History IGCSE Flashcards
(818 cards)
1
Q
Who was Woodrow Wilson
A
President of the USA from 1912
2
Q
What was Woodrow Wilson’s character
A
He was an idealist and a reformer -> along with being obstinate, meaning once he made up his mind, it was hard to shift him
3
Q
What were Wilson’s ideas for peace?
A
-Don’t be too harsh on Germany (don’t want them to harbour resentment and extremist groups to exploit this)
-Strengthen democracy in defeated countries (if leaders listen to their people and win their votes, the people wouldn’t let them start a war)
-Give self-determination to small countries once part of European empires
-International cooperation (nations should cooperate to achieve world peace)
4
Q
When were Wilson’s fourteen points?
A
1918
5
Q
What were 3 of Wilson’s fourteen points?
A
Any 3 from :
No secret treaties, free access to the seas, free trade, all countries work towards disarmament, colonies have say in own future, German troops leave Russia, Independence for Belgium, France to regain Alsace-Lorraine, Frontier between Austria and Italy to be adjusted, Self-determination for peoples of Eastern Europe, Serbia to have access to sea, Self-determination for people in Turkish Empire, Poland to become independent state with access to sea, League of Nations to be set up
6
Q
When was the Paris Peace conference?
A
1919-1920, Palace of Versailles lasted 12 months
7
Q
What happened in the Paris peace conference?
A
5 treaties drawn up (LoN, and others dealing with Germany’s allies) by Big Three
8
Q
Who was David Lloyd George?
A
Prime Minister of Britain
9
Q
What was Lloyd George’s character?
A
A realist, an experienced politician
10
Q
Lloyd George’s opinions on peace
A
Didn’t want Germany punished too harshly (wanted UK and Germany trading again, before war were 2nd largest trading partner), he wanted Germany to lose navy and colonies (threatened British empire)
11
Q
Who was Georges Clemenceau?
A
Prime minister of France
12
Q
What was Clemenceau’s character?
A
Hard, tough politician, reputation for being uncompromising, had seen France invaded by Germany 1870 and 1914, determined to never allow such devastation again
13
Q
What did Lloyd Georoge say to win the 1918 election?
A
‘make Germany pay’
14
Q
When and wat was the Brest Litovsk treaty?
A
March 3, 1918, imposed after Germany invaded Russia, stripped Russia of 25% of its population, singed between Bolshevik Russia and Central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire, Bulgaria)
15
Q
How many British casualties in war?
A
over 1 million casualties in fighting
16
Q
Clemenceau’s views on peace
A
he saw the Treaty ads an opportunity to cripple Germany so they couldn’t attack France again
17
Q
What did the French President want for Germany?
A
to be broken down into collection of smaller states
18
Q
What proportion of the men who served in the French army had been killed or wounded?
A
over two-thirds, 1.4 million military deaths and 4.2 million wounded
19
Q
Why did Clemenceau and Wilson disagree?
A
USA not suffered as bad as France in war, disagreed about what to do with Rhineland and coalfields in Saarland
20
Q
Why did Clemenceau and Lloyd George disagree?
A
Clemenceau felt UK happy to treat Germany fairly in Europe where France, where France most at threat
21
Q
Why did Wilson and Lloyd George disagree?
A
Lloyd George unhappy with 2nd point of Wilson’s 14 points, free access to seas, threat to the British empire
22
Q
Terms of Treaty of Versailles
A
War Guilt, Reparations, German territories and colonies, German armed forces, League of Nations
23
Q
War Guilt (ToV)
A
Article 231, Germany had to accept blame for starting war
24
Q
Reparations(ToV)
A
figure agreed at £6,600 million annually in 1921, France receive coal from Saarland for 15 years, 132 billion gold marks
25
German territories and Colonies(ToV)
Forbade Anschluss with Austria, Germany's borders decided and territory given out, overseas empire taken away and former German colonies became mandates ruled by LoN. Lost 13% of terriotry and 10% of population (6.5-7 million)
26
German armed forces (ToV)
army limited to 100,000 men, conscription banned, Not allowed armoured vehicles + submarines + aircraft, navy only 6 battleships, 30 ships, and 15,000 sailors, Rhineland demilitarized
27
Where did Alsace-Lorraine go following ToV?
France
28
Where did North Schleswig go following ToV?
Denmark after plebiscite
29
Where did Upper Silesia and West Prussia and Posen go after ToV?
Poland
30
What became of Danzig following ToV?
run by LoN, to give Poland a sea port
31
What happened to Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia following ToV?
independent states, after Germany had taken these from Russia 1918
32
League of Nations (ToV)
LoN set up as international 'police force', Germany not invited to join League until shown it was a peace-loving country
33
German reaction to ToV
new government refused to sign the ToV, German navy sunk its own ships in protest, Ebert agreed to accept Treaty signed on 28 June 1919
34
German criticism of War guilt and reparations
Germans hadn't felt they started the war, bitter that Germany expected to pay for all damage when Germany economy weakened
35
German losses from ToV
10% land in Europe, all overseas colonies, 12.5% population, 16% coalfields + almost half iron and steel industry
36
German criticism of non-representation in ToV
forced to sign contract without choice or comment "diktat"
37
German criticisms of 14 points and LoN
German-speaking people being separated to form new countries, no one else disarming
38
Kapp putsch
March 1920, Wolfgang Kapp led freikorps to overthrow Ebert and install nationalist Government
39
How was the Kapp Putsch stopped?
berlin Workers called a general strike, paralysing power and transport
40
When was Walter Rathenau (foreign minister from Feb 1922) murdered by extremists?
Summer 1922
41
how did the Ruhr crisis begin?
1921 first installment of $50 millin paid, 1922 nothing paid, 1923 French and Belgian soldiers legally (by ToV) entered Ruhr region to take what owed in raw materials
42
Impact of Ruhr crisis
German government ordered workers to go on strike so French couldn't take anything, they killed over 100 workers and expelled over 100,000 protestors from region, Germany have no goods to trade
43
How did Hyperinflation begin?
Government printed extra money to deal with debts, money now virtually worthless
44
Negative Impacts of Hyperinflation
Price of goods change from beginning to end of queue, wages paid daily instead of weekly, pensioners left penniless, middle class family savings 1921 buys house, 1923 can't buy a loaf of bread, 200 million marks
45
Positive impacts of hyperinflation
Government and big industrialists able to pay off huge debts in worthless marks
46
What were Hitler's plans set out in Mein Kampf?
Abolish the Treaty of Versailles (hated ppl who signed it, called them 'November Criminals, constant reminder of defeat to Germans), Expand German territory (Reunite Germans, lebensraum for Germans, take back land lost in ToV), defeat communism (he believed Bolsheviks responsible for defeat of Germany, might take over)
47
What factors could have lead to war other than Hitler?
the worldwide economic depression, weakness of post-war treaties and the actions of leading powers (Br, Fr, USA and USSR)
48
Why Did Hitler rearm Germany after becoming chancellor 1933?
reduce unemployment, delivers on promise to make Germany strong again and challenge terms of ToV
49
When did Hitler stage a military rally, celebrating armed forces and reintroducing conscription?
1935
50
Impact of Germany rearming
boosted Nazi support
51
Britain view on Germany rearming
Sympathy with limits placed on Germany's armed forces, too tight, not enough to defend from attack, Germany good buffer against communism
52
How many aircraft were there in Germany 1939?
8,250 compared to 36 in 1932
53
What was the increase in Warships in Germany 1932-39?
30-95
54
What was the German army increased to in 1939?
950000
55
When was a plebiscite held in the Saar?
1935 (By League)
56
Why was Hitler worried about the Saar plebiscite?
many of his opponents fled to the Saar
57
What was the result of the Saar plebiscite?
90% voted to return to German rule
58
How was the Saar Plebiscite achieved by Germany?
Joseph Goebbels mounted a massive campaign to persuade the people of the Saar to vote for the Reich
59
When did Hitler move troops into the Rhineland?
Mar-36
60
Why did Hitler march troops into the Rhineland?
The treaty between Fr and Br allowed Hitler to claim Germany was under threat, and in face of threat he should be allowed to place troops on own frontier + he knew many In Br felt he had a right to station troops in Rhineland, felt confident Br won't intervene
61
How many troops did Hitler order to march into the Rhineland?
20000
62
What orders did the generals give to soldiers? (Rhineland Marching)
To retreat if there was any resistance from the French
63
Could France have stopped the Rhineland marching of troops?
Yes, Germany's army no match for France's army, as it lacked essential equipment and air support
64
Why did no one intervene in Hitler marching troops into the Rhineland?
League preoccupied with Abyssinian crisis, League condemned Hitler's actions, France refused to act without British support
65
Who was the Spanish Civil war between?
Supporters of the Republican Government (republicans) and Right wing nationalists under General Franco
66
When was the Spanish Civil War?
1936
67
What was USSR's involvement in Spanish Civil War?
supported Republican Gov (weapons, aircraft and pilots)
68
Who else supported the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War?
Thousands of volunteers from 50 countries joined International Brigades, France provided weapons
69
Who supported General Franco in the the Spanish Civil War?
Hitler and Mussolini, because Franco shared their world view
70
How did Mussolini support General Franco?
sent thousands of troops (officially volunteers)
71
How did Hitler support General Franco?
sent aircraft and pilots taking part in civilian bombings
72
What did Hitler see the Spanish Civil War as an opportunity for?
Trying out his new Luftwaffe, and developing Blitzkrieg tactics
73
Did Hitler and Mussolini promise to not intervene in the Spanish Civil War?
yes
74
What consequences for peace did the Spanish Civil War have?
strengthened bond between Hitler and Mussolini, Hitler believe Br and Fr not intervene against him , USSR suspicious of Br and Fr not opposing Fascism
75
When did Japan take the next big step in invading China?
1937, lead by general Tojo who, backed by industrialists and big buisinesess, persued imperialist/expansionist foreign policy
76
When and what was the Anti-Comintern pact?
1936, Germany and Japan signed it, to oppose communism, later Italy joined in 1937, called the Rome-Berlin axis alliance
77
What was the Comintern
USSR's organisation for spreading communism to other countries
78
Why did Hitler want to reunite with Austria (Anschluss)?
Successes of 1936 and 1937, he believed the two nations belonged together, many in Austria supported Anschluss
79
How did Hitler achieve Anschluss in 1938?
strong Nazi party in Austria - Hitler encouraged them to stir up trouble with Gov, demanding union with Germany, Hitler told Schuschnigg that the only way to solve these problems was Anschluss
80
How did Schuschnigg respond to Hitler's demand of Anschluss?
He appealed to Britain and France but failed to provide any support, so he held a plebiscite in Austria
81
How did Hitler guarantee majority voting for Anschluss in 1938?
March 1938 he sent troops into Austria to keep a watchful eye on Austrian voters
82
What was the result of the Austrian plebiscite (Anschluss)?
99.75% voted for Anschluss
83
What benefit did Austria have to Hitler?
Austria's soldiers, weapons and deposits of gold and iron ore were added to German industry and army
84
What was Chamberlain's response to Anschluss in 1938?
increased rearmament spending, made plans for compulsory military service, preparation of air-raid defences
85
Why was Hitler untrustworthy?
After each move he made Hitler said it was all he wanted, but often went back on promises
86
For Appeasement (Fear of communism)
Britain and allis more concern about spread of communism, and dangers to peace posed by Stalin 36-37 great purges/great terror, Hitler = buffer against communism
87
For Appeasement (memories of WW1)
Both Br and Fr leaders vividly remember horrific experience, wanted to avoid war at all costs
88
Against Appeasement (German Arms)
Germany rearming publicly, claiming to catch up to other countries, better armed than France of Britain
89
For Appeasement (British Arms)
British Gov believe armed forces not ready for war against Hitler, only rearm from 1935, Intelligence suggest way behind Germans. 320000 british army, 550000 germany army (reintroduce conscription)
90
For Appeasement (USA)
USA support vital to WW1 success, since 1919 USA isolationist, American leaders determined not to be dragged into another war
91
For Appeasement (British Empire)
Britain not sure they have support of countries in Empire or Commonwealth, prospect of Japan threatening Br interests in Asia
92
For Appeasement (ToV)
Many felt Hitler's demands were not unreasonable, would become peaceful country
93
Against Appeasement (Stopping Hitler)
Hitler took increasing risks, Br and Fr need to stand up before he makes a more dangerous move
94
Against Appeasement (USSR)
Appeasement showed Br and Fr not stand in way of Hitler invading Russia
95
Against Appeasement (Hitler allies)
right-wing dictatorships had got away with acts of aggression
96
For Appeasement (Economic problems)
Br and Fr large debts and huge unemployment as result of depression, couldn't afford war
97
Why did Edvard Benes demand guarantees from Br and Fr to honour commitment to defend him from Hitler?
he realised Czechoslovakia next in Hitler's plan, seemed Br and Fr not prepared to stand up to him
98
Why did Hitler want the Sudetenland?
over 3 million German speakers lived there (he wanted them a part of Greater Germany), If control defences in Sudetenland, invasion of rest of Czechoslovakia easier
99
Who was and what did Konrad Henlein?
leader of Nazis in Sudetenland, demanded area should be part of Germany
100
What did Hitler intend to do in Czechoslovakia?
May 1938, he made it clear he would fight Czechoslovakia if necessary
101
Why was Edvard benes determined to fight?
he knew without Sudetenland and forts, industries, railways, Czechoslovakia defenceless
102
What did Neville Chamberlain do to avert war?
15 September 1938 he flew to meet Hitler
103
How did Hitler respond to Neville Chamberlain in Crisis talks?
he said he was only interested in parts of Sudetenland, only if plebiscite showed Sudeten Germans wanted to join Germany
104
When did French and British leaders put to the Czechs their plan to give Hitler parts of Sudetenland he wanted?
19-Sep-38
105
What were Hitler's increase demands following only wanting parts of Sudetenland?
he wanted all Sudetenland
106
How did Hitler Justify hid demands?
claimed Czech Gov mistreating Germans in Sudetenland
107
When did Hitler intend to rescue mistreated Germans in Sudetenland?
9 October 1938, British navy mobilised
108
When was the Munich Agreement?
29-Sep-38
109
What did the Munich Agreement decide?
they decided to give Hitler what he wanted, Czechoslovakia lose Sudetenland
110
Consequence of Munich Agreement
1 October German troops marched into Sudetenland, Hungary and Poland did same where Poles and Hungarians living
111
What did an opinion poll in September 1938 say in Britain?
British people didn't think Appeasement would stop Hitler
112
What did an opinion poll in October 1938 say in Britain?
93% said they did not believe Hitler when he said he had no more territorial ambitions in Europe
113
When did Germany invade the rest of Czechoslovakia?
15-Mar-39
114
What would happen if Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia wasn't recognised?
Next target would be Poland, and his annexation of Czechoslovakia allows him to invade Poland on 2 fronts
115
How did Britain and France respond to Hitler invading Czechoslovakia?
Britain and France told Hitler that if he invaded Poland, they would declare war on them
116
What was the agreement USSR made with France 1935?
France would help the USSR if Germany invaded
117
Why was the Munich Agreement worrying for USSR?
USSR not consulted, Stalin concluded France and Britain powerless to stop Hitler
118
When did Br, Fr and USSR meet about an alliance?
1939 March, Stalin saw support for Poland as support for potential enemy
119
When and what was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
23 August 1939, Hitler and Stalin agreed not to attack one another, and privately to split Poland between them
120
When did Hitler invade Poland
1 September 1939 invaded Poland from West, little resistance
121
How did Br and Fr respond to Hitler invading Poland?
