Citzenship Flashcards

Question

Paper 2 | Legal Ages and difference between UK legal systems

Answer 1

**Differing entitlements** - Historically 21 was seen as the age when a person reaches adulthood and acquired full legal rights. - In Scotland and wales the national voting age for local councils was dropped to 16 - In the UK the national voting age remains 18 at the moment but some parties are looking to change this **Rights at 16** - You can give consent and have sex - You can be married or live together with parents permission - You can be prosectured for having sex with someone under 16 - You can apply for your own passport with parents consent - You can work a full time Training Job **Rights at 18** - You have reached the age of Maturity - You can change your name - You can get a cheque card and a credit card - You can have a tattoo - You can vote - You can participate as a Jury **Rights at 21** - You can drive certain kinds or large vehicles - You are now entitled to full national minimum wage - You can apply to adopt a child - You can get certain jobs - You can apply for a commercial license

Answer 2

**Magna Carter 1215** Increased basic legal rights of; Right of to a free trial, right to the use of juries and the right to not be arrested without reason **Political Changes** - From the magna carter grew calls for major political change to take place. In the ninetieth and twentieth century - Women get the right to vote in 1918 at the age of 28 - This changed to 21 in 1928 - In 1971 the national voting age was lowered to 18 from 21 **Religious Rights** - Male Roman Calothic only given the vote in 1829 -1832 first major reform for who could vote and the size of the distribution - 1832 distribution of parliamentary seats took place **Economic Rights** - Economics rights to form trade unions happened in 1834 - Followed the Tolpuddle martyrs false imprisonment under munity laws **Others** - Environmental laws and global issues have occurred since - Welfare rights have occurred to make sure that citizens - Rights related to citizen personal life such as sexual and gender wishes to change.

Answer 3

**Trade Unions** - Trade unions were created to represent groups of workers who are their members - They engage in negations with employers on issues such as wages, safety concerns and redundancies - The Labour party was established by the trade unions some of them are still affiliated with the party - Craft Unions existed during the middle ages known as guilds **Examples** - NEU - Unite **Employers' Associations** - They represent the owner of specific sectors of the economy - They seek to influence government; they often negotiate as a body with the trade unions regarding pay and conditions - In recent years they were active representing their interests within the EU and many belonged to pan- European employer organizations

Answer 4

**Different types of crimes** Government statistics on crime comes from two sources - Those recorded by the Police - Those recorded in the crime survey for England and Wales **CSEW** - Measures the publics perception of crime. It tends to use broader categories than the police use to record crimes **Gathering Data on crime** - Recorded crime data cover a wider population and broader set of offences than the CSEW - The police data do not include any crimes that dont come to their attention directly - The CSEW includes responses from adults and children - The CSEW includes crime that are not reported or recorded by the police **Profiling Crime* - Based on gender, race and age - 24% of criminals state that they have been in care at some point in there childhood - 29% prisoners had some experienced abuse - 41% Observed violence in the home as a child - 37% Prisoners reported having family members who have been convicted of Non motoring criminal offences - 84% had a family member in a young offenders, prison or borstal at some point Women commit a lot less crime than men

Answer 5

**Factors that affect Crime rate** - Family Background and educational performance - Peer pressure - The state of economy, declining economy leads to higher unemployment - Events such as demonstrations - Police priorities and strategies - Societies perception of the effectiveness of the police **Strategies to reduce crime** - New laws and punishments - Investment in community and support and youth facilities - The action of local neighborhoods watch schemes - Private sector strategies such as insurances as well as security - Government focus on a particular crime increasing funds when available for it

Answer 6

**Dealt with** - Punishing the offender - Deterrence - rehabilitation of the offender - Protection for the community - reparation's by the offender ** Different forms of Punishments** - Prison - Suspended sentences - Life sentences - Extended sentences - determinate sentences - Community services - Fines - ancillary orders - discharge **Effectiveness** - It is extremely hard to quantify the success, do we measure it of the influence they have on society, do we measure it on if they reoffend or not **Young offenders** **Operations** - The youth justice system operates with people aged between 10-17 Year old's. - There is three aspects to consider - The youth justice board - Youth offending teams - Youth Courts

