Council of the North** - Existed since 1472 providing government to the North of England - Cromwell makes it permeant and gives it powers to ensure law and order in the North. - Prevented Rebilion **Financial Reforms ** - traditionally a body called the Kings chamber dealt with all the money - Cromwell split the chamber into 6 departments and created 2 specifically doe dealing with the church - **Court of Augmentations** and the **Court of First fruit and Tenths** - collected taxes from priests which used to be paid to the pope **Wales** - Officially becomes apart of England and is under English Law - Welsh Language is replaced by the English Language - They receive 26 MP seats in Parliament - Tackles disorder in Wales **Parliament** - Henry usually made descions through Royal Proclamations - Cromwell wanted to increase the role of parliament - Cromwell decided on what is debated and was able to threaten Mps

Question 30

Cromwell : Fall From Power

Answer 30

Cromwell's fall was due to several reasons - Cromwell was excuted in 1540 for Treason - The duke of Norfolk (Catherine Howards Uncle) Began spreading rumors' of Cromwell's inefficiency in the Annulment - Cromwell was seen as a Heretic by King Francis, Making Henry look less popular - Cromwell known as the **Evil Counsellor** in Parliment His main fall was due to no longer being needed by Henry instead he just became the puppet of Henrys and was the reason that Henry was able to get the Annulment Henry also regretted excuting Wolsey

Question 31

Fall of Anne Boleyn

Answer 31

Anne Boleyn fell from power for several reasons - First Henry was in love with Jane Seymore - Anne had not proven him a Male heir - Anne has strong opinions on Foreign policy which annoyed Henry - Cromwell accused Anne of having affairs (Likely revenge for Wolsey) - Anne was excuted 1536

Question 32

Jane Seymour

Answer 32

By 1536 Henry had 3 children - Mary, Elizabeth and a son outside of Marriage. - Henry Fitzroy - Henry was genuinely attracted to her - She was uninterested in politics and very obedient - She gave birth to a Son Edward a Male Heir - Strengthen Henrys authorities - She died 2 weeks after child birth - Edward also dies from disease and a lasting struggle She is believed to be the one Henry truly loved and was heart broken by her death

Question 33

Anne of Cleves

Answer 33

Threat of Catholic Invasions across Europe By Charles V - Made is crucial that alliances were formed with other European Nations - The Duke of Cleves, A German state offered his daughter to marry Henry creating an Alliance - Threat began to die by 1540 and Henry became attracted to Catherine Howard - The Marriage was annulled and Cromwell blamed for its failure.