Demanded he withdraw from Poland or they declare war
122
When did Britain and France declare war on Germany?
03-Sep-39
123
What was the soviet feeling post WW2?
Most Soviet people proud in critical role in defeating Germany, believed their way of life was superior
124
What was the American feeling post WW2?
Most Americans believed passionately that their way of life the best, proud of leading role USA took in defeating Nazism
125
USSR ideology
communist, one party dictatorship, economic superpower but standard of living lower than USA, rights of individuals seen as less important than good of society as whole, people needed to encourage communist revolutions worldwide, many in USSR saw USA's actions as selfishly building empire and political influence, religious oppression, "religion is the opiate of the masses" - Marx
126
USA ideology
capitalist, democratic, world's wealthiest country, being free from Gov more important than equality, people in USA alarmed by communist theory (revolution), "Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution." - Marx. Americans saw policies as doing right thing rather than interests of USA
127
When and what was the Yalta Conference?
February 1945, to decide what happen to Europe after Germany defeat
128
Who were present at the Yalta conference?
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
129
Agreements in Yalta
Stalin agree to enter war against Japan once Ger surrender, agreed Germany split into US, Br, Fr and Soviet zones, United Nations keep peace post war, countries liberated from German army hold free elections, hunt down and punish war criminals responsible for genocide, agreed that Eastern Europe be a soviet sphere of influence
130
Disagreements at Yalta
Stalin wanted USSR border moved west into Poland, Poland move border west into Germany, Churchill didn't approve, Roosevelt persuaded by Churchill provided USSR not interfere in Greece where Br attempting to prevent communists taking over, Stalin accepted
131
When and what was the Potsdam Conference?
July 1945, conference for Allied leaders
132
When did the war end (WW2)?
May-45
133
Changes since Yalta
FDR had died in office; Harry Truman became President (previously vice-President.
Harry Truman was vehemently anti-Communist and adopted a “get tough” attitude to Stalin/USSR.
He was inexperienced and Stalin respected him less than FDR.
Atomic Bomb – Trinity Test (culmination of the Manhattan project) took place on July 16th, 1945.
This gave the USA more power/confidence so were less willing to compromise.
Truman revealed the atomic bomb to Stalin at the conference.
During the conference, a general election takes place and Labour’s Clement Atlee replaces Winston Churchill.
WC was seen as a wartime leader.
Whereas Churchill acted as a respected mediator at Yalta, Atlee struggled to have influence.
The Red Army (outnumbering other allied forces in Europe 3:1) had occupied all of Eastern Europe.
Stalin installed a communist government in Poland.
134
When did President Roosevelt die?
12-Apr-45
135
When did the Americans successfully test an atomic bomb?
16 July 1945, in Trinity Test Site, south of Los Alamos NM, result of Oppenheimer's Manhattan project
136
How many soviets died in WW2?
ESTIMATED 20 MILLION
137
Disagreements at Potsdam
Stalin wanted to incapacitate Germany to protect USSR but Truman didn't want repeat of ToV, Stalin wanted compensation from Germany but Truman didn't want ToV repeat and declined
138
Agreements at Potsdam
Stalin won agreement from Allies to set up pro-soviet governments in Eastern Europe
139
What had Stalin achieved by 1946?
Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania all had communist governments owing loyalty to Stalin
140
What is meant by the Iron Curtain?
Churchill's description of border between soviet controlled countries and West, 1946 Iron Curtain in Fulton USA
141
What and when was Cominform set up?
October 1947, Stalin set up Communist Information Bureau to co-ordinate work of communist parties in Easter Europe
142
Benefits of Cominform to Stalin
Cominform regularly brought leaders of each communist party together to Moscow to be briefed by Stalin and ministers allowing a close eye kept on them
143
How did Stalin use Cominform to his benefit?
He spotted independent-minded leaders and replaced them with people completely loyal to him
144
Who was expelled from Cominform 1948?
Tito in Yugoslavia
145
How did Stalin ensure opposition to communism remained insignificant?
the secret police imprisoned anyone who opposed communist rule
146
How did USSR gain control of Romania?
1945 communist elected PM within left-wing coalition. 1947 Communists abolished Monarchy
147
How did USSR gain control of Hungary?
Communists single largest part 1947 elections, they imprisoned opposition politicians and attacked church leaders
148
How did USSR gain control of Bulgaria?
left-wing coalition won elections 1945, communist members executed leaders of other parties
149
How did USSR gain control of Albania?
Communists gained power immediately after war, little opposition, as war ended strong communist movement had backing of Yugoslavia and USSR
150
How did USSR gain control of Yugoslavia?
Tito led war-time resistance to Nazis, elected President 1945
151
How did USSR gain control of Czechoslovakia?
left-wing coalition won elections 1945, 1946 Communists largest single party in coalition, 1948 their positions threatened and they banned other parties, making it a one-party state
152
How did USSR gain control of East Germany?
run effectively under Red Army control until creation of German Democratic Republic 1949
153
How did USSR gain control of Poland?
After war Communists joined coalition government, became leaders in 1947 when forced non-communist leader into exile
154
How was communism alive in Italy and France?
both countries had strong communist parties belonging to Cominform
155
Did Stalin gain control of Greece?
no, Britain and USA supported royalist side in civil war which defeated communist opposition
156
USA reaction to soviet expansion
Truman saw the spread of communism as a threat
157
Woo were vulnerable to communist takeover to American eyes?
Greece, Czechoslovakia, Italy and France
158
Background to Greece civil war from 1946
Monarchists and communists both want to rule Greece, 1945 Churchill sent troops to restore order and supervise free elections, and brought king back to power, 1946 USSR protested to UN but did nothing so tried to take control of Greece by force
159
When did British troops withdraw from Greece first?
24-Feb-47
160
Why did British troops remain in Greece?
Truman stepped in and paid for some British troops to remain in Greece
161
Result of Greek civil war
1950 royalists in control of Greece
162
Truman doctrine
USA prepared to end money, equipment and advice to any country which was threatened by communist takeover, Truman feared the "domino effect"
163
Policy of containment
Truman accepted E-E now communist, his aim was to stop the further spread of communism
164
Why did Truman set out the Marshall plan?
He believed communism succeeded when people faced poverty and hardship
165
How much did the countries of Europe owe to the USA?
$11.5 billion
166
What did George Marshall find when he assessed the economic state of Europe??i
ruined economy - extreme shortages of all goods, most countries still rationing bread, coal shortage in 1947 that in Britain electricity turned off for a period each day
167
What was the amount agreed in Marshall aid?
$17 billion
168
When did Truman submit his plan of Marshall aid to Congress?
Dec-47
169
What were the actions of Communists in Czechoslovakia in 1948?
Communists took over Government, March 1948 they purged anti-soviet leaders, one pro-American Minister (Jan Masaryk) found dead below window
170
What was the American response to Communists in Czechoslovakia taking over the Government?
Congress immediately approved Marshall plan, made $17 billion available over period of 4 years
171
How could Marshall aid be seen as acting in American self-interest?
USA wanted to create new markets for US goods, remembering Depression, Truman wanted to prevent worldwide slump
172
How could Marshall aid be seen as acting in American self-interest? (2)
Many in US Gov argued AID only given to states embracing democracy and free markets - a gov and economy the US approves of
173
How did Stalin react to the Marshall aid?
suspicious at first, refused to have anything to do with it, forbade any E-E states to apply for MA
174
Why did Stalin forbade E-E states applying for Marshall aid?
anticommunist aims behind Marshall aid would weaken hold on E-E, he felt US trying to dominate as many states as possible by making dependent on dollars; 'dollar imperialism'
175
What did the distrust between the USA and USSR cause in 1948?
propaganda war, two sides increased stocks of weapons
176
Morgenthau plan (overruled)
remove all German industry, make it an agricultural country so it could ever wage a modern war again
177
Why was the Morgenthau plan overruled?
Truman thought Germany would be a good ally, as more concerned about USSR now
178
What was decided would happen to Germany after WW2
After WW2, Germany was split into 4 zones of occupation, and wanted Germany to be democratised, demilitarised, and denazified.
USSR would take reparations payments from Germany.
Polish border moves westwards to Oder-Neisse Line.
Allied Control Council would decide further issues.
179
When did Britain, France and America combine their zones in Germany?
When did the combined zones in Germany become known as West Germany?
1949
1946 (trizonia)
180
Where was Berlin in Germany?
inside Soviet zone, linked to western areas by roads, railways and canals
181
When and what was the Berlin Blockade?
June 1948, Stalin blocked supply lines to Berlin
182
Why did the Berlin Blockade affect America?
Soviets forced the SPD to merge with the KPD to form the Socialist Unity Party (SED).
USA stops shipments of industrial goods from the Ruhr due to the lack of agricultural produce from the Soviet zone.
1st January 1947: The Americans and the British united their zones to form Bizonia.
June 1948: Currency reform was introduced in the Trizone (Deutsche Mark) including West Berlin; the notes are printed in the USA.
August 1948: Trizonia created.
The Soviet Union rejected the currency, creating the Ost Mark, and instigated a land blockade of West Berlin (24th June 1948).
Tensions increase further with both sides increasing armaments stocks and engaging in propaganda war.
It could be argued that Stalin was trying to absorb West Berlin.
If the USA tried to ram the roadblocks it could be seen as an act of war
183
What did Stalin expect after the Berlin Blockade?
Truman announce humiliating withdrawal from Berlin, giving Soviet control of Berlin and Propaganda victory
184
What would happen is US gave into Stalin with Berlin Blockade?
Western Zones next to fall to communist USSR
185
How did Truman respond to the Berlin Blockade?
He order aircraft to fly supplies into Berlin - Berlin Airlift -
186
Result of Berlin Airlift
over next 10 months, West Berlin received all supplies it needed (food, clothing, building materials and oil), no shots fired, at height of the airlift, 3 planes a minute landed in berlin, providing for 2.5 million West-Berliners
187
Stalin response to Berlin airlift
May 1949 Stalin lifted Berlin Blockade
188
Consequences of Berlin Blockade (powerful symbol)
Berlin symbol of Cold War rivalry -> From US view, oasis of democratic freedom in middle of communist repression, from USSR view = cancer growing in worker's paradise of East Germany
189
Consequences of Berlin Blockade (Cold War Flashpoint)
Berlin one of few places where US and Soviet troops faced each other directly, it would be vulnerable if Soviet forces choose to act
190
Consequences of Berlin Blockade (Cold war patterns of thinking and acting)
Suggests there would not be a direct war, instead each side use propaganda to criticise each other, use proxy wars
191
What is a proxy war?
helping any state, group or individual opposed to the other side, no matter what the state, group or individual was like.
192
What and when was NATO formed?
April 1949 (North Atlantic Treat Organisation) - Western powers agreement in height of Cold War tensions, promised to work together
193
Why did Kruschev create the Warsaw Pact?
West Germany allowed to join NATO in 1955
194
What was and when was the Warsaw Pact signed?
1955 - members promised to defend each other if any one of them was attacked
195
Warsaw Pact membership 1955
USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania
196
NATO membership 1955
USA, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, West Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Turkey, UK
197
Background to Korean war
Kora ruled by Japan until 1945, and end of WW2, north half liberated by Soviet troops, southern half liberated by Americans
198
After the war, the North of Korea...
communist controlled, with a communist leader trained in USSR, and soviet-style one party system
199
After the war, the South of Korea...
anticommunist, not very democratic but anticommunism won it the support of the USA
200
Why was reunification of Korea unlikely?
There was bitter hostility between North's leader Kim Il Sung and South's leader Syngman Rhee
201
What did North Korean troops achieve by 1950?
North Korean troops overwhelmed South's forces, by September all except small corner of south-east Korea (Busan) under communist control
202
What was the USA's response to North Korean actions 1950?
Truman immediately sent advisers, supplies and warships to seas around Korea
203
How did Truman appeal to the UN?
Truman put enormous pressure on UN security council to condemn actions of North Koreans and call to withdraw
204
How did the UN commit itself to using members armies to drive North Korean troops out of South Korea?
USSR boycotting UN because communist China not allowed in UN so USSR couldn't veto, USSR not even present at the meeting
205
Under what resolution did the UN commit armies of members to drive North Korean troops out of South Korea?
United Nations Resolution 84
206
How many states provided troops or support of some kind to drive North Korean troops out of South Korea?
18 states
207
What happened in September 1950 in the Korean war?
UN forces stormed ashore Inchon, at same time other UN forces and SK troop advanced from Pusan, NKs driven back beyond original border within weeks
208
What was the original border between North Korea and South Korea called?
the 38th parallel
209
What happened in October 1950 of the Korean War?
Despite warnings from China's leader (Mao Tse-Tung) that if they pressed on, China would join war, UN approved plan to advance into North Korea
210
What had US forces achieved by October 1950? (Korean War)
reached Yalu River and border with China, clear MacArthur wanted bigger prize
211
What happened in November 1950 of the Korean War?
200,000 Chinese troops joined the North Koreans and launched a blistering attack (soldiers strongly committed to communism and taught to hate Americans, modern tanks and planes supplied by USSR) - UN forces pushed back to South Korea
212
Why did the Chinese succeed in 1950-51 of the Korean war?
The harsh winter was more familiar to Chinese troops, as well as the treacherous terrain
213
Why did MacArthur and Truman fall out?
MacArthur wanted to continue the war, ready to invade China and use nuclear weapons. Truman felt saving SK enough, communism contained, risks of starting war that might bring USSR in too great
214
Why was general MacArthur sacked?
March 1951 he blatantly ignored instruction from UN, and openly threatened an attack on China
215
When was General MacArthur sacked?
Apr-51
216
When did peace talks begin in Korea?
Jun-51
217
Why did peace talks begin in June 1951?
There was a stalemate across the 28th parallel
218
When was Truman replaced by Eisenhower?
1952
219
What was the impact of Stalin's death in March 1953?
North Koreans and Chinese less confident
220
When was an armistice signed in Korea?
Jul-53
221
How many North Korean and Chinese solider and civilian deaths were there?
780000
222
How many South Korean civilians died? (Korean War)
500000
223
How many South Korean soldiers died?
70000
224
How many American soldiers died?
30000
225
How many other UN soldiers died? (Korean war)
4500
226
How many people in total were killed as a result of the Korean war?
1.4 million
227
Two methods of containment
building alliances and developing even more powerful weapons
228
Which anticommunist alliances did the USA create around the world?
SEATO in South Asia, CENTO in Central Asia and MIDDLE EAST
229
What did the USA do with anti-Communist alliances?
USA gave advice, money and arms to these allies in return for leaders of those countries suppressing communist influence in own countries
230
How did USSR respond to USA's anticommunist alliances?
Created Warsaw Pact 1955
231
When did the USA develop their first atomic bomb?
1945
232
How many people were killed when USA dropped first bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
August 1945, 70,000 people killed instantly
233
Arms race
Through 1960s USA and USSR nuclear arms race, each side developed bigger more deadly and more flexible weapons, both spending vast amounts of money on new weapons
234
How did the USA and USSR steal technological secrets off of each other?
spying, USA used U2 spy plane
235
Where had USA placed short-range nuclear weapons?
Turkey (CENTO ally)
236
What were ICBMs?
travel continent to continent in half an hour
237
Nuclear Deterrent
by early 1960s both sides developed enough nukes to destroy other side, enemy not dare attack because if so, other strike back and it too would be destroyed - MUTUALLY ASSURED DESTRUCTION
238
How far is Cuba from Florida?