Answer 7

**Universal Declaration of Human Rights** - The UN Declaration of Human Rights was published in 1948 - It is key legislation in regards to the recent development of Human rights - It is made up of 30 Elements **Key Human rights stated in the UDRH** - We are all born free and equal - Right to life - We are all equal before the law - We are always innocent till proven guilty - Right to seek a safe place to live - Freedom of thought - Freedom of expression - Right to public assembly - Right to democracy - Right to housing, education and child care help if you are in need of it - Right to a job a fair wage and membership of a trade union - Right to rest from work and relax - Right to food and shelter for all - Right to education - Responsibility we have duty to other people and we should protect their rights and freedoms - No one can take away your human rights **Cons** - No punishment for breaking them as they are guidance and not enforceable

Answer 8

**The European convention on Human Rights** - The European convention on human rights and fundamental freedoms is an international agreement adapted in 1950 which came into force in September 1953 - The convention and the ECHR are part of the structure of the council of Europe - The convention ensured the rights stated in the in the UDHR came into effect in European countries and established an international court with powers to find fault against states that do not fulfil their undertakings - The court sits in Strasbourg, France and is made up of judges from each of the member countries - The UK was one of the first countries to agree to the ECHR and played a key role in the drafting of Convention. The contention has been updated several times since 1953 **The Human Rights act 1998** - The HRA 1998 Ensured that the European convention on Human rights was embedded in UK law - This meant that UK citizens could bring cases before UK Courts and have them resolved without having to go to court in Strasbourg - It meant that the Uk courts had to abide by and take account of descions made in Strasbourg when arriving at their own decisions - It also stated that the UK public bodies had to abide by the European Convention **Articles of the ECHR** 1. Obligation to respect Human rights 2. Right to life 3. Prohibition of torture inhuman and degrading treatment 4. Prohibition of slavery and forced labour 5. Right to livery and security 6. Right to a fair trial 7. No punishment without law 8. right to respect for a private and family life 9. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion 10. Freedom of Expression 11. Freedom of assembly and association 12. Right to marry 13. Right to an effective remedy 14. Prohibition of Discrimination

Answer 9

**UN Convention on the Rights of the Child** - The UN Convention on the rights of the child was signed in September 1990 and all members of the UN, Except the USA have ratified it. - It total there are 54 Article in the UNCRC - It was incorporated into UK law in 1992 **Rights of the Child** - Right to life - Right to his or her own name and identity - Right to be protected from abuse and exploitation - Right to an education - Right to having their privacy protected - Right to be raised by or having a relationship with their parents - Right to express their opinions and have them listened to where appropriate act on them. - Right to play and enjoy Culture and art in safety - Right to better education and training facilities in prison

Answer 10

**International Humanitarian Law ** - Aims to protect people who are not involved or are no longer involved in hostilities for example the sick and wounded, prisoners and civilians - Set out the rights and obligations of those involved in armed conflict The two most important conventions are Geneva conventions and the Hague convention. **Geneva Convention** - The Geneva convention was established after the Bartle of Solferino in 1864 to help those involved and wounded in the battle - Over the years the convention has been extended as the nature of warfare has changed particularly considering the impact upon civilians - The international red cross is seen as the guardian of the convention **Hauge Convention** - The Hague convention relates to the conduct of war and dates from 1899 over time it has broadened its scope and was amended in 1907 - It was used as a basis for the Nuremberg war trials following the second world war - In 1980 a Hague Convention was agreed relation to child trafficking and abduction **International Criminal Court** - At the end of the Second world war, the allies set up the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, through which individuals and organizations were charged with war crimes, crimes against the peace and crimes against humanity - In 1990s the International Criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda were set up to agree to deal with the war crimes that occurred - ICC has opened several trials - ICC aims to punish and trial those suspected of commiting human rights or crimes against humanity - Recently they have aimed to take Putin and Netanyahu for there alleged war crimes.