160km
239
How did the USA support Cuba before the revolution?
long been an American ally, Americans owned most of business, huge naval base there, provided Cuban ruler Batista with economic aid and military support
240
Who was General Batista?
US backed dictator, ruler of Cuba, his rule was corrupt and unpopular
241
Why did the Americans support Batista?
he was just as opposed to communism as they were
242
How did Fidel Castro come into power?
1959 he overthrew Batista, quickly killed, arrested or exiled political opponents
243
How did Fidel Castro gain support?
he was charming, clever and ruthless, a clever propagandist and had a vision for a better Cuba, won over majority of Cubans
244
How did USA initially react to Fidel Castro taking over Cuba?
decided to recognise Castro as new leader of Cuba
245
Why did relations between Cuba and the US grow worse after Castro took over?
thousands of Cuban exiles in USA fled from Castro's rule, demanding action against Castro and Castro took over some US-owned business in Cuba, particularly agricultural businesses, he took their land and distributed it to supporters among Cuba's peasant farmer population
246
How did the USA respond to Fidel Castro in Cuba?
June 1960 Eisenhower authorised CIA to investigate ways of overthrowing Castro
247
How did the CIA work to overthrow Castro?
provided support and funds to Cuban exiles, investigated ways to disrupt Cuban economy (damage sugar plantations), American companies in Cuba refused to co-operate with any Cuban business that used materials from USSR, media broadcasted relentless stream of criticism of Castro and his regime
248
How did Castro respond to US hostility?
He assured Americans in Cuba safety, allowed USA to keep its naval base, but wanted to run Cuba without interference
249
When did Cuba ally with USSR?
1960
250
What did Krushchev's trade agreement with Cuba entail?
$100 million in economic aid, Castro receiving arms from USSR
251
When did JFK break off diplomatic relations with Cuba?
Jan-61
252
Who led the Bay of Pigs invasion?
1400 anti-Castro Cuban exiles funded and trained by CIA and supported by US air power
253
When was the Bay of Pigs invasion?
Apr-61
254
What was the Bay of Pigs invasion?
April 1961 exiles landed at Bay of Pigs, invasion failed disastrously, met by 20,000 Cuban troops, armed with tanks and modern weapons, Castro captured or killed all of them within days
255
Why did the Bay of Pigs Invasion fail?
Lack of secrecy so USA couldn't deny involvement, poor links between various US Departments, failure to organise resistance within Cuba, insufficient Spanish-speaking staff
256
Consequences of Bay of Pigs invasion
Soviet arms flooded into Cuba, May 1962 USSR publicly announced supplying arms to Cuba, July 1962 Cuba had best-equipped army in Latin America, By September it had thousands of Soviet missiles, plus patrol boats, tanks, radar vans, missile erectors, jet bombers, jet fighters, 5000 soviet technicians to help maintain weapons
257
When did Kennedy's own intelligence Department said it didn't believe USSR send nuclear weapons to Cuba?
Sep-62
258
What did Kennedy say on 11 September 1962?
he would prevent Cuba becoming offensive military base (base for nuclear missiles), same day USSR assured USA no need to put nuclear missiles on Cuba, and had no intention of doing it
259
When and how were nuclear sited first discovered on Cuba?
Sunday 14 October 1962 an American U2 plane took photos of missile sites in Cuba, being built by USSR
260
What else did U2 American spy planes report in October 1962?
20 soviet ships were currently on their way to Cuba carrying missiles
261
What were the Advantages of responding to the Cuban crisis by doing nothing?
US had vastly greater nuclear power than USSR, so USSR never use these missiles
262
What were the disadvantages of responding to the Cuban crisis by doing nothing?
USSR lied about Cuban missiles, Kennedy already issued solemn warning, to do nothing would be a sing of weakness
263
What were the Advantages of responding to the Cuban crisis with surgical air attack?
destroys missiles before ready to use
264
What were the disadvantages of responding to the Cuban crisis with surgical air attack?
destruction of all sites not guaranteed, one undamaged could launch counter attack, attack kill USSR troops - USSR might retaliate, to attack without warning immoral
265
What were the Advantages of responding to the Cuban crisis with all out invasion by air and sea?
Invasion not only get rid of missiles, but Castro, US forces already trained and available to do it
266
What were the disadvantages of responding to the Cuban crisis with all out invasion by air and sea?
Almost certainly guarantee equivalent Soviet response either to protect Cuba or within Soviet Sphere of Influence (takeover Berlin)
267
What were the Advantages of responding to the Cuban crisis with diplomatic pressure (UN)?
avoids conflict
268
What were the disadvantages of responding to the Cuban crisis with diplomatic pressure (UN)?
if USA forced to back down, sign of weakness
269
What were the Advantages of responding to the Cuban crisis with a blockade?
show US serious, not direct act of war. Puts burden on Krushchev to decide what next, US had strong navy and could still take other options if this not work
270
What were the disadvantages of responding to the Cuban crisis with a blockade?
not solve main problem, missiles already on Cuba, could be used within one week, USSR might retaliate by blocking Berlin as it had done in 1948
271
Tuesday 16 October 1962
Kennedy informed of missile build up, ex comm formed
272
Saturday 20 October 1962
Kennedy decided on blockade of Cuba
273
Monday 22 October 1962
Kennedy announced blockade and called on USSR to withdraw missiles, he addressed American people
274
Tuesday 2 October 1962
Kennedy received letter from Krushchev saying soviet ships wouldn't observe blockade, didn't admit to presence of nuclear missiles on Cuba
275
Wednesday 24 October 1962
Blockade began, first missile-carrying ships, accompanied by Soviet submarine, approached blockade zone, suddenly at 10:32 the 20 soviet ships closest stopped or turned around
276
Thursday 25 October 1962
Despite soviet ships turning around, intensive ariel photography revealed that work on missile bases in Cuba proceeding rapidly
277
Friday 26 October 1962
Kennedy receive long personal letter from Krushchev -claimed missiles on Cuba purely defensive, he said that removal or destruction of missile sites in Cuba possible if blockade lifted and attack guaranteed not to happen on Cuba
278
Saturday 27 October am 1962
Krushchev sent second letter, revising proposals, saying condition for removing missiles in Cuba was USA removal of missiles in Turkey
279
Saturday 27 October pm 1962
American U-2 plane shot down over Cuba, pilot killed, president advised to launch immediate reprisal attack on Cuba, Kennedy delayed attack, ignored second letter, but accepted terms suggested by first, he said that if USSR not withdraw, attack would follow
280
Sunday 28 October 1962
Krushchev replied to Kennedy, USSR dismantling arms and returning them to USSR
281
Why did USSR place nuclear missiles on Cuba?
to bargain with USA (USSR could remove missiles in return for American concessions), To test USA (how strong they really were), To trap USA (wanted to draw them into nuclear war), to close missile gap (less likely USA launch first strike), to defend Cuba (only communist state in Western hemisphere, in America's backyard), to strengthen Krushchev's position in USSR(superiority of USA undermined Krushchev's credibility in USSR)
282
Outcomes of Cuban Missile crisis for Cold War
helped thaw relations between USA and USSR, both seen how brinkmanship nearly ended in nuclear war + clear USSR not match US, clear this was not necessary, soviet nuclear arsenal enough to make threat to USA
283
Changes to US-USSR relations post Cuban Missile Crisis
permanent hot line phone link set up direct from Kremlin to White House, 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed, limited tests of nuclear weapons
284
Outcomes of Cuban Missile Crisis for Castro's Cuba
Castro upset by Krushchev's deal with America, Cuba stayed communist and highly armed and important bade for communist operations in SA and civil war in Angola 1970s, Castro kept control of US companies and economic resources he nationalised during revolution
285
Outcomes of Cuban Missile crisis for Kennedy and USA
Kennedy reputation improved, Kennedy resisted hardliners within own government, he secretly agreed to remove missiles from Turkey (NATO allies unhappy), Kennedy accepted Cuba communist state in America's backyard
286
Outcomes for Cuban Missile Crisis
287
History of Vietnam before Vietnam war
Before WW2, Vietnam (Indochina) rules by France, during war region captured by Japanese where anti-resistance movement (Viet Minh) developed under Ho Chi Minh, after WW2, Viet Minh entered Hanoi in 1945 and declared Vietnam independent
288
How did the French respond to Viet Minh declaring Vietnam independent 1945?
France wanted to rule Vietnam again, 9 years of fighting ensued, with French fighting as south and Viet Minh in North
289
How did the USA respond to Vietnam becoming a communist state and being supported by China since 1949?
it poured $500 million a year into the French war effort
290
When did the French pull out of Vietnam?
1954
291
What was the result of France stepping out of the Vietnam war?
peace conference to be held in Geneva, Vietnam split into North and South until elections decide future
292
How did the USA respond to the notion of elections being held in Vietnam?
the USA in Vietnam 1945 prevented the elections from taking place
293
Why did USA prevent elections happening in Vietnam 1954?
Eisenhower convinced China and USSR wanted to spread communism through Asia - Domino Theory - If Vietnam fell, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma and India could fall
294
When and why did USA help Ngo Dinh Diem set up Republic of South Vietnam?
1955 - because he was bitterly anti-communist
295
Why was Diem's regime very unpopular with the Vietnamese people?
He belonged to landlord class, treating Vietnamese peasants with contempt + he was a Christian and showed little respect for Buddhist religion of most peasants + oppressed Buddhism -> Thích Quảng Đức was a Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhist monk who died by self-immolation at a busy Saigon road intersection on 11 June 1963. Quảng Đức was protesting the persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese government of Ngô Đình Diệm, a staunch Catholic.
296
How did USA support Diem's regime>
$1.6 billion in 1950s
297
When was Diem overthrown by his own government?
Nov-63
298
When was the communist-led National Front for Liberation of South Vietnam set up?
Dec-60
299
What is the communist-led National Front for Liberation of South Vietnam better known as?
Viet Cong
300
Who were involved in the Viet Cong?
included South Vietnamese opponents of Government, large numbers of communist North Vietnamese taking orders from Ho Chi Minh
301
What happened to peasants who did not support the Viet Cong
they faced intimidation and violence from them
302
How did Viet Cong start a war against the South Vietnamese Government?
started Guerilla war, using Ho Chi Minh trail to send reinforcements and ferry supplies to fighters
303
What were the actions of Viet Cong soldiers?
they attack South Vietnamese Government forces, officials and buildings, American air force and supply bases
304
How did South Vietnamese Gov respond to Viet Cong?
Hamlet Programme (1962)
305
What was the Hamlet programme?
moving peasant villages from Viet Cong controlled areas to SV controlled areas, US supplied build materials, money, food and equipment for villagers to build improved farms and houses
306
Why did the Hamlet programme fail?
peasants resented it, corrupt village officials pocketed the money instead
307
What was the US's action in Vietnam 1962?
Kennedy sent military personnel to help SV army
308
When was Kennedy assasinated?
1963
309
Who replaced Kennedy?
Lyndon Johnson
310
How was LBJ different to Kennedy?
much more prepared to commit USA to full-scale conflict in Vietnam to prevent spread of communism
311
What happened in August 1964 (Vietnam)?
North Vietnamese patrol boats open fire on US ships in Gulf of Tonkin
312
How did the USA react to the attack on the Gulf of Tonkin?
LBJ passed the Tonkin Gulf resolution
313
What was the Tonkin Gulf resolution?
allowed president to take all necessary measures to prevent further aggression and achieve peace and security
314
When and what was Operation Rolling Thunder?
February 1965 - gigantic bombing campaign against NV cities, factories, army bases and Ho Chi Minh trail,
315
How long did Operation Rolling thunder go on for?
3 years
316
What happened on 8 March 1965 (Vietnam)?
3500 US marines , combat troops arrived at Da Nang
317
What was the 'military industrial complex' that Eisenhower warned of in 1961?
Gov give huge budgets to military commanders, spent on weapons made by some of Us biggest companies, thus both armed forces and business gained from conflict
318
How many soldiers did Viet Cong have un early 1965?
170000
319
What happened in November 1965 in the La Dreng Valley?
US forces killed 2,000 Viet Cong for loss of 300 troops
320
What is Guerilla warfare?
avoiding big battles and using hit-and-run raids, no uniform, no known base camp or headquarters, worked in small groups aimed to wear down enemy soldiers and wreck their morale
321
How did the Viet Cong use guerilla warfare?
US soldiers constant fear of ambushes or booby traps
322
What percent of US casualties in Vietnam were due to booby traps?
11
323
What percent of US casualties were due to ambushes or hand to hand combat?
51
324
Why did the Viet Cong favour close-quarter hand-to-hand combat?
US wouldn't use air power for fear of hitting own troops
325
How did the Viet Cong interact with peasants?
courteous and respectful, helped in fields during busy periods, but prepared to kill peasants who opposed them or co-operated with enemy, and conducted campaign of terror against police, tax collectors, teachers and any other employee of South Vietnamese Government
326
How many civilians did Viet Cong kill 1966 to 1971?
27000
327
How did Viet Cong soldiers get supplies from NV?
Ho Chi Minh trail, 40,000 Vietnamese workers worked to keep it open whatever the cost
328
How many Viet Cong and North Vietnamese dies during war?
1 million
329
What was the greatest strength of the Viet Cong?
they refused to give in
330
What was the US main tactic during Vietnam?
bombing
331
For how long did USA bomb Vietnam and where?
1965-72 - military, industrial and civilian targets in NV, Ho Chi Minh trail, Vietnam's neighbours Laos and Cambodia
332
How did Bombing succeed in Vietnam?
damaged NV war effort, disrupted supply routes - 1970 to 1972 bombing forced NV to negotiate for peace
333
How did bombing fail in Vietnam?
Even after major air raids in 1972, communists still able to launch major assault on South, civilian casualties turned Vietnamese people against Americans
334
Who developed and what was Search and Destroy?
US Commander General Westmoreland - helicopters full of troops descends on village and search out and destroy any Viet Cong forces they found, soldiers had to send back body counts
335
Problems with Search and Destroy
Raids often based on inadequate info, inexperienced US troops walk into traps, innocent villages mistaken for Viet Cong strongholds (for every VC weapon captured, body count of six), made US and South Vietnamese forces very unpopular among peasants, push them to Viet Cong supporting
336
How did USA use Chemical weapons in Vietnam?
Agent Orange -> highly toxic weedkiller sprayed from planes to destroy jungle where Viet Cong hid, Napalm -> destroyed jungles and burned through skin to the bone
337
How many litres of Agent orange did the USA use?
82 million
338
Why was conscription introduced in Vietnam?
morale was good, soldiers performed well, but as war intensified, more troops were needed
339
What was the consequences of Conscription from 1967?
Many soldiers young men never in army before, average age 19, conscripts knew little about Vietnam and cared little about Democracy or communism contrast to Viet Cong fighting for their country, morale among conscripts low, which tackled by Generals introducing one-year term of service, backfired because experienced soldiers went home as soon as gained experience
340
What was the official US view of the war (Vietnam) 1965-1967 and why?
going reasonably well, US and SV forces killing large no Viet Cong
341
What was the Tet offensive?
During Vietnamese new year holiday 30th January 1968, Viet Cong fighters attacked over 100 cities, about 4,500 Viet Cong fighters tied down a much larger US and SV force in Saigon for 2 days
342
How as the Tet offensive a disaster for communists?
they hoped people of SV ride up and join them, they didn't, Viet Cong lost around 10,000 experienced fighters
343
How was the Tet offensive a turning point in the War?
raised hard questions about USA in the War, there were nearly 500,000 US troops in Vietnam, $20 billion a year on the war so how did communists win? Many civilians killed, ancient city of Hue destroyed, was this right?
344
What was the media reaction to the Tet offensive?
media coverage up until tet positive, 1967 difficult questions being asked, CBS journalist Walter Cronkite commented on the war "what the hell is going on" and Don Oberdofer of the Washington Post later commented too
345
Why did the Vietnam war cause a strong anti-war feeling?
the war was draining money better spent in USA on losing war, draft exposed racial inequality in USA (30% A-A drafted compared to only 19% white + 22% US casualties black Americans even though only 11% of workforce) - Muhammad Ali refused to join army and passport removed and world title revoked , increasing no Americans felt deeply uncomfortable about what going on in Vietnam + civil rights movement
346
How was the Vietnam war a media war?
thousands of TV, radio and newspaper reporters, and vast army of photographers sent back to USA and Europe pictures of fighting, with crying children being burnt by napalm, prisoners being executed or tortured - being very shocking to the average American
347
What did Vietnam become a symbol of rather than of a US crusade against communism?
defeat, confusion and moral corruption
348
What protests occured due to the civil unrest with the Vietnam war?
in first half of 1968, over 100 demonstrations against Vietnam war involving 40,000 students -> includes burning of USA flag (criminal offence in USA) + November 1969, almost 700,000 antiwar protestors demonstrated in Washington D.C., largest political protest in American history + "Hey LBJ; how many kids did you kill today"
349
When and what was the My Lai massacre?
March 16th 1968 Charlie company started Search and Destroy mission on basis they were told there was a Viet Cong headquarters, and 200 Viet Cong guerillas, most under the impression to kill everyone they found in the village, in next 4 hours of morning they killed 300-400 civilians, mostly women, children and old men, no Viet Cong found, only 3 weapons recovered
350
What was the aftermath of the My Lai Massacre?
William Calley, officer in Charlie Company charged in September 1969 with murdering 109 people due to Life magazine's photograph publishing, however after a long court case he was found guilty of murder of 22 civilians, August 1971 he was sentenced to 20 years hard labour and released November 1974
351
What was Johnson's reaction to the Tet offensive?
he concluded war couldn't be won militarily, reduced bombing campaign against NV and instructed officials to begin negotiating for peace, announced not seeking re-election as president
352
Who took over from LBJ in November 1968?
Richard Nixon ("peace with honour")
353
What was Nixon's role in ending the Vietnam war?
1969-1973 he worked with Henry Kissinger to end US involvement in Vietnam
354
How did Nixon work to end US involvement in Vietnam?
Improved relations with USSR and China (1969 they fell out), Vietnamisation of war effort (handing over responsibility for war to SV forces, withdrawing US troops), Peace negotiations with NV (from 1969 Kissinger met with Le Duc Tho), Increased bombing (to show he wasn't weak, US and SV forces invaded Viet Cong bases in Cambodia)
355
How many US troops left Vietnam from April 1969-1971?
400000
356
When did US involvement end in Vietnam?
Paris January 1973 all parties signed a peace agreement
357
When did the last US forces leave Vietnam?
29-Mar-73
358
Consequence of USA lack of support in Vietnam
1975 South Vietnam fallen to the communists
359
How was Vietnam a failure for containment
Failed militarily, failed strategically (heavy bombing of Laos and Cambodia helped communist forces in those countries win support - 1975 both Laos and Cambodia had communist governments), propaganda disaster (atrocities committed by US soldiers and use of chemical weapons damaged US reputation)
360
What was Cominform?
Communist information bureau, set up by Stalin 1947, to co-ordinate various communist governments in E-E, ran meetings and sent out instructions to communist governments about what the USSR wanted them to do
361
What was Comecon?
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, set up 1949 to co-ordinate industries and trade of E-E countries, members traded mostly with one another rather than West, favoured USSR far more than any other member, it set up bank for socialist countries in 1964
362
example of Comecon favouring USSR over any other country
Poland forced to sell coal to USSR at a tenth of the price it could have had on the open market
363
Impact of USSR control over Europe on ordinary people - freedom
Countries with long tradition of free speech and democratic lost right to criticise Government, newspapers censored, non-communists put in prison for criticising Gov, people forbidden travel, protests like East German ones 1953, crushed by security forces
364
Impact of USSR control over Europe on ordinary people - Wealth
1945-54 E-E economies recover, soon wages fell behind compared to other countries, people short of coal to heat houses, clothing and shoes very expensive
365
Impact of USSR control over Europe on ordinary people - Consumer goods
consumer goods like radios, electric kettles or televisions unavailable (common in West), economies in EE geared towards helping USSR, factories produced items such as machinery or electric cables, not what ordinary people wanted
366
When did Stalin die?
1953
367
Who became the leader of USSR after Stalin? and When?
Nikita Krushchev - 1955
368
How was Krushchev different from Stalin?
he talked of peaceful co-existence with West, improving lives of ordinary citizens, closed down Cominform releasing thousands of political prisoners, denounced Stalin in 1956 speech for his harsh rule
369
Consequences of new approach from soviet leader Krushchev
Summer 1956 large demonstrations in Poland demanded reforms and appointment of Polish war-time resistance leader Wladyslaw Gomulka
370
What was the USSR response to Poland demanding the war-time resistance leader as the new Polish leader?
no violent clashes between protestors and Polish police, Krushchev compromised and accepted Gomulka as new Polish leader, moved Soviet tanks and troops to Polish border to ensure that his compromises only went so far
371
Who led Hungary 1949-1956?
Matyas Rakosi
372
Why were Hungarians unhappy?
hated restrictions imposed on them, most felt bitter about losing freedom of speech, lived in fear of secret police, resented presence of thousands of soviet troops and officials in their country Hungarians had to pay for Soviet forces to be in Hungary (even Russian street signs, schools and shops)
373
What happened in June 1956 in Hungary?
a group in the communist party in opposed Rakosi, he appealed to Krushchev or help, wanting to arrest 400 leading opponents, Moscow would not back him and Krushchev ordered Rakosi to be retired for 'health reasons'
374
How did Hungarians demonstrate their discontent to their new leader Erno Gero?
1956 23 October a giant stature of Stalin in Budapest pulled down
375
How did USSR react to the Hungarian discontent with Erno Gero?
they allowed new government to be formed under well respected Imre-Nagy, October Soviet troops and tanks began to withdraw
376
How did Hungary begin to reform after Nagy was reinstated?
Hungarians created thousands of local councils to replace Soviet power, several thousand Hungarian soldiers defected from army to rebel cause, taking weapons with them
377
What kind of plans were Nagy's government making after being introduced?
holding free elections, create impartial courts, retore farmland to private ownership, wanted total withdrawal of Soviet army from Hungary, planned to leave Warsaw pact and declare Hungary neutral among Cold war between East and West, widespread optimism that Eisenhower would support independent Hungary with armed troops
378
How did USSR respond to Nagy's government plans?
He couldn't let Hungary leave Warsaw pact, November 1956 thousands soviet troops and tanks moved into Budapest, two weeks of bitter fighting ensued 30,000 Hungarians killed and 200,000 fled across Aus border to escape communists,
379
How did Western powers react to USSR's invasion of Hungary?
protested to USSR, sent no help (too preoccupied with Suez crisis in Middle East)
380
What was the Outcome of the Hungary crisis?
Janos Kadar leader of Hungary appointed by Kurshchev, who took several months to crush all resistance. Around 35,000 anticommunist activists arrested and 300 executed. Kadar cautiously introduced some reforms demanded by Hungarian people, but didn't waver on Warsaw Pact
381
What happened in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s?
1967 Old Stalinist leader replaced by Alexander Dubcek
382
What were the proposed policies of Alexander Dubcek?
socialism with a human face -> less censorship, more freedom of speech and reduction of activities of Secret police, communism didn't need to be as restrictive as it had been before, he had no plans to pull out of Warsaw pact or Comecon
383
What was the Prague spring?
Censorship eased, opponents able to criticise failings of communist rule, expose corruption and ask awkward questions, by summer even more radical ideas emerging of allowing another political party, the Social Democratic Party, to be set up as a rival tot he communist party
384
how did USSR respond to changes in Czechoslovakia?
to intimidate Czechs, Soviet, Polish and East German troops performed public training exercises right on border of Czech, thought about imposing economic sanctions, and in July USSR held summit conference with Czechs, Dubcek agreed to not allow a new Social Democratic Party, but insisted on keeping most of his reforms
385
What happened on 20 August 1968 in relation to Czechoslovakia?
Soviet tanks moved into Czechoslovakia, little violent resistance, Dubcek removed from power
386
Outcomes of Prague spring
unlike Nagy, Dubcek not executed, gradually downgraded (first ambassador to Turkey, then expelled from Communist party altogether)
387
What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?
essentials of communism can be defined as:
-> one-party system
-> remain member of Warsaw pact
388
Why did people want to leave Eastern Europe?
political and economic reasons
389
How was West-controlled Berlin different to East-controlled Berlin?
living standards in East Berlin tolerable compared to prize exhibits of capitalist West Germany - shops full of goods, great freedom, wealth and variety
390
How have the Western powers deliberately made West Berlin better?
poured massive investment into Berlin
391
What were East Germans allowed to do in the 1950s?
travel freely into West Berlin, from where they could travel into West Germany
392
Why was it tempting to leave East Germany?
harsh communist regime with Walter Ulbricht hardline leader, 1000s leaving by late 1950s and never coming back
393
Why was it a problem that people were leaving East Germany to West Germany?
those defecting were often highly skilled workers or highly qualified managers, Gov couldn't afford to lose those people + people leaving communism for capitalism undermines communism
394
How did Krushchev respond to people leaving East Germany?
Krushchev thought he could bully Kennedy, so chose a fight over Berlin, and insisted Kennedy withdraw US troops from Berlin
395
How did Krushchev respond to Kennedy refusing to withdraw US troops from Berlin?
Sunday 13 August 1961, East German soldiers erected a barbed-wire barrier along entire frontier between East and West Berlin, ending free movement from East to West, replaced by concrete wall
396
What was the impact of the Berlin wall being erected?
families divided, Berliners unable to go to work, Border guards had orders to shoot people trying to defect, so hundreds were killed over the next decade
397
What was the one checkpoint open to East and West Germany?
Checkpoint Charlie
398
When was access to East Berlin guaranteed to the Allies?
1945
399
How did US react to the Berlin wall being erected?
October 1961 US diplomats and troops crossed regularly into East Berlin to find out how Soviets react
400
How did USSR react to US sending troops into East Berlin 1961 October?
27 October Soviet tanks pulled up to Checkpoint Charlie and refused any further access to East, US and Soviet tanks fully armed faced each other in stand off, then after 18 hours one by one, the tanks pulled back
401
What happened in 1979 Poland?
worst year for Polish industry since communism had been introduced
402
July 1980 Poland
Government announced increases in price of meat
403
August 1980 Poland
workers at Gdansk shipyard, led Lech Walesa, put forward 21 demands to Government, including free Trade unions and right to strike, also started free trade union called SOLIDARITY
404
30 August 1980 Poland
Government agreed to all 21 of Solidarity's demands
405
September 1980 Poland
Solidarity's membership grew to 3.5 million
406
October 1980 Poland
Solidarity's membership grew to 7 million, officially recognised by government
407
January 1981 Poland
membership of Solidarity reached peak at 9.4 million - more than third of all workers in Poland
408
Reasons for Solidarity's success
#NAME?
409
How many members of the Communist party joined Solidarity?
More than 1 million, 30%
410
How did the West show support for Solidarity?
People in West bought Solidarity badges to show their support, Lech Walesa known in Western media
411
What happened February 1981 Poland?
civilian prime minister resigned, leader of army, General Jaruzelski, took over. Jaruzelski and Walesa negotiated to form Government of national understanding but broke down December, after nine months, Brezhnev ordered Red army to carry out training manoeuvreson Polish border, Jarazelski introduced mArtial Law, put Walesa and almost 10,000 solidarity leaders in prison, suspended Solidarity
412
Reasons for Crushing of Solidarity?
Solidarity acting as political party, Poland sinking into chaos, Solidarity itself tumbling into chaos
413
How was solidarity acting as a political party?
Government declared it had secret tapes of Solidarity meeting setting up new provisional Gov without communist party
414
How was Poland sinking into chaos around Solidarity times?
Rationing introduced April 1981, wages increased by less than inflation, Unemployment rising
415
How was solidarity tumbling into chaos?
Many different factions, some felt only way to make progress was to push communists harder until cracked under pressure, strikes continuing long after Solidarity leadership ordered them to stop
416
Significance of Solidarity 1
Highlighted failure of communism to provide good living standards, undermined communism's claim to be system benefiting ordinary people
417
Significance of Solidarity 2
highlighted inefficiency and corruption
418
Significance of Solidarity 3
Showed there were organisations capable of resisting communist government
419
Significance of Solidarity 4
showed communist government could be threatened by people power
420
When did Gorbachev become leader of the USSR?
1985
421
How was Gorbachev an idealist?
he believed that communist rule should make life better for people of USSR and other states, loyal communist and proud Russian that was offended by goods made in Soviet factories being shoddy, and that living standards in West higher and many Soviet citizens no longer loyal to Government
422
How was Gorbachev a realist?
could see USSR in a terrible state, economy very weak, spending far too much money on arms race, locked into unwinnable war in Afghanistan
423
How was Gorbachev an optimist?
believed that reformed communist system of Government could give people pride and belief in their country, didn't intent to dismantle communism in USSR,, but wanted to radically reform it
424
What were Gorbachev's messages to leaders of the Warsaw pact in March 1985?
'We won't intervene'
'You have to reform'
425
What did Gorbachev mean by 'You have to reform'
countries had to reform themselves, Gorbachev believed communist system could provide better healthcare, education and transport, task in USSR and Eastern Europe to renew communism to match capitalism in areas of public life
426
What was Glasnost?
Gorbachev called for open debate on government policy and honesty in facing up to problems
427
What and when was perestroika?
1987 - allowed market forces to be introduced into Soviet economy, for first time in 60 years not illegal to buy and sell for profit
428
What were Gorbachev's influence on defence spending?
reduces it, nuclear arms race huge drain on Soviet economy so after 50 years on constant war footing, Red Army began to shrink
429
How did Gorbachev improve international relations?
Withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, in speech after speech talked about international trust and ci-operation as way forward for USSR, rather than confrontation
430
When did Ronald Reagan become US president?
Jan-81
431
When was Ronald Reagan US president until?
1988
432
How did Reagan criticise Gorbachev?
he criticised his control over Eastern Europe and increased US military spending
433
What was Reagans approach to the USSR
policy of get tough to the USSR
434
How did Reagans toughness help Gorbachev?
Clear by late 1980s that USSR not compete with US military spending, helped Gorbachev push through military spending cuts
435
How did Reagan's toughness help Gorbachev (2)?