Answer 11

**Opportunities** - Within a democracy like the UK, citizens have the right to participate in a variety of ways in issues that concern them. Some are formalized as a part of the Political process - Citizen Pressure groups and interest groups can use the judicial review process to challenge decisions by public bodies - Increasingly citizen especially younger people are not participating in a more informal approach to bringing about change - Rather than formally joining groups they participate by supporting campaigns via the internet **Barriers to citizen participation** - Lack of interest - A belief that their participation will not make a difference - A lack of faith in politicians and the political systems - A lack of information or knowledge of the skills they needed to participate - Lack of time to participate due to their busy lives

Answer 12

** Public Services** - Defination states service provers at a local or national level - NHS **Pressure Groups** - Groups of people who work and campaign together on a specific issue to bring about change or maintain the current situation **Trade Unions** - Organization that represents groups of workers in terms of people and conditions Members from the same job sectors pay to join them - National Union of Rail, UNITE, RMT **Charities** - Organization that are given legal status and sometimes government taxation benefits to represent an otherwise unrepresented section of society - NSPCC, RSPCA **Voluntary Groups** - They may or may not be registerd charities they involve people working individually or collectively to provide a service to others - Breakfast groups or libraries

Answer 13

**Grenfell Case Study** - A large fire in a multistory fire - The material was the cladding which caused it spread - Public enquiry established **Exam Case study** - Following the pandemic students grades were based of prior exams and estimates of what they would get - Overnight campaigns to change this to the teachers picking the grades based from evidence spread - Social media campaigns and physical campaigns spread wide riots and protests

Answer 14

**How Social Media Brought change** - They can organize demonstrations or high-profile actions that may receive widespread coverage online, on television and in newspapers such as seen in the 2003 stop the war organized Black lives matter Extinction Rebilion - Invite a celebrity to be a figurehead for their cause to speak and encourage support on their behald - They work within the media itself to launch and promote a campaign

Answer 15

** Responsibilities** - Central to any justice system within a democracy are the support and involvement of its citizenry - If the citizens of a country has no faith in a didnt support the justice system, it would undermine the concept of living in a democracy - there has been a long tradition of citizen involvement in the justices system in the various parts of the UK - While one may think first about jury service, which is seen as a civic duty there are numerous other ways citizens take part in the justice system

Answer 16

**Interest and Pressure groups** - Liberty is a pressure group that campaigns for civil liberties and human rights in the UK - It is an independent organization that tries to hold the powerful to account - Its members have been changing since 1934 - Its website shows the range of issues it is currently, campaigning, one example is the police bill **Trade Unions** - The TUC is the body that brings together many of the UKs trade unions. It is a high-profile campaigning organization - Trade Unions campaigns aim to raise awareness of issues in the workplace and put pressure on decision- makers to address these concerns

Answer 17

**Joining an interest group** - The websites of several major interests groups - Amnesty International **Campaigning** - The Hillsborough justice campaign in a recent example of a successful citizen led justice campaign many people were involved in the campaign working for years to achieve justice for the victims **Advocacy** -Professional advocates protect the interests of children and you people in the legal system, their function's are to make sure the child is safe and secure **Lobbying** - Amnesty international has used lobbying power to seek justice

Answer 18

**Democracy** - Is a type of government based upon the principles that are equal and collectively hold power and those elected are accountable to the people - The term comes from the ancient Greek words demos, meaning people and Kratos meaning power **Features of a Democracy** - Regular, fair and open elections to public bodies - An electoral system with a secret ballot, which allows voters to participate - An accountable results system where the results reflect the views of the electorates - A system where citizens can stand for elections - A government that is accountable and faces regular elections - A system where all candidates can campaign equally and no person can get elected through finances, bribes or intimidation - The media can freely report upon the work of government - The judiciary is separate from government and citizens can use legal processes to hold the government to account **Forms of Democracy** **Liberal Democracy** - Concept relates to the democratic values **Direct Democracy** - concept relates to how decisions are made within the democracy **Representative democracy** - this concept relates to how decisions are made within the democracy