Reagan got on quite well wit Gorbachev, superpower relations improved, USSR felt less threatened by USA, less need for USSR to control Eastern Europe
436
Implications for 'Listen to your people'
As Gorbachev introduced reforms in USSR, demand rose for similar reforms in EE, people sick of poor economic conditions and harsh restrictions imposed
437
Jul-88
Gorbachev made speech to leaders of Warsaw pact countries, planned to withdraw large numbers of troops, tanks and aircraft from EE
438
Mar-89
Gorbachev made it clear that Red Army wouldn't intervene to prop up communist regimes in EE
439
May-89
Hungarians begin dismantling barbed-wire fence between Hungary and Austria
440
Jun-89
Poland free elections held, Solidarity wins almost all seats, EE gets first non-communist leader Lech Walesa
441
Sep-89
Thousands of East Germans on holiday in Hungary and Czechoslovakia refuse to go home, escape through Austria to West Germany
442
Oct-89
enormous demonstrations in East German cities when Gorbachev visits country, he tells Erich Honecker to reform, Honecker orders troops to fire on demonstrators, but they refuse, Gorbachev makes it clear he soviet tanks won't move in to restore order
443
November 1989 (East Germany)
East Germans march in thousands to checkpoints at Berlin Wall, guards throw down their weapons and join crowd, Berlin Wall dismantled
444
November 1989 (Czechoslovakia)
Huge demonstrations in Czechoslovakia, Czech government opens border with West, allows formation of other parties
445
Dec-89
In Romania, short but very bloody revolution ending with execution of communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu
446
December 1989 (Hungary)
communist party in Hungary renames itself Socialist Party and declares that free elections will be held in 1990
447
December 1989 (Bulgaria)
huge demonstrations against communist government
448
Mar-90
Latvia leads Baltic republics in declaring independence from USSR
449
Who proposed a reunification of Germany after Berlin Wall collapse?
West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl
450
Why was Gorbachev less enthusiastic about German reunification?
He expected New united Germany kinder to West than East
451
What did Gorbachev accept about Germany?
Gorbachev accepted German reunification, and accepted they become a member of NATO
452
When did Germany become a united country once again?
03-Oct-90
453
Collapse of USSR - March 1990
Gorbachev visited Lithuania, leaders wanted independence, Gorbachev didn't allow it but in March they did it anyway + Muslim Soviet Republic of Azerbajan sent a similar demand to Gorbachev, he sent troops to both to end rioting
454
Collapse of USSR - May 1990
Russian republic elected Boris Yeltsin as president, who saw no future in USSR, he said that the many republics making up USSR should become independent states
455
Collapse of USSR - July 1990
Ukraine declared independence, October 1990 Gorbachev received Nobel peace prize for contribution to ending Cold War
456
Collapse of USSR - April 1991
republic of Georgia declared independence
457
Collapse of USSR - August 1991
Reformers within USSR demanded end to Communist Party's domination of Government, Hardline Comm Party members and leading military officers attempted coupe to take over USSR, including Gorbachev's prime minister Pavlov and head of armed forces Dimitry Yazov - They sent tanks and troops onto streets of Moscow but huge crowds gathered in Moscow, strongly opposed the military coup, Russian president Yeltsin emerged as leader of opposition, which made the conspirators lose faith and the coup collapsed, Gorbachev returned to Moscow
458
Collapse of USSR - December 1991
Gorbachev had to admit USSR was finished and he with it - on televised speech 25 December 1991, Gorbachev announced own resignation and end of Soviet Union
459
What was the Kaiser's reaction to the Allies demand for the Kaiser to abdicate and Germany to become Democratic?
The Kaiser refused
460
How did Germany react to Kaiser refusing to abdicate? (German revolution of 1918)
Sailors in the North of Germany mutinied and took over town of Kiel, Kaiser's old enemies led uprisings of workers and soldiers in German ports and an independent Socialist Republic was declared in Bavaria
461
When did the Kaiser abdicate?
9 November 1918, left to Netherlands
462
What sings were there that Germany was struggling post war?
German people surviving on turnips and bread, flour mixed with sawdust to make it go further, flu epidemic sweeping country, killing thousands of people already weakened by lack of food
463
Who became the new Chancellor of Germany and when?
10 November - Socialist leader Friedrich Ebert
464
When did Friedrich Ebert sign armistice with Allies?
11-Nov
465
'November Criminals'
Ebert and his government for signing the ceasefire by right-wing opponents
466
What did Ebert announce after the war was over?
a new government would be set up - a republic
467
What reforms did Ebert introduce initially?
8-hour working day, improved benefits for the sick, elderly and unemployed
468
When did the first elections for the new parliament take place?
Jan-19
469
When was Ebert elected as the first President of the German republic?
Feb-19
470
Economic impact of the war (Germany virtually bankrupt)
By 1918 Germany producing 50% milk and 60% meat and butter since before war, fuel short and people cold, nearly 300,000 died from hypothermia 1918, industrial production about two-thirds of what it had been 1913, national income one-third of 1913, war left 600,000 widows and 2 million children without fathers - by 1925 state spending one-third of budget on war pensions
471
Social Impact of War (War deepened divisions in German society)
huge gaps between living standards of rich and poor, one and a half million demobilised soldiers returned home, Many German workers bitter at restrictions placed on earnings during war whilst factories made fortunes, Many Germans angry about losing war
472
Political impact of War (revolution and became unstable democratic republic, Groups with extremist political views tried to gain power)
Stresses of war led to revolution in October-November 1918 (fighting between left and right wing groups), many ex-soldiers despised new democratic leaders, believe Hindenburg betrayed by weak politicians - 'Stab in the back myth'
473
Communist party of Germany (KPD) (anti-Weimar)
Far-left revolutionary, workers revolution to set up soviet-style communist system in Germany, supported by workers and some ex-soldiers and sailors, support rose in 1923 during economic problems and distrusted Social Democratic Party of Ebert when they made deal with Freikorps in 1919 to crush Spartacist uprising
474
Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) (pro-Weimar)
left-wing moderate, Democratic socialist policies to improve welfare system for workers and unemployed, supported by Industrial workers, single most popular in early 1920s, never received majority of votes
475
German Democratic Party (DDP) (Pro-Weimar)
centre-left liberal, Liberal policies to protect equality if rights and improve welfare system, supported by middle classes, Declined in popularity early 1920s, seen as out of touch with problems of ordinary Germans
476
German People's Party (DVP) (Pro-Weimar)
Centre-right liberal, Liberal policies protect rights but more pro-business, supported by wealthy educated middle class and industrialists, Led by Gustav Streseman , popular mid-1920s and decreased late 1920s
477
Centre party (Pro-Weimar)
Right-wing conservative, conservative policies , pro-business and pro-Catholic, supported by Catholics and some wealthy middle class, Third largest part for much of Weimar period, increasingly right-wing by late 1920s
478
German National People's Party (DVNP) (anti-Weimar)
far-right conservative-nationalist, nationalist policies restore monarchy and oppose Weimar republic and ToV, supported by industrialists, ex-soldiers (officer class) and landowners, main nationalist party before 1930 when Nazis overtook, supported Hindenburg's election 1925, made temporary alliance with Nazis 1931
479
National Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAP) (anti-Weimar)
far-right extreme nationalist, racist and antisemitic policies, oppose Weimar and abolish ToV, reclaim lost German territory, supported by mainly lower middle class and peasant farmers, workers, unemployed and ex-soldiers, fringe party most of 1920s by rocketed support after 1929 Wall Street Crash and Depression 1930s, largest party in Reichstag 1932 and Hitler appointed Chancellor 1933
480
German federal election results - January 1919
SPD - 38%
Centre - 20%
DDP - 19%
DNVP - 10%
Independent Social Democratic Party - 8%
Other - 5%
481
German federal election results - June 1920
SPD - 22%
Independent Social Democratic - 18%
DNVP - 15%
DVP - 14%
Centre - 14%
DDP - 8%
German Communist Party - 2%
Other - 7%
482
German federal election results - May 1924
SPD - 21%
DNVP - 19%
Centre - 13%
KPD - 13%
DVP - 9%
Nazi - 7%
DDP - 6%
483
German federal election results - December 1924
SPD - 26%
DNVP - 20%
Centre - 14%
DVP - 10%
KPD - 9%
DDP - 6%
Nazi - 4%
484
1st Threat from the left 1919-24
January 1919 Spartacists uprising - joined by rebel soldiers and sailors they set up soviets in many towns, Ebert made an agreement with Freikorps and commanders of army to put down rebellion, and Luxemburg and Liebknecht executed
485
Who were the Spartacists
Led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, communists, wanted Germany ruled by worker's council or soviets
486
2nd Threat from the Left 1919-24
Spartacist uprising followed by rebellion in Bavaria, Freikorps moved in under Ebert to crush revolt in May 1919, 600 communists killed
487
3rd Threat from the left 1919-24
1920 communist agitation in the Ruhr, police and Freikorps clashed with communists, 2000 casualties
488
Consequence of Ebert's ruthless measures against the communists
lasting bitterness between them and SDP, gained support from many for fear of Germany ending up like Russia -> However communists still remained a powerful anti-government force 1920s
489
Who where the threats to Ebert's Government from the right?
people grown up in successful days of Kaiser, they resented new Germany, resented humiliating ToV, blamed Ebert for it
490
1st Threat from the Right 1919-24
March 1920 Kapp Putsch led by Wolfgang Kapp with 5000 Freikorps into Berlin, army refused to fire on Freikorps, but workers of Berlin called a general strike, bringing transport and power in capital to a halt, so Kapp left the country
491
2nd Threat from the right 1919-24
summer of 1922 Ebert's Jewish foreign minister Walter Rathenau murdered by extremists
492
Who were the Freikorps?
anticommunists ex-soldiers in vigilante groups
493
3rd Threat from the right 1919-24
November 1923 Hitler led Munich Putsch, failed miserably, both Hitler and murders of Rathenau received short prison sentences
494
German losses due to ToV
10% all land, all overseas colonies, 12.5 % population, 16% coal and 48% iron industry
495
'stab in the back myth'
German army stabbed in the back by Socialist and Liberal politicians who agreed to the armistice on November 1918, believed they had not been beaten on the battlefield but betrayed by civilian politicians who didn't care to continue the war
496
What was the reparation details Germany had to abide to?
Agreed in April 1921, set at £6600 million to be paid in annual instalments of 2% of Germany's annual output
497
How did the Ruhr crisis start?
first instalment of $50 million paid 1921, 1922 nothing paid
498
How did France react to The second installment of reparations not being paid?
January 1923 French and Belgian troops entered Ruhr to take what owed to them in form of raw materials and goods
499
How did Germany respond to France entering the Ruhr?
Government ordered the workers to go on strike
500
How did France react to German workers going on strike?
killed over 100 workers, expelled over 100,000 protestors from the region
501
How did Hyperinflation start in Germany?
Because of Ruhr crisis, no goods to trade and because they needed to pay the striking workers in the Ruhr, the Government started printing money, but with so much money in circulation, but not enough goods to buy with it, prices and wages skyrocketed, money worthless
502
Positive consequences of Hyperinflation
Government paid of war loans of over $2200 million, great industrialists able to pay off debts
503
Negative consequences of Hyperinflation
Pensioners found their savings couldn't even buy a cup of coffee, Middle-class house savings from 1921 could buy a house, but 1923 couldn't even buy a loaf of bread = Government lost support of middle classes
504
Examples of how worthless money became
Workers needed wheelbarrows to carry home wages, wages paid daily instead of weekly, price of goods could rise between joining the back of a queue in a shop and reaching the front
505
When did a new government under Gustav Stresemann take over?
Aug-23
506
How did Stresemann halt the economic crisis?
He called off passive resistance in the Ruhr, called in the worthless marks and burnt them, replacing them with Rentenmark, ne negotiated to receive American loans under Dawes plan, he renegotiated reparations payments
507
Achievements of the Weimar republic under Stresemann 1923-29 - Economy
Under Dawes plan (1924), reparations spread over longer tome and 800 million marks in loans from USA went into German industry to replace old equipment with latest tech, public works, sports stadia, apartment blocks, facilities which all created jobs + by 1927 German industry recovered, 1928 Germany achieved same levels of production as before war and now world's second greatest industrial power, wages for industrial workers rose and German standard of living rose, exports on increase, Government able to increase welfare benefits and wages for state employees, reduce government spending, investment in public works e.g., apartment blocks and sports stadiums
508
Achievements of Weimar republic under Stresemann 1923-29 - Politics
no attempted revolutions after 1923, by 1928 moderate parties had 136 more seats than radical parties, Hitler's Nazis gained less than 3% vote in 1928 election, co-operation of parties began again
509
Achievements of Weimar republic under Stresemann 1923-29 - Culture
free expression of ideas, no censorship, writers and poets flourished, Artists like George Grosz criticised politicians and business through art, traditionalist art styles ignored for modern styles, first Bauhaus exhibition has 15,000 visitors, 1920s golden age for German cinema - Marlene Dietrich and Fritz Lang - Berlin famous for nightlife, 1927 900 dance bands in Berlin, Cabaret artists performed songs criticising political leaders, also shocking songs about sex
510
Achievements of Weimar republic under Stresemann 1923-29 - Foreign policy
1925 Locarno treaties guaranteed not to try change Germany's western border with Fr and Bel, 1926 Germany accepted into LoN, 1929 Young plan further lightened the reparations burden on Germany and led to final removal of British, French and Belgian troops from Rhineland
511
Problems with the Weimar republic under Stresemann 1923-29 - economy
economic boom risky, if US loans called in at any time could ruin Germany, boom created inequality
512
Who were the winners in Weimar republic economically?
Big businesses controlling half of Germany's industrial production, big landowners, workers in big industries,
513
How much did the value of land in Berlin rise by?
7
514
Why did workers in big industries gain from the economic boom in Weimar Germany?
Most Weimar governments sympathetic to unions, led to improved pay and conditions
515
What percent of the working population were unemployed by 1928?
0.06
516
Who were the main losers of the economic boom in Weimar Germany?
peasant farmers, sections of the middle classes, small business owners, small shopkeepers
517
Why did peasant farmers not gain from the economic boom in Weimar Germany?
increased production during the war, during peacetime they were producing too much, they had loans to pay back but not enough demand for food they produced
518
Why didn't small business owners and shopkeepers not gain from the economic boom in Weimar Germany?
their business threatened by large department stores
519
Example of economic inequality
A university lecturer in 1913 earned as much as ten times as much as a coal miner, in 1920s only earned twice as much
520
Problems with Weimar republic under Stresemann 1923-29 - Politics
both Nazis and communists building up Party organisations, around 30% vote regularly went to parties opposing republic, DVNP and Nazis began to collaborate closely, Germany elected a new president 1925 who opposed to democracy (Hindenburg) and even asked approval of Kaiser before took up post
521
Problems with Weimar republic under Stresemann 1923-29 - Culture
Many in German villages and county towns saw culture of cities as moral decline, made worse by US immigrants and Jewish artists and musicians, Bauhaus moved out of Weimar due to hostile town officials, Wandervogel movement
522
What was the Wandervogel Movement?
Reaction to Weimar culture, called for return to simple country values, wanted to see more hep for countryside and less decadence in towns
523
Problems with Weimar republic under Stresemann 1923-29 - Foreign Policy
Nationalists attacked Stresemann for joining LoN and signing Locarno Pact because it meant Germany accepted ToV, communists attacked Locarno seeing it as a plot against the communist government in USSR
524
How did the Nazi party originate?
German Worker's party led by Anton Drexler
525
How did Hitler encounter the German Worker's Party?
Drexler put him in charge of propaganda and the political ideas of the party
526
When did the German Worker's Party announce it's Twenty-Five Point programme?
1920, also renamed itself the National Socialist German Worker's party
527
When was Drexler removed as leader by Hitler?
1921
528
What was the Twenty-Five Point Programme
->abolition of ToV
->Union of Germany and Austria
-> only 'true' Germans allowed to live in Germany, Jews to be excluded
-> Large industries and businesses to be nationalised
-> generous old-age pension
-> a strong central government
529
Why and when did Hitler set up the SA (stormtroopers)?
His meetings so successful that opponents tried to disrupt them, so in 1921 he set up SA for thugs to protect Hitler's meeting but also disrupt others
530
What contributed to Hitler's antisemitism?
At 16 he left school to become a painter, he didn't succeed, between 1909 and 1914 he was 'down and out' on streets of Vienna where he developed a hatred for foreigners and Jewish people
531
Where and when was Hitler born?
Austria 1889
532
What did Hitler receive after the war?
Iron cross
533
Why did Hitler go ahead with the Munich putsch?
Hitler believed the time was right to topple the Weimar Government, Government preoccupied with economic crisis and Stresemann just called of passive resistance in the Ruhr
534
What were the details of the Munich putsch?
8 November, Hitler hijacked local government meeting and announced he was taking over government of Bavaria joined by old war hero Ludendorff, Nazi stormtroopers under Ernst Rohm, began taking over official buildings
535
How did The Weimar government react to Hitler's attempted takeover?
Police rounded up the stormtroopers, and in brief exchange of shots sixteen Nazis killed by police
536
Why did the Munich Putsch fail?
Hitler took a gamble, thinking people would rise up to support him, but they didn't
537
How was the Munich putsch a success for Hitler?
Hitler gained enormous publicity for himself and his ideas, Hitler impressed the judges that Ludendorff freed and Hitler given 5 years in prison and only served 9 months, clear that Hitler had some sympathy and support from important figures in legal system
538
Where did Hitler write Mein Kampf?
in prison
539
What Nazi beliefs were set out in Mein Kampf?
National socialism (loyalty to Germany, racial purity, equality and state control of economy), Racism (Aryans=master race, all other races inferior), Armed force (war and struggle essential part of development of Aryan race), Living space (Germany needs to expand as its people hemmed in, at expense of Russia and Poland) Fuhrer (Debate and democratic discussion produced weakness, strength lay in total loyalty to leader (Fuhrer)
540
Ernst Rohm Chief of staff of SA)
violent man who despised Jews and communists, organised SA into powerful paramilitary force and won loyalty of its members, by 1931 SA over 1 million, SA members marched, sang songs and held parades, attacked communists and Jews on streets, stirred up trouble after Wall Street Crash to make Government seem weak and make Germans fear communist revolution
541
Joseph Goebbels (Gauleiter of Berlin and Head of Nazi Propaganda 1928)
in charge of Nazi propaganda during depression and targeted different people in Germany to win their votes by Fuhrer myth. He used posters, rallies and Nazi Newspaper (Volkischer beobachter) to promise jobs for unemployed, to crush communism to appeal to middle class and industrialists and protect racial purity of peasant farmers
542
Heinrich Himmler (Reichfuhrer - SS)
Himmler's SS fiercely loyal to Hitler, doubted loyalty and discipline of SA. Well trained and represent Nazi Party elite - Intelligence service of SS (SD) used to root out opponents and threats to Hitler in Nazi party led by Himmler's deputy Reinhard Heydrich
543
Hermann Goering (Early SA leader and President speaker of Reichstag from 1932)
Early supporter of Hitler and born into aristocratic German family with ties to influential families in military, his funds helped Nazis win elections. He promoted 'Stab in back ' myth, aviation background helped rebuild the new air force
544
Rudolf Hess (Hitler's private secretary; chairman of Nazi Party and Deputy Fuhrer in 1933)
trusted by Hitler and had unbridled access to him at all times. All official orders passed through his office before reaching Hitler, he oversaw Nazi-Party as a whole. He often gave opening speech at Nuremburg Rallies before introducing Hitler, loyal to Hitler and awarded honour of Deputy Fuhrer when Hitler appointed Chancellor in Germany 1933
545
What two factors would the success of the new Government (Weimar ) depend on?
1) The constitution (democratic and practical, workable solution to challenge of ruling Germany)
2) The German people (would German people accept instant change from autocratic system to democratic?)
546
How did right wing opponents not like the new government?
Kaiser's former advisers remained in army, judiciary, civil service and industry, restricting what new Gov can do, many still hoped the Kaiser would return
547
How did people on the left-wing not like the new government?
many communists believed Germany needed a communist revolution, like Russia's in 1917
548
When did Ebert sign the Weimar Constitution into law?
Aug-19
549
What was the purpose of the Weimar Constitution?
it was a federal republic with a president as a head of state instead of Kaiser
550
What did the Weimar Constitution set out? (rights)
Universal suffrage (over 20) and all German citizens had equal rights,
551
What did the Weimar constitution say about the Reichstag?
Reichstag elected every 4 years by proportional representation
552
What did the Weimar constitution say about the President and chancellor?
President head of state and elected every 7 years, day-to-day government was responsibility of Chancellor who was appointed and elected by president
553
What did the Weimar constitution say about emergency powers?
in crisis, President given emergency powers to pass decrees without approval of Reichstag. Article 48 allowed the President to act swiftly and mobilise the army
554
How many times did Ebert use Article 48 while in office?
136
555
What did the Weimar constitution say about the Chancellor passing laws?
they needed the support of half of the Reichstag
556
How many Reichstag seats did the Nazis gain in the 1928 elections?
12 (quarter of the Communist vote)
557
Why were workers not voting for Nazis?
Nazis argued they were being exploited, but urban industrial workers were doing rather well in Weimar Germany up to 1929
558
Where did the Nazis have the most support from around late1920s?
peasant farmers in northern Germany and middle-class shopkeepers and small business people in country towns
559
What percentage of population worked and lived on the land IN Germany?
0.35
560
How did the Nazis target peasant farmers?
The Nazis highlighted the importance of peasants in their plans for Germany, promising to help agriculture if they got into power, they praised peasants as racially pure Germans, and Nazi Propaganda also contrasted clean and simple life of peasants with corrupt, immoral and crime-ridden cities - also Nazis despised Weimar decadence
561
When did Hitler enlarge the SA?
1925
562
How much of the SA came from the ranks of the unemployed?
0.55
563
How many members did the SS have in 1928?
100000
564
How did Joseph Goebbels use propaganda to spread the Nazi message?
appealing to their feelings rather than rational argument, producing leaflets, posters, films and radio broadcasts - organising rallies such as Nuremburg Rally, set up photo opportunities, leading party members even trained on how to deliver speeches in public
565
What percentage of the population supported the Nazis in 1928?
less than 3%
566
When did the US stock market crash?
1929
567
What were the consequences of the Wall Street Crash?
US bankers and businessmen lost huge amounts of money, to pay off debts they asked Germans banks to repay money they borrowed, resulting in German bankruptcy
568
What were the specific consequences of the Depression in Germany?
Businesses went bankrupt, workers laid off, unemployment rocketed, Government couldn't act because Weimar constitution with careful balance of power made firm decisive action by the government difficult
569
Why were Nazi views relevant around time of Depression?
Germany needs strong leader (Weimar weak), ToV needs to be kicked out (reparations a problem), let unemployed join army, build Germany's armaments and be used for public works (unemployment a problem)
570
Who were the most vulnerable to the Depression?
unemployed, elderly and middle classes
571
Why did Nazi Views appeal to the unemployed, elderly and middle classes?
Hitler offered culprits to blame for Germany's troubles (Jews and 'November Criminals')
572
How many seats did the Nazis win in 1930 elections?
107 seats
573
How many seats did the Nazis win in the 1932 November elections?
nearly 200 - not overall majority but single biggest party
574
Why did the Nazis succeed in elections - Nazi Campaigning
Hitler was a powerful speaker, despite fail to become President 1932, his campaign raised his profile hugely, He was years ahead of his time as a communicator, using films, radio and records he brought his message to millions, he travelled by plane to rallies all over Germany, he appeared as dynamic man of moment and leader of modern party with modern ideas but also man of people. who understood people and their problems
575
Why did the Nazis succeed in elections - Nazi Campaigning 2
Nazi posters and pamphlets, Generalised slogans never made clear what it mean in terms of policies making it very hard to criticise them, and when criticised for specific policy they would drop it, Nazis repeated at any given moment they believed Jews, communists, Weimar politicians and ToV were causes of Germany's problems. They also expressed for Weimar's democratic system and said it was unable to solve Germany's economic problems + They backed up campaigns with practical action (soup kitchens and provided shelter in hostels for unemployed)
576
Why did the Nazis succeed in elections - Negative Cohesion
People supported Nazis not because they shared Nazi views, but because they shared Nazi fears
577
Why did Nazis succeed in elections - Disillusionment with democracy
politicians unable to tackle problems of Depression, Chancellor Bruning actually cut government spending and welfare benefits when Depression hit, he urged Germans to make sacrifices, and called new elections in 1930, giving Nazis opportunity to exploit discontent in Germany
578
How many were unemployed in 1930?
near 6 million
579
How much had the average German's income fallen by since 1929?
0.4
580
Why did the Nazis succeed in elections - Communist threat
frequent street battles between communist gangs and police, large unruly groups of unemployed workers gathered on street corners, whereas in contrast SA and SS gave impression of order and discipline, many unemployed signed up with SA to be involved in Nazi party
581
Why did the Nazis succeed in elections - Communist threat 2
Business leaders feared Communists because of plans to introduce state control of business, they were also concerned about growing strength of Germany trade unions, felt that Nazis combat these threats and some began to put money into Nazi campaign funds
582
Why did the Nazis succeed in elections - Decadence
Nazis could count on all who felt traditional German values under threat, Nazis talked of restoring these old-fashioned values
583
Why did the Nazis succeed in elections - Weak opposition
SPD thought people wouldn't fall for vague promises and accusations, and failed to work with other parties, particularly Communists (1919-20 Ebert crushing of communists made bad memories) and Nazis exploited the division among their opponents
584
What was the percentage rise un support for the Nazi Party in Neidenburg in East Prussia from 1928 to 1931?
2.3 % to over 25%
585
How did Hitler become Chancellor (July 1932)?
After Reichstag elections July 1932, Nazis largest single party (230 seats), Hitler demanded role of Chancellor, Hindenburg suspicious refused and let Von Papen continue, then using emergency powers to pass measures that Papen sole unemployment problem, but he had no support in Reichstag
586
How did Hitler become Chancellor (November 1932)
In November 1932 elections Nazis largest party, share of vote fell by 2 million and lost 38 seats in Reichstag, Nazis started running out of funds, Hitler said to have threatened suicide
587
How did Hitler become Chancellor (December 1932)?
Hindenburg refused to appoint Hitler as Chancellor, he chose Kurt Von Schleicher, one of his advisers and bitter rival of Papen, but resigned within a month
588
How did Hitler become Chancellor (January 1933)?
Hindenburg appoints Hitler as Chancellor, because by meeting with industrialists, army leaders and politicians he gave only a few Nazis in the Cabinet and von Papen as vice chancellor, Hindenburg was confident he could limit Hitler's influence and resist his extremist demands -> policies made by Cabinet, filled with conservatives like Papen
589
How did Hitler try to consolidate his position as soon as he got into power as Chancellor?
He called for another election March 1933, using same tactics with resources of state media and control of streets
590
What was the Reichstag fire?
27 February Reichstag building burnt down allegedly by Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe
591
How did Hitler respond to the Reichstag fire?
Hitler blamed the communists and declared the fire was a beginning of a communist uprising, he demanded special emergency powers and given them by Hindenburg, which he used to arrest Communists, break up meetings and frighten voters
592
What was the Reichstag fire decree?
Suspended civil liberties (freedom of expression press and to organise and assemble), increase police powers and use SA as auxiliary police force, use police and SA to arrest over 4000 communist leaders and shut down anti-Nazi press
593
How did the Reichstag fire Decree benefit Hitler?
it removed the communist threat, helped prevent opposition from trade unions and helped Nazis to increase their share of vote in March elections
594
What was the result of the March 1933 election?
Nazis won largest-ever share of votes and support of the smaller Nationalist party
595
How did Hitler get the Reichstag to pass the Enabling act?
He used to SA and SS to intimidate them
596
What was the enabling act?
it allowed Hitler to make laws without consulting the Reichstag
597
Who voted against the Enabling act?
only the SPD
598
Why did the Catholic centre party co-operate with Hitler?
it didn't want to be treated like the communists
599
What did the Catholic centre party receive in return for co-operating with Hitler?
They retained control of Catholic schools
600
17-Feb-33
Goering ordered local police forces to co-operate with SA and SS
601
05-Mar-33
Reichstag elections - government use control of radio and police to intimidate opponents, Nazis won 43.9% of vote
602
13-Mar-33
Goebbels head of Ministry for Propaganda
603
24-Mar-33
Enabling Act
604
27-Feb-33
Reichstag fire
605
28-Feb-33
Reichstag fire decree
606
30-Jan-33
Hitler appointed Chancellor - Goering minister of interior
607
07-Apr-33
Civil Service administration, court and education purged of 'alien elements'
608
01-May-33
Workers granted May Day Holiday
609
02-May-33
Trade unions banned; all workers belong to new German Labour Front
610
09-Jun-33
Employment law (major programme of public works to create jobs)
611
14-Jul-33
Law against formation of New parties - Germany becomes one party state
612
20-Jul-33
concordat with Roman Catholic Church protects religious freedom, Church banned from political activity
613
Jan-34
all state governments taken over
614
30-Jun-34
Night of long knives
615
Aug-34
On death of Hindenburg, Hitler became Fuhrer, German forces swore oath of loyalty to him
616
Why were leading officers in the army suspicious of Hitler's SA and Ernst Rohm?
SA badly disciplined force, Rohm talked of making Sa into second German army, achieving one of more socialist aims of 25 point programme, the 4 million strong SA constantly causing chaos on streets with communists gone, Hindenburg threatened to enforce martial law if nothing done
617
When Hitler was deciding between the SA and the SS, who did he choose?
the SS with Himmler
618
What was the night of the long knives?
on the weekend of 29-3e0 June, squads of SS men broke into homes of Rohm and other leaders in SA and arrested them, Hitler accused Rohm of plotting to overthrow and murder him, over weekend Rohm and 400 others executed, including former chancellor von Schleicher
619
What was the reaction to the Night of the long knives?
Hindenburg thanked Hitler and the army were well satisfied with what happened
620
What happened to the SA after the night of the long knives?
SA not disbanded, remained a paramilitary organisation but very subordinate to SS, many of its members absorbed by army and SS
621
When did Hindenburg die?
02-Aug-34
622
How did Hitler react to Hindenburg's death?
he used the Enabling Act to pass a law that abolished the President and combined its powers with that of the Chancellor, making Hitler head of Germany and Government, new name being 'Fuhrer and Reichskanzler'
623
What did Hitler do with the army on the day that Hindenburg died?
he made the entire army swear an oath of personal loyalty to Adolf Hitler as Fuhrer of Germany
624
What deal did Hitler make with the army?
The army agreed to stay out of politics and to serve Hitler, in return Hitler spent vast sums on rearmament, brought back conscription and made plans to make Germany a great military power again
625
Why did the Nazis want to build a strong Germany?
Hitler blamed Germany's problems on weak leadership, he wanted strong leadership as Kaiser days, and strong Germans ready for war able to restore Germany's military pride
626
Why did the Nazis want to build a racially pure Germany?
Hitler believe in Aryan supremacy, and blamed Jews for many of Germany's problems. He wanted to remove jews and non-Aryans from any position of leadership
627
Why did the Nazis want Germany to be a People's community?