Answer 19

**Electoral Systems** Issues - Different voting systems are used in different elections, different voting systems produce different results - Traditionally the UK used the first past the post system for elections meaning the person who wins no matter by what amount is the winner. Considerations - Should proportional representations where the number of seats won is based upon the percentage of votes gained **Voter Turnout** Issue - In the UK voting is voluntary, and often for local elections the turnout is very low. In other countries voting is compulsory and seen as a civic duty Considerations In an election, should a voter be used to vote **Voting age** Issue - Currently the voting age is a general election in 18 For some elections like in Scotland the age is 16 **Power of Politicians** - Many countries have fixed-term parliaments whereby the date of the next election is known. - The fixed term parliament act 2011 set a fixed term for future parliaments in the UK. however in 2022 the act was abolished, general elections must now be held within a 5 year period decided by the Prime Minister or a vote of "No confidence is the government" **Unwritten Constitution** - The UK has no formal written constitution parliament can, if it wishes act as it pleases **Independence of the Judiciary** - The supreme court and judiciary have some powers to control decisions made by politicians and parliament **Outside interference** - The European court of Human rights wanted the UK Parliament to consider giving people in Prison the right to vote - Some countries and bodies seek to disrupt UK society through disinformation, misinformation and cyber warfare **Devolution of Power** - In recent years there has been extensive devolution of power to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland - There has also been a devolution of powers to directly elected mayors **Power of the Lords** - The UK has one of the largest unelected parliamentary bodies in the world **Use of direct democracy** - In recent years there has been an increase in the Use of referendums

Answer 20

**Rights** - Rights are the legal, social and ethical entitlements that are considered building blocks of a society - All citizens within our society enjoy them equally - Rights within a society structure the way government operates, the content of laws and the morality of society - Rights can be limited by society when they conflict with other rights, for example, freedom of speech - Rights are often grouped together and debates take place about human rights, children's rights, prisons rights **Responsibilities** - Duties placed upon its citizens by a society, for example you are expected to pay your taxes, obey the law and take part in the judicial system as a jury member if required - Responsibilities are not optional and are often enshrined by Law **Freedoms** - A power or right to speak and act or think as one wants - Examples include; Freedom of choice, freedom of press, freedom of movement, freedom of expression. **Equality** - This concept related to equal treatment for all within society - Over the past 100 Years there has been a vast number of laws and regulations passed in the UK to ensure equality of treatment and opportunity for all. **Examples of Equality Legislation** **Rights of Women** - Representation for all people 1928 - Equal pay act 1970 - Equality act 2006 and 2010 - Sex discrimination acts 1975 and 1986 - Employment and equality regulations 2003 and 2006 **Racial Equality** - Race relations act 1965, 1968, 1976 and 2000 **Sexual Rights** - Sexual offence acts 1967 - Civil Partnerships act 2005 - Sexual Offences act 2003 - Gender recognition act 2004 - Marriage act 2013 **Disability Rights** - Disability discrimination act 1995 and 2005 - Special educational needs and disabilities act 2001

Answer 21

**Power of the government** - Term used to describe the ability of government bodies that poropse lws and carry out policy **The prime minster and cabinet** - The prime minister is the head of the government and is normally the leader of the largest party in the House of commons - The cabinet conists of the most senior members of the government appointed by the prime minister, who head up government departments such as health and education **Sovereignty of Parliament** - Only Parliament can pass laws in the Uk and parliament can repeal and change them **Role of the legislature** - The legislature is another name for parliament - This is done through the the house of Commons or the House of Lords **The Police** - In the UK there is a number of regional police forces - they prevent crime, enforce law, arrest suspects and gather evidence - in 2012 elected posts of police and crime commissioners were established to crease a sense of public accountability **The civil service** - People employed by government to advise government and carry out its policies - the civil service is based upon three core principles *Impartiality* - Serve the crown not a specific government *Anonymity* - They should not be identified or associated with specific policies *Permanence* - They stay in their posts when a government leaves office **The opposition** - The title is given to the largest party with is NOT in power in the UK it sits opposite hte government and is formed by the king - The role of the opposition is to hold the government to account for its actions and for members to oppose polcies they disagree with **Political Parties** - A political party is a group of people who share a common ideology and political belief and wish to win elections in order to carry out their ideas - In a democratic system the electorate has a range of pollical parties to vote for and political parties that are either national or regional **The monarch** - The UK has a consisitunal monarchy where the monarch is head of the state - the majority of the powers of the monarch over the years have been transferred to government - The monarch sings ever new act of parliament into law but while uncommon can reject legislation **Citizens** - Without citizens there would be no state - through the ballot box citizens can elect MPs who then form a government - The use of referendums enhances the power of the citizen for example the 2016 vote to leave the EU **The judiciary** - In the UK the judiciary is separate from the government it forms a part of the concept of the separation of powers. Each part is distinct and independent- the monarchy the legislature and the judiciary - Its members are politically impartial - It is very difficult to remove a judge from office