Nazis wanted people to give their heart and minds to Hitler, in the Volk people would see contribution to Germany as more important than own fulfilment
628
Northeim - Bullying and intimidation
Nazis had majority of 15:5 on the council, before first council meeting police arrested one opposition councillor, at meeting they stationed SA officers all around the room and refused to let opposition councillors speak, when they walked out they were spat on by SA officers, council never met again = end of democracy
629
Northeim - searching houses
looking for illegal guns and ammunition, Nazis ransacked homes and arrested 22 people, 7 taken to local concentration camp
630
Northeim - Gleischaltung of all organisations
Nazis argued because they were majority in national government that all local bodies should have Nazi majority - the 4 sports clubs were combined into one Nazi-run sports club, singing groups combined as Nazi-Led 'Mixed choral singing club of 1933'
631
Northeim - Boycotting Jewish businesses
Newspaper campaign told Northeimers not to shop at Jew-run businesses. SA men stationed outside to turn people away
632
Northeim - ending unemployment
June 1933 500 registered unemployed, within 3 months there were none - most put to work repairing roads and clearing woods around town, but Socialists dismissed from jobs and given to Nazis, unemployed socialists offered physically demanding work in local quarry but only if agreed to give up politics
633
Northeim - propaganda
in first 3 months of Nazi power they organised propaganda events including ceremonial burning of Weimar flag, book burning, torchlit parade (3000 people), local Nazi leader Ernst Girmann gave a speech
634
Northeim - massive Nazi support
Northeimers could see to get anywhere in Nazi Germany, you had to join the party. By May membership rocketed to 1200 in town of 10,000, many of these not Nazi fanatics, but joined to keep safe or keep their jobs
635
The Gestapo
secret police state commanded by Reinhard Heydrich, Gestapo agents could arrest citizens and send them to concentration camps without trial or explanation, believed to have network of informers listening in on people's conversations, Germans may have believed Gestapo way more powerful than it actually was, so ordinary Germans informed on each other because they thought Gestapo find out anyway
636
SS
Had 1 million staff 1944, led by Heinrich Himmler,
-> SS men Aryan, highly trained , loyal to Hitler
-> SS had main responsibility for crushing opposition and carrying out Nazi racial policies
->SD - SS' internal security force investigating disloyalty within armed forces or politically sensitive cases
-> Death's Head units - responsible for concentration camps, and transport and murder of Jews
-> Waffen SS - armoured regimens fought alongside regular army
SS set up own courts, 200,000 Germans sent to concentration camps by these courts
637
Concentration camps
first set up 1933, makeshift prisons in disused factories and warehouses purpose built ones set up later, Jews, Socialists, communists, trade unionists, churchmen, and critics of Nazis ended up here, 1.3 million Germans spent t least some time here 1933 to 1939, prisoners forced to do hard labour, food limited and prisoners suffered harsh discipline, beatings and random executions, aim to correct opponents of regime
638
Nazi control of the police and courts
top jobs in local police forces given to high-ranking Nazis reporting to Himmler, police added political snooping to normal law-and-order role, under strict instructions to ignore crimes committed by Nazi agents. Nazis controlled magistrates, judges and the courts, appointing all judges and sacking all disapproved of. Judges had to swear oath of loyalty to Nazi regime, led to self-imposed control
639
Nuremburg rallies
took place summer each year, included bands, marches, flying displays and Hitler's brilliant speeches
640
Why did the German people like the Nuremburg rallies?
it brought colour and excitement into people's lives, gave them sense of belonging to greater movement, showed German people power of the state and convinced them every other German supported the Nazis, and whole rally emphasises order over chaos
641
Control of media and culture - Books
no books published without Goebbels permission, 1933 Goebbels organised high-profile 'book-burning', Nazi students burnt books including ideas unacceptable to Nazis
642
Control of media and arts - Art
only Nazi-approved painters could show their works, usually had to be paintings or sculptures of heroic-looking Aryans, military figures or images of ideal Aryan family
643
Control of media and culture - Newspapers
Jewish editors and journalists fired, anti-Newspapers closed down, those that remained couldn't print anti-Nazi articles, German newspapers became dull reading, circulation fell by 10 %
644
Control of media and culture - Music
all Jazz banned because it was black music and black people considered an inferior race
645
Control of Media and culture - Cinema
all films carry pro-Nazi message, newsreels before each film told of greatness of Hitler and achievements of Nazi Germany which Germans avoided by coming late to movies, Goebbels censored all foreign films
646
Control of media and culture - Posters
Goebbels plastered Germany with posters proclaiming successes of Hitler and Nazis and attacking their opponents
647
Control of media and culture - radio
he made cheap radios available "Volksempfänger/People's reciever" so all Germans could buy one, he controlled all radio stations (listening to BBC punishable by death), Goebbels placed loudspeakers in streets and public bars, Hitler's and other Nazi's speeches repeated on radio over and over again until ideas expressed to them accepted as normal by German people
648
Why did Goebbels want to do the Olympic Games in 1936?
Olympics could be a showcase for doctrine that Aryan race superior to all other races, but also great propaganda opportunity internally and internationally
649
How did Germany respond to USA boycotting the Olympics due to protest against Nazi repressive regime and anti-Jewish politics?
the Nazis included one token Jewish person in their team
650
How did Goebbels prepare for the Olympics?
he build a 100,000 person stadium, lit by most modern electric lighting, brought in TV cameras for first time, most sophisticated German photo-electronic timing device and the biggest stopclock ever built
651
What was the reaction from other countries on entering the Olympic games?
amazed at scale of stadium and wonderful facilities and efficiency of organisation, but struck by fanatical devotion of people to Hitler and overt presence of army and SS who patrolled or stood guard everywhere
652
How was the German performance in the Olympics a success?
Germany came top of the medal table, way ahead of all other countries
653
How was the German performance in the Olympics a failure?
Jesse Owens - a black athlete - became the star of the games by winning 4 Gold medals and breaking 11 world records, and the 10 members of the American team won 13 medals between them
654
How was the Olympics generally a success?
the games appeared to present all the qualities people valued in the Nazis - grand vision, efficiency, power, strength and achievement
655
What was the Reich church?
Hitler tried to get all protestant churches to come together in one official church, headed by Protestant bishop Ludwig Muller
656
Why did the Reich church fail?
many Germans felt loyalties remained with original churches, not state-approved church
657
What percent of Christians existed in 1930s?
1 third Catholic, 2 thirds Protestant
658
What two groups did the Protestant church split into after Hitler came into power?
church under Muller and Confessing church under Bonhoeffer and Niemoller
659
What was the Confessing church?
with Bonehoffer and Niemoller it resisted German Christian movement and opposed Nazification of religion
660
What was the church under Muller?
prepared to swear loyalty to Hitler and promote Nazi racial ideas
661
What was the German Faith movement?
alternative religion to Christianity, tempting away from Christianity and towards older, pagan from of worship, emphasising worship of SUN, loyalty to Hitler and peasant farmer 'blood and soil' philosophy - only managed 200,000 followers, 0.3% population
662
How did Catholic Bishop Galen oppose the Nazis?
He criticised the Nazis throughout the 1930s, 1941 he led popular protest against Nazi policy of killing mentally ill and physically disabled people,
663
How did Pastor Martin Niemoller oppose the Nazis?
one of most high-profile critics of regime 1930s, formed alternative Protestant Church with Bonhoeffer to Reich Church
664
How did Bonhoeffer oppose the Nazis?
He preached against the Nazis until Gestapo stopped him 1937
665
What was Niemollers fate?
he spent 1938-45 in concentration camp for opposing Nazis
666
What groups challenged Nazi ideals and why?
Gay - threat to family life ideas, Mental health disorders - Germans being perfect master race, Roma and Jewish people - thought to be inferior people
667
How were Gay and Lesbian people persecuted?
organisations for Gay and Lesbians shut down, Homosexuality a crime, Nazis exploited pre-existing prejudice, Books by gay authors banned, 100,000 gay people arrested 50,000 sent to prison, between 5000 and 10000 sent to concentration camps, forced to wear pink triangles
668
How were disabled people persecuted?
T4 euthanasia programme 1939 against people with mental disorders - 5000 babies and children killed 1939-45, between 1939-41 72,000 patients with mental health conditions gassed before public outcry
669
How were the Roma persecuted against?
5 out of 6 Roma living in Germany 1939 killed by the Nazis
670
How were asocials persecuted against?
rounded up off the streets and sent to concentration camps
671
Nazi race theory
Aryan race were the master race and destined to rule, Germans who could prove it received an Aryan certificate, below Aryans were lesser races such as Slav, African and Asian, then at the bottom were Untermenschen races -> Jews and Roma, viewed as parasitic and danger to healthy Aryan race, Mischling were Germans of mixed race, including at least one Jew Grandparent
672
What were the immediate persecutions against Jewish people Hitler took to when he came into power?
immediately banned from Civil services and other public services, SA and SS troops organised boycotts of Jewish businesses marked with Star of David, Goebbels propaganda experts bombarded German children and families with anti-jew messages, Jewish people faced daily discrimination, refused jobs or service in shops, in school they were humiliated then segregated
673
What were the Nuremberg Laws?
September 1935 - 'Law for Protection of German Blood and German Honour' made it illegal for Jews to have sex or marry with Aryans + 'Reich Citizenship Law' classified Germans into Aryans, Mischling or Non-Aryans, only Aryans given full German citizenship
674
When was Kristallnacht?
November 8 1938
675
What provoked Kristallnacht?
young Jewish man killed German diplomat in Paris
676
What was Kristallnacht?
Nazis retaliated to killing of German diplomat by setting plain-clothed SS troopers with pickaxes and hammers to addresses of Jewish businesses, where they ran riot, 91 Jewish people murdered, hundreds of synagogues burnt, 20000 Jewish people taken to concentration camps, thousands more left the country
677
German reaction to Kristallnacht
alarming and concerning, Nazi-controlled press presented it as spontaneous reaction of ordinary people but most didn't believe it, but hardly anyone protested, the few who did were brutally murdered
678
How much were the Jews charged for the damages of Kristallnacht?
one billion marks
679
What happened by the end of 1938 to the Jews?
All remaining Jewish businesses confiscated
680
How many jews were there in Germany before WW2?
200000
681
What names were Jewish people forced to add to their names?
Males - Israel
Females - Sarah
682
What were Jewish people required to add to their passport?
a red J stamped on their passports
683
Political opposition to Nazis 1933-39
some socialists met secretly, 1930s some sabotages of factories, railways and army stores, gestapo claimed to have broken up 1000 opposition meeting in 1936 and seized 1.6 million anti-Nazi leaflets 1936 alone
684
Social opposition to Nazis 1933-39
after 1936, local party officials report increasingly having to bully people to attend Nazi rallies, the Nazis had use to 'radio wardens' to force people to listen to Hitler's speeches, Gestapo reports lot of complaining in bars, trains and other public places, some people refused to five heil Hitler salute, others told jokes about Hitler and Nazis and refused to give contribute to party funds , Joseph Fath reported for hanging his won flags in Church instead of Nazi flags, and Pastor Grueber risked life protecting Jewish people and helping them escape Nazis
685
School in Nazi Germany
teachers approved and on training course run by National Socialist Teachers Alliance, you will be outraged by 'stab in the back ' myth by learning history of Germany, you would be told hardships of 1920s caused by Jewish people squeezing profits from honest Germans, and more History lessons tell you that loyalty to Fuhrer right and good, Biology lessons inform you of Aryan supremacy, superior intelligence to untermenschen, not expected to go to University
686
What was the number of University place falling 1933 to 1938?
128,000 to 58,000
687
What were National Political Institutes of Education (Napolas)?
set up by SS and German army to train future officers - 6,000 children attended at 35 schools
688
What were Adolf Hitler schools?
12 schools set up and run by Hitler Youth and SS to find future SS leaders, children indoctrinated with Nazi ideas rather than academic subjects
689
What was the Reichsschule Feldafing?
single school created and funded by Nazi Party leadrs to prepare very best students for Highest Nazi positions
690
What indoctrination would boys from 10-14 experience?
German Young People (Deutsche Jungvolk)
691
What indoctrination would girls have?
League of German Girls
692
What Youth organisations existed?
Hitler Youth and League of German Maids
693
What would you be doing in Youth organisations?
march in parades, be physically fit, leisure time devoted to Hitler, strong cross-country runner and confident at reading maps.
694
What were the differences in what Girls and Boys are taught in youth organisations?
Boys - camping outdoors, clean rifle and keep it in good condition
Girls - sewing, cooking and other domestic tasks, how to be good German mother
695
How many members did Hitler Youth have in 1936?
6 million
696
What were the consequences of not joining the Hitler Youth?
looked on with suspicion and surprise, when applying for job one of first things they will ask is whether you had been in Hitler Youth
697
How were young people indoctrinated at home?
Children feel alienated from parents because not as keen on Nazis as you parents are, they expect loyalty to be to family whereas Hitler Youth leaders push loyalty to Hitler, so very confusing
698
Real young people reactions to Youth indoctrination
Nazi Youth members tended to switch off when lectured about Nazi ideas, from reports from anti-Nazi spies that by 1938 many Hitler Youth members saw organisation as boring, still over a million children who never joined Hitler Youth, Juvenile crime rose during 1930s and 175,000 young people convicted of crimes 1939 alone
699
What were the expectations upon young girls and women?
to be fit and healthy and in line with Nazi racial theory, marry Aryan men and raise large families for the fatherland
700
How did the Nazis treat women not conforming to their ideals?
SA humiliate German women marrying Jewish or non-Aryan men, 1935 made illegal
701
What were the 3 Ks?
Children, church, kitchen
702
Why was the National Socialist Women's league set up?
to promote three Ks, encourage women to leave workplace and become mothers
703
How much was given as a marriage loan if a women left the workforce to become a mother, and married?
1000 marks
704
What incentives were given to Mothers?
Mother's cross for having 4, 6 or 8 healthy Aryan children
705
What restrictions were placed on women working?
Women barred from government professions (army and civil service)
706
Expectations physically upon women?
encouraged not to smoke, drink or wear make-up, and expected to be tall, fit and naturally beautiful to ensure fertility
707
Prominent women in Germany
Leni Riefenstahl high-profile film producer, Gertrude Scholz-Klink head of Nazi Women's Bureau
708
Benefits given to Women
Many working class women and girls gained opportunity to travel and meet new people through Nazi Women's organisation
709
Discrimination against working women
Married professional women forced to give up their jobs and discrimination against women applicants for jobs encouraged
710
What rewards were given to mothers?
Mothers got 'Gold Cross' for 8 children, Poster, radio broadcasts and newsreels all celebrated ideas of motherhood and homebuilding, reinforced at school and German Maiden's League, focusing on good physical health and housekeeping skills
711
By how much did the birth rate in Germany increase 1933 to 1939?
Increased from fifteen per thousand to twenty per thousand
712
What was Lebensborn?
SS run organisation encourage unmarried women to bear children for Fuhrer by getting impregnated by SS men in state-run brothels, children then adopted by Aryan families
713
How many children were born into Germany by Lebensborn?
8000
714
What did Lebensborn begin to do during the war?
kidnap children with Aryan features from occupied Europe, believed that 100,000 children kidnapped from Poland
715
How did Nazis respond to running out of male workers by 1937?
they abolished the marriage loan, made it compulsory for women to undertake 'duty year', where work on farms and industry
716
Did Nazi's reintroduction of women into workforce go well?
No, number of women in work increased but not as much as Nazis needed, and far less than in Weimar
717
What were women allowed to do when war began 1939?
join German armed forces as auxiliaries (camp guards, secretaries and nurses)
718
By the end of the war, how many German women served in the armed forces?
almost ahlf a million
719
How many women had worked in Nazi camp system?
almost 4000
720
Women represented what percent of various resistance movements existed in Nazi Germany?