Answer 22

**Unwritten** - There is no single written document that is called the British Constitution, There are constitutional laws and conventions *Advantages* - This makes changing aspects of the constitutional laws easy as it is no different than any other type of laws *Disadvantages* - This gives power to government of the day to make and changes it wishes. Other countries like the USA have a formal written documents and specified ways to make changes that involve each state **Uncodified** - There is a range of documents containing aspects of constitutional arrangements they are not linked or identified as being constitutional *Advantages* - This enables changes to be made easily, for example lowering the voting age can be looked at in isolation from other issues such as a changing parliamentary boundaries *Disadvantages* - This enables changes to be made piecemeal that could, when taken together undermine existing consisituaonal rights

Answer 23

**Local Government** - Has no constitutional right to exist and can be reformed, removed or reshaped at any point by Parliament - Local Councils are only able to carry out the functions allocated to them by central government If they exceed their power. Spending involved will be charged to an individual councilor who supported the decision. **Role of Local Government** - To provide services sanctioned by central government at a local level - Part of the democratic process whereby citizens can voice their opinions and stand for elected public office - To provide a grassroots platform for political parties

Answer 24

**Role and Accountability of local councilors** In many ways local councilors are local versions of your MP. local councilors - Represent the interests of the local community they are elected to serve - Represent their political party on the council if they stood under a party label - Make representations to other bodies on behalf of their community and the council - Campaign for the best interests of the whole council area - Hold surgeries in their local areas and deal with issues and problems raised by constituents - Serve on community bodies and represents the council on outside bodies - attend civic and community functions - serve council committees - help decide on council policy, including the level of council tax and spending plans - hold the council to account for its actions **Accountability of local councilors** - the ballot box, as they face their electorate when they stand for re-election - the local media, which reports on the work of local councilors - the code of conduct, which each council member must adhere to - their political party - an annual external audit, which all councils are subjected to - the publication of all financial expenses and allowances claimed by councilors

Answer 25

Developed powers are powers that have been shared down from Westminster itself, can be on a multiple layered level. **Scotland's devolved power** - Justice and Policing - Charity law - Licensing of onshore oil and gas extraction - Some income tax - Equal opportunities in relation to public bodies in Scotland - Tax on carriage of passenger air - Abortion - Landfill tax - Some social security elements - Customer advocacy and advice - Scottish parliament and local government elections **Welsh devolved powers** - Welsh language - some income tax - stamp duty land tax - landfill tax - road signs and speed limits - equal opportunities in relation to public bodies in wales - licensing of onshore oil and gas extraction - welsh parliament and local government elections **Northern Irish Devolved powers** - Justice and police - Charity law - Energy - Employment Law - Social Security, child support, pensions - Civil service - Equal opportunities - Long-haul rates of air passenger duty

Answer 26

**Local Elections** - Must be at least 18 Years old - Must be a British citizen, or an eligible commonwealth citizen - Registered electorate in the area you wish to run OR owner of land in the local area for at least 12 months prior *Disqualifications* - Employed by the local authority - Politically restrictive post - people who are subject of a bankruptcy restriction order - People who have been sentenced to a term in prison of three months or more in the last 5 years - People who have been disqualified prior **General Elections** - Must be at least 18 Year old - Either a British citizen or commonwealth citizen from eligible nation *Disqualified* - Civil servants - member of police forces - member of the armed forces - government nominated directors of commercial companies - judges - member of the legislature of any country outside of the commonwealth - pears who sit and can vote in the lords - bishops of the church of England

Answer 27

**Voter Turnout** - Voter turnout relates to the percentage of people who did vote out of the people who could have voted People have many reasons for not voting with an increase in voter apathy on the idea of voting **Type of election and percentage** General election - 67.3% EU Parliamentary - 36.9% Local Election - 35% Northern Ireland Assembly - 64% EU Referendum - 72% Scottish Parliament - 55.6% Welsh Assembly - 45.5% Mayor of London - 45.3% Scottish Independence referendum - 84.6% Police and Crime commissioner - 15% Voter turnout is increased by allowing weekend voting, changing poling hours, opening new poling locations, allowing time of work to vote.

Answer 28

**Nature of first past the post system** - The Uk is a representative democracy - Approximately every five years the electorate votes and elects a new parliament - Parliament comprises of 650 MPs **A constituency** - Every MP represents a constituency - A constituency is a geographical area made up of between 70,000 and 77,000 electorates - Each has one MP from which the first past the post system is used to select **Date of Election** - By tradition elections are held on Thursdays - In 2022 the fixed term Parliaments Act of 2012 was abolished so that a Prime Minister can select the date of the General election but most be within five years of the prior general election - Alternatively, if a government loses a vote of no confidence a new general election must take place **A by-election** - When an MP dies, resigns or is a recall position. The seat is never left vacant until the next election instead a By election is called.

Answer 29

Power is separated in the Uk into different sections, the judiciary, monarchy, legislative and the executive. **Executive** - Branch of government made up of the prime minister and other ministers, senior civil servants and policy advisors. - Drafts and then in the case of the civil services implements the policy after it has been agreed by the legislature. **Legislature** - The legislature is the body that makes the laws. - In the Uk it is parliament sitting in Westminster. Made up of the house of commons and the House of Lords **Judiciary** - Comprises the judges involved in the legal process - Decisions made by government ministers and parliament can be challenged in court - often legislation is not clearly worded so judges make determination regarding its meanings. - If the government does not like the interpretation of a law by judges it can draft new laws or regulations to achieve what was originally intended **Monarch** - Monarch is a traditional form of government whereby power is passed down through the family line - The Uk has a constituent monarchy - Most of the powers that belonged to the monarch have been transferred to the government - All citizens of the UK are subjects of the Monarch - The role of the Monarchy today is largely ceremonial

Answer 30

**Political Ideologies** - Ideologies refers to a system of ideas and ideals. Each party has separate beliefs or understandings of a ideal society - Political Parties usually refer to themselves on the Political Spectrum. **Left** - Communist extreme example of far left - Believes in everyone having the same chances and supporting everyone no matter the situation they find themselves in - Wishes to tax the rich and give to the poor **Right** - Believes in the concept of supporting yourself and working for what you get in life - Extreme example being fascism - Believes you must work for it and shouldn't be given handouts

Answer 31

**How it works** - Parliament works by holding the government to account for its actions in several ways. **Debates** - MPs and lords can debate government policy, current issues and protentional issues of new laws - At the end of a debate a vote is held - The speaker can grant permission for emergency debates on topical issues **PMQs** - Every Wednesday at noon the prime minister answers questions from minister for 30 minutes - The leader of the opposition can ask six questions the leader of the next largest gets two - Once the leaders of the two main parties have been questioned it turns to the backbench MPs time to ask **Work of Committees** - Committees can be formed from either, House or as joint committees - There are a minimum of 11 members of a committee - A committee can raise questions with the government and can investigate government departments

Answer 32

**Role** - Member of parliament are elected members who are to represent their constituency's and issues that are relevant to their area. - MPs divide their time between working to parliament in their consitiuence and working for their party. - Some MPs hold ministerial posts or shadow ministerial positions with specific responsibilities which take up a lot of their time. **MPs Salaries** - MPs claim 84,114 Pounds per year and can claim living expenses as we as office costs

Answer 33

**Absolute Monarchy** A traditionally form of government which holds the power of a nation in one family, such as the Tsar era in Russia. Modern day examples include the likes of Saudi Arabia, Oman and Qatar. **Dictatorship** - A system of politics where one person runs the country could also be a group, There is an expected 50 nations which hold a dictatorship - Examples: Belarus, Cuba and Laos **Ollgrachy** A system whereby the control of the state and the economy is by a small group of well placed extremely wealthy individuals such as in Russia. The rich control the flow of the Nation and do not base it on fair elections **One party state** When the system allows only one political party to hold power within the Nation such as the circumstances currently in china which have legislation to force elections however in them elections they all lead to one party. **Theocracy** When a nation basis its leadership of a religious ideology such as Iran or Vatican