0.15
721
How did Liselotte Herrmann oppose the Nazis?
communist, she opposed appointment of Hitler as chancellor and informed foreign governments about Nazi rearmament, arrested and executed 1938 - first mother to face death penalty in Nazi regime
722
How did some women from Dusselfdorf oppose the Nazis?
20 women passed info to foreign governments about concentration camps where their family members sent
723
How did Libertas Schulze-Boysen and Mildred Harnack-Fish oppose the Nazis?
both part of Kreisau circle, both arrested and executed
724
How did Maria Terwiel oppose the Nazis?
She helped spread the sermons of Bishop Galen about the Nazi euthanasia programme, and helped any Jews flee abroad
725
How many Germans were out of work in 1933?
nearly six million
726
What was Dr Hjalmer Schacht's contribution to tackling Nazis' economic problems?
as the economics minister and President of Reichsbank he created a 'New Plan'
727
What was included in the 'New Plan'?
Huge public works projects rebuilding Ger cities and extending Autobahns, funded by Gov, compulsory National Labour Service for young men (18-25) for 6 months (RAD), Major house-building programmes and grandiose new public building projects, reintroduction of conscription into army 1935 and Luftwaffe introduction
728
When did Hitler demand more rapid rearmament programme to prepare for war?
1936
729
Who was named the head of the 4 year plan?
Goering
730
What was the 4 year plan and action by Goering to 'fix' the economy?
Goering increased production of raw materials for rearmament, persuaded industries to switch from consumer goods to synthetic materials like rubber, tightened controls on prices and wages and used forced labour, used billions of government money marks to fund this and handed out lucrative contracts to industrialists supporting the rearmament programme
731
What was the aim of the 4 year plan?
to create a war economy and make Germany self-sufficient
732
How much did Industrial production increase by from 1933-1939?
it doubled
733
How much did the numbers of Germans out of work decrease by in the first two years of Nazi rule?
it halved
734
How much did Government investment rise by from 1933 to 1938?
four billion marks to 10 billion marks
735
What helped Nazis achieve impressive economic figures?
Jews forced from many professions and replaced by Germans, Many Jewish businesses confiscated and given to Germans to run, Conscription rapidly caused unemployment to decrease, women encouraged to leave jobs for men
736
Cons of economic recovery under Nazis?
real wages 1938 same as in 1929, many workers had to work longer hours for same money, people had less access to consumer goods, German economy near bankruptcy
737
How much did total government debt increase from 1933 to 1939?
quadrupled, 60% on rearmament
738
Why were industrial workers important to Hitler?
Hitler needed good workers to create industries that would help make Germany great
739
What was the Strength through Joy Scheme (KDF)?
gave industrial workers cheap theatre and cinema tickets, organised courses, trips and sports events
740
What was the Volkswagen Beetle state scheme?
many thousands of workers saved five markers a week to buy the Beetle, the 'people's car', even though no workers received it because production halted 1939
741
What was the Beauty of Labour movement?
it improved working conditions in factories, introduced never seen before features in workplaces such as washing facilities and low-cost canteens
742
What were the prices workers had to pay in return for receiving lots of benefits in Nazi Germany?
Workers lost main political party (SDP), lost all trade unions, all workers joined DAF (General Labour Front) run by Robert Ley - kept strict control of workers, no striking for better pay or conditions or prevented from moving to better-paid jobs - Wages remained low, standard of living lower than in Depression
743
What and when was the Reich Food Estate?
September 1933 under Richard Darre -> Set up central boards to buy agricultural produce from markets and distribute it across Germany, guaranteeing peasant farmers a market for goods at guaranteed prices
744
What was the Reich Entailed Farm Law?
banks could not seize peasant farmer's land if not pay loans or mortgages, ensured peasants' farms stayed in their hands
745
What was the racial aim of the Reich Entailed Farm Law?
'Blood and Soil' -> Peasant farmers were basis of Germany's master race, backbone of new German Empire in East, so their way of life must be protected
746
Why did not everyone like the peasant farm laws?
More efficient go-ahead farmers held back by having to work through same processes as less efficient farmers
747
How did Rural Depopulation become a problem?
Reich Entailed Farm Law states that only eldest child inherited the farm, so many children of farmers left land for work for better pay in Germany's industries
748
What percent did Rural Depopulation run at during 1930s each year?
0.03
749
Example of Big Companies benefiting from Nazi rule?
Chemicals giant IG Farben, Mercedes and Volkswagen
750
What is the Volkgemeinschaft?
Hitler wants all Germans to think of themselves as part of national community, first loyalty to Fuhrer and Germany not social group - proud to belong to great nation culturally and racially superior to other nations, Hitler's policies help to win this kind of loyalty to Nazi state
751
What promises did Hitler fulfill to the German people through 1930s?
Reverse ToV, rebuild Germany's armed forces, unite Germany and Austria, extend German territory into Eastern Europe
752
When was rationing introduced?
food - September 1939
Clothes - November 1939
753
Why wasn't it hard to keep up civilian morale from 19390 to 1941?
The war went spectacularly well, Hitler in control of most Western and Eastern Europe countries and supplies of luxury goods flowed into Germany from captured territories
754
How did Hitler invading USSR in 1941 affect civilians?
civilians found lives increasingly disrupted:
->Cut back on heating, work longer hours and recycle rubbish
755
How did Goebbels try to help the German army in Russia?
He redoubled his censorship efforts, tried to maintain people's support for the war by involving them by asking for sacrifices, they donated estimated 1.5 million fur coats to help clothe German army in Russia
756
When did Albert Speer begin to direct Germany's war economy?
1942
757
What happened under Albert Speer's war economy?
All effort focused on armament industries - Postal services suspended and letter boxes closed, all places of entertainment closed except cinemas for Goebbel's propaganda films, women drafted into labour force in increasing numbers and Country areas had to take evacuees from cities and refugees from Eastern Europe
758
How did the SS develop during wartime?
SS became virtually a state within German state, SS empire had own armed forces, armament industries and labour camps, developed business empire worth a fortune
759
What happened to German support with defeat of WW2 looming?
support for Nazis weakened, Germans stopped declaring food they had, stayed away from Nazi rallies, refused to give 'Heil Hitler' salute when asked, Himmler contacted Allies to ask about possible peace terms
760
What was the impact of British Navy blockading sea routes into Germany in early stage of WW2?
made shortages of raw materials
761
How much of Norway's entire production in 1940 did Germany take?
about 20%
762
Where did the war economy shift in 1942?
to armaments for fighting Russia
763
What percentage of forced labourers used in German workforce where from prisoners?
0.25
764
How much of an increase occurred in military production from 1942 to 1944?
Production of tanks and aircraft trebled
765
How was military production hampered in Germany?
allied bombing of factories = moved underground
766
True or false: German factories used forced labour from occupied countries
t
767
What did German forces do as they conquered territories?
took raw materials and any goods from these countries
768
Why did War not bring massive changes to German economy initially?
Germany had been preparing for War since mid-1930s
769
When and what was the bombing of Dresden?
1942 Allies decided on new policy of bombing Germany - assault on both industrial and residential areas of major German cities - objectives to destroy German industry and lower morale of civilians and terrorise them into submission
770
When was the exact time of the Bombing of Dresden and the impact?
February 1945, between 35,00 and 150,000 killed in two days
771
Impact of end of War on Germany civilians?
By 1945 food supplies dwindling, 3.5 million German civilians been killed, refugees fleeing advancing Russian armies in East
772
When was membership of Nazi Youth made compulsory?
1939
773
What was the consequence of many experienced leaders being drafted into German army? (Nazi Youth)
Most movements lead by older teenagers rigidly enforcing Nazi rules, even forbidding teenagers meeting informally with one another
774
Why did the popularity of Youth movements decrease and form anti-Hitler movements during the War?
activities in Youth became focused more on war effort and military drill
775
What was the Swing movement?
Made up of mainly middle-class teenagers, went to parties listening to English and American songs, danced American dances (Jitterbug) to banned Jazz music, talked about and enjoyed sex, accepted Jews as clubs, they were deliberately 'slvenly'
776
Who were in the Edelweiss Pirates?
working class teenagers, not an organised movement, mainly aged between fourteen and seventeen
777
What would people in Edelweiss Pirates so?
they sang songs mocking Germany (changed from Hitler Youth Songs), when they spotted Hitler Youth bands they taunted and sometimes attacked them
778
How many groups of Edelweiss Pirates did Gestapo break up in December 1942?
28 groups (739 adolescents)
779
Why were dealing with the Edelweiss pirates a sensitive issue?
Nazis needed future workers and soldiers, so they couldn't exterminate all these teenagers or put them in concentration camps, so arrested or ignored the,
780
What is an example of Edelweiss Pirate activity escalation?
1944 in Cologne, they helped shelter army deserters and escaped prisoners, they stole armaments and took part in attack on Gestapo where their chief was killed
781
What was the Nazi response to Edelweiss Activity in Cologne 1944?
rounding up all the 'ringleaders', 13 publicly hanged November 1944
782
What were the Political views of the Edelweiss pirates and Swing Movement?
Neither had strong political views, were not political opponents of Nazis, but resented and resisted Nazi control of their lives
783
When did Germany invade Poland?
1939
784
How did Germany set about controlling Poland?
They began 'Germanising' western Poland - transporting Poles from their homes and replacing them with German settlers
785
How many Poles died as a result of fighting or racial policies 1939-45?
one in five Poles died
786
What happened to Polish Jews?
rounded up and transported to big cities, herded into sealed areas called ghettos - able-bodied Jews used for slave labour , but young old and sick left to die of hunger and disease
787
What was the consequence of Germany invading USSR 1941?
Nazis in control of 3 million Soviet-Jews (+ all over Jewish people in all other countries they conquered)
788
How did the Nazis manage all the captured Jewish people and Communists?
German forces ordered to round up and shoot Communist Party activists and Jewish supporters
789
Who carried out the executions of Communists and their Jewish supporters?
SS units called Einsatzgruppen, by autumn 1941 mass shootings taking place all over occupied Germany
790
How was the Final Solution decided on?
January 1942 senior Nazis meet Wannsee Himmler put in charge of systematic murder of all Jewish people in Germany
791
Where were slave labour and death camps created?
Auschwitz, Chelmno and Treblinka
792
What happened to the sick, old and young Jews?
killed immediately
793
What happened to the rest of the Jews in the Final Solution (not old, sick or young)?
sent to work at labour camps, some used in medical experiments
794
How many and of what kind of people were sent to camps in Final Solution?
6 million Jews, 500,000 European Roma and Political prisoners, Jehovah's witnesses, gay and lesbian people, Russian and Polish prisoners of war
795
In General how dd Jewish resist the Final Solution?
Many escaped Germany before killing started, others managed to live under cover in Germany and occupied territories, some joined resistance groups
796
Who was Gad Beck and what did they do?
Jed Jewish resistance to Nazis in Berlin, captured April 1945, rescued by Allied troops
797
How many known groups of Jewish fighters were there?
28
798
What kind of resistance event took place 1945 in Poland?
Jewish people in Warsaw ghetto rose up against Nazis and held out against them for 4 weeks
799
What other uprisings occurred in Concentration camps?
uprisings in 5 concentration camps, Greeks Jews managed to blow up the gas ovens at Auschwitz
800
Who was Oskar Schindler?
An industrialist who protected and saved many people (Jews mostly) by getting them on his 'list' of workers
801
Who was Raoul Wallenberg?
Swedish diplomat, worked with other resistors to provide Jewish people with Swedish and US passports to get them out of reach of Nazis in Hungary, disappeared in mysterious circumstances 1945
802
Who were the most successful resisters?
extremely low profile and discovered by neither Nazis at time or Historians since then
803
Who was the responsibility of the Final solution
Civil Service Bureau (collected, stored and supplied info about Jews), Police forces in Occupied territory (many victims of Nazis seized by police), SS (Adolf Eichmann devised transportation of Jews to Deathcamps and in charge of looting possessions of Jews, SS Death head battalions and Einsatzgruppen carried out executions), Wehrmacht (German armed forces), Industry (Companies had own slave labour camps, IG Farben made Cyclon B gas used in gas chambers), German people (antisemitism widespread, turned blind eye, many civilians took part in some aspect of Holocaust
804
What are the two sides to deciding whether the Final Solution was planned from the start?
Intentionalists believe whole process carefully planned for years, structuralists argue no clear plan and policy of mass murder evolved during War Years
805
Why can't we know for sure whether the Final Solution was planned from the Start?
Lack of evidence, no documents with Hitler's signature or record of him ever giving any orders directly relating to extermination of Jewish people - Nazis kept programme a secret, so relatively few documents
806
What was the White Rose?
Run by Hans and Sophie Scholl and friends - published and distributed anti-Nazi leaflets, small but brave resistance - Scholls executed February 1943
807
Who was Galen?
Catholic Bishop Clemens Galen, criticised Nazis through 1930s, 1941 protested against Euthanasia programme causing them to stop
808
Who was and what did Dietrich Bonhoeffer do?
preached against Nazis until gestapo stopped him 1937 became involved with members of army's intelligence services secretly opposed to Hitler, helped Jews escape Germany, 1942 he asked Allied commanders what peace terms they would offer Germany if Hitler overthrown, arrested October 1942, hanged April 1945
809
Who in the army challenged Hitler in the 1930s?
General von Fritsch and Field Marshall von Blomberg argued against Hitler's plans to invade Germany's neighbours, fearing disastrous war - Hitler had them removed because Fritsch's wife a prostitute and von Blomberg of being gay
810
What attempts by senior army officers where there to assassinate Hitler?
5 attempts between June 1940 and December 1943, all failed
811
What was the July Bomb Plot of 1944?
Many army officers sure war was lost and Hitler leading Germany to ruin, Count von Stauffenberg on 20 July planted bomb in Hitler's conference room, plan to kill Hitler, close down radio stations and round up other leading Nazis and take over Germany, failed on all counts because revolt poorly planned and organised, Hitler survived and Nazis killed 5000 people in return
812
One example of strong support for the war?
When Protestant church minister Wilhelm Kenath criticised war at funeral of young soldier May 1943, reported to Nazi by several mourners
813
Why was there still strong support for the Nazis and the war towards the end?
Among ordinary Germans there was a misplaced faith in Hitler that he would find a way to lead them to victory
814
Why was there not more opposition to the Nazis - Terror
Nazi police state designed to scare Germans into submission, continued long into war, even in final days of war Gestapo still rounded up and hung some saboteurs who blown up railway track to help the enemy
815
Why was there not more opposition to the Nazis - the 'Hitler Myth'
Hitler charismatic leader, Nazi propaganda built him to be godlike figure who controlled Germany destiny, even those disliking him respected him and didn't blame him for unpleasant or unfair things Nazi officials did, belief in Hitler strong until end of WW2
816
Why was there not more opposition to the Nazis - Divided opposition
Left-wing communists and Social Democrats natural enemies of Nazism both banned, and didn't trust each other and not prepared to work together, leaderless and divided, never mounted any co-ordinated resistance
817
Why was there not more opposition to the Nazis - Approval
Many pleased with Nazis, swept to power due to failure of Weimar, Hitler delivered on many promises, restored German pride internationally, had economy working again, even those not support all Nazi policies prepared to tolerate them for sake of stability and prosperity Nazis brought -> Continued well into early years of war
818
Why was there not more opposition to the Nazis - Propaganda and censorship
Meant Newspapers and radio only spread news of Nazi achievements, did not let up in wartime - after Kristallnacht 1938, Germans unhappy with it, Nazis kept all future measures against Jewish people secret and didn't publicise them in way they had for anti-Jewish policies in early 1930s