Answer 34

**Elections to the EU Parliament ** - In 2016 a referendum resulted in the Uk wanting to leave the EU - From 1979 to 2019 the voters of the UK took part in EU elections - Elections are held every 5 years - The next EU elections are in 2029 - Member countries often use a proportional voting system to elect members of the EU parliament. this system ensures a range are understood and accepted - Sits in a horseshoe design by party group like many continental parliaments - Sit in transnational groups with similar interests on policies - made up of 751 members

Answer 35

**Absolute Monarchy** - Traditional form of government where power is in one family is in charge of the full nation. This is like nations like Saudi Arabi and Qatar. **Dictatorship** - A system of government where the nation is ruled by one person or one group. There is roughly 50 dictatorships in the world as of 2020. For example nations like Cuba and Belarus **Oligarchy** - A system where the extremely wealthy are in charge of the nation such as in Russia where the president is surrounded by extremely rich individuals **One Party State** - A system where one party is the option for the people to choose, such as in China and Cuba where one political party is in charge **Theocracy** - Where a nation bases its rule of religion such as in Iran and in Vatican where religion is the main leader of the Country

Answer 36

**Liberal Democracy** - The citizen is seen as being at the heart of pollical power - The citizen through their vote provides legitimacy to those who win an election **Representative democracy** - People vote for their elective representatives such as MPs to represent their interests - It is seen as a duty of a citizens in a democracy to take part in the political process to ensure that their voice is heard. - By registering to vote and voting at local and national elections and referendums, a citizens is conferring their legitimacy on our democracy **Citizens Involvement** - They can join a political Party or a pressure group to campaign to influence decision makers and bring about change. - Citizens can lobby their representatives to ensure that they are aware of their views - If a citizen feels strongly enough about an issue, they can stand for election themselves.

Answer 37

**Digital Democracy** - refers to voter engagement and political participation using digital sources such as social media and websites. **Impacts on citizens** - People are increasingly turning to digital technology to engage in campaigning about political issues - The government encourages participation through there petitions page - Once an e-petitions is accepted, British citizens and Uk residents can sign it - If 100,000 signatures are signed a committee of MPs will decide weather it should be debated - Usage of social media and websites to hold people to account is crucial

Answer 38

**Digital Opportunities** - Smartphones could be used to vote in elections - Government ministers could hold public question time via social media - Public views on issues of the day could be initiated through online referendums Changes would give more people power to the individual citizens which could ultimately undermine the power of the elected politicians Ideas of corruption and power plays could arise if certain business were favored

Answer 39

**Actions to bring change** - There are a variety of ways in which citizens can hold those in power to account for their actions - Voting - Joining Interest groups or political parties - Standing for elections - Campaigning - Advocacy - lobbying - Petitions - Joining a demonstration - Volunteering

Answer 40

**Interest group ** - An interest group is one that has a specific interest and only works towards or promotes its own interests. - They seek to influence policy makers through direct meetings or publication reports - Individuals can work with others to bring about change either locally or nationally on a global basis - Other ways can be standing for public office or standing for leaders of chairs and local councils.

Answer 41

**Standing for Election** - You can stand as your local MP, If elected you will be an elected member of government so will be able to voice yours and the opinions of your consitiuence **Campaigning** - The UK youth parliament is a good example of a body that encourages campaigning by younger people - Members of the Youth Parliament aged 11-18 take part in an annual debate in the house of commons, - Debate 5 issues, decide 2 of them with the role as being priority of the Youth Parliament **Advocacy** - An example of someone who supports this is the advocacy project - It aims to help people who are marginalized or vulnerable because of their circumstances to make their won choices about their lives **Lobbying** - Emails, letters or transcripts sent to MPs they intend on making a pattern on keeping problems relevant **Petitions** **Joining a demonstration** **Volunteering**

Answer 42

**Public institutions** - The quality and human rights commission is a government funded quango which was established by law. - Propose two main features - Human rights - Equality and diversity **Public Services** - An ombudsman is an official who is appointed to look into complaints about companies and public services - monitor the treatment of the public services ensuring that they are running it fairly and equally for all users. **Pressure groups** - Pressure groups include the likes of Amnesty international - Aim to put pressure on people in power or positions of power **Trade Unions** - Protect the rights of there members in the workplace at all times - Make sure that there employees have fair and proper treatment

Citzenship Flashcards

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