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Yr 10 Mock > History (MEDICINE) > Flashcards

History (MEDICINE) Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

What progress did islam have to medicine?

A

Understood the importance of hygiene
Set up the hospitals
Continued the use of clinical observation
Muslims believed learning was important and developed knowledge based of roman and greek medical texts
Developed distilation
Made it easier to open a practise

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2
Q

Why was progress limited in terms of islam and medicine

A

Islam didn’t permit the dissection of corpses

Muslims believed that the cure to every disease was simply praying to Allah

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3
Q

When did a hospital in carlo give money to outpatients to allow them to rest before returning to work?

A

1283

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4
Q

What did muslims create to prepare for an anaesthetic?

A

Distillation

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5
Q

Name three famous islamic doctors

A

Ibn al-Nafis, Avicenna and Rhazes

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6
Q

What did Rhazes write?

A

El Hawi

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7
Q

What did Rhazes discover?

A

How to notice the difference between measles and smallpox, that a fever was the bodies response to healing itself and consider and diagnose hayfever/allergies

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8
Q

What did Avicenna write?

A

Canon of Medicine

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9
Q

How long did Avicenna’s book last for?

A

17th century

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10
Q

Why did Avicenna’s book last so long?

A

It was translated into latin and circulated all over europe

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11
Q

What did Avicenna’s book reintroduce to europeans?

A

Ancient greek knowledge

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12
Q

What did Ibn al-Nafis discover?

A

Blood was circulated through the heart

And came the closest to discovering the complete circulatory system until the 17th century

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13
Q

Who wrote a scientific work on surgery explaining processes and theories using diagrams?

A

The Islamic Surgeon Abulcasis

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14
Q

What else did Abulcasis write about?

A

How to prepare fully before surgery
How to diagnose an illness before surgery
Before surgery is done, best and most efficent surgery should be chosen

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15
Q

What was a limitation of islamic surgery?

A

Usually last resort - As doctors were happier to treat the illness without opening the patient

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16
Q

Who stated that medicine hadn’t really changed since medieval times?

A

Lady Johanna St John

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17
Q

What began to appear in early modern britain?

A

Self-help medical books

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18
Q

True or False? Most towns had at least one pharmacy

A

True, although most people would continue to be treated by a local wise woman or with family remedies

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19
Q

Who made a recipe book of cures?

A

Lady Johanna St John

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20
Q

List one cure Lady Johanna St John had a cure for?

A

Bloody Nose

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21
Q

Who wrote complete herbal?

A

Nicholas Culpeper

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22
Q

When did Nicholas Culpeper write ‘Complete Herbal’?

A

1653

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23
Q

What else did Nicholas Culpeper do to his patient?

A

Charged them nothing (service was free)

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24
Q

What did Nicholas Culpeper prefer to do?

A

Speak to and examine his patients in person

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25
What held Nicholas Culpeper back?
Still relyed on herbal remedys
26
List four new ingredients from around the world being used in medicine, in the early modern period?
Rhubarb, Opium, Chinchora and Tobacco
27
What was the name for rhubarb?
'Wonder-drug'
28
Where was rhubarb from?
South America
29
Where did chinchona come from?
South America
30
Where did opium come from?
China
31
What was opium used for?
To reduce pain
32
What was smoking a pipe regarded as?
The best way to keep the plague away
33
Where was tobacco from?
North America
34
Why was the medicine market a market to take advantage of in the early modern period?
Not everyone understands what caused disease and what cured it
35
What century did people begin to invent and sell their own medicine?
17th and 18th
36
What was quack medicine sold as?
A preventative and a cure
37
Once sold enough what would the salesmen do?
Quickly move on before people realised that it didnt work
38
Give an example of a quack drug?
Daffy's Elixir
39
Who designed Daffy's Elixir?
Daffy
40
When was Daffy's Elixir designed?
1647
41
What did Daffy's Elixir allegedly cure?
Convulsion fits, children's distempers, worms, fits and ples
42
What were the ingredients of Daffy's Elixir?
Brandy, Parsley seeds, Rhubab, Jalap, Cochineal and sennel seeds
43
What did Daffy's Elixir actually "cure"?
Constipation as it acted as a laxative
44
What were the two main ingredients in quack medicine?
Alcohol and opium
45
Why was opium and alcohol so useful when designing quack medicine?
Would numb the pain whilst also getting the patients addicted
46
What did the sucess of quackery depend on?
The skill of the salesman and the uncertainty of the patient
47
Give an example of good packaging for quackery
Turlington's Balsam of Life
48
What was given a royal patent by King George II?
Turlington's Balsam of Life
49
When was 'Turlington's Balsam of Life' given a royal patent?
1744
50
What also helped quackery more wide spread?
The growth of newspapers which lead to the ability to advertise
51
What was the main goal of quackery?
To get people addicted
52
Why were quacks able to sell medicine, which was useless?
Everyone thought they were right, it was based off religion and there was no regulation implemented to stop them
53
Why did people buy these medicines?
The public were desperate and uncertain whilst also believing the false claims
54
What does quackery tell you about health and medicine at that time?
Becoming more of a profit Very unknown to the public Symptoms available but no cures
55
What did most people believe, at the beginning of the 19th century, caused disease?
Bad air (miasma) or the four humours
56
Name the three fathers of germ theory
Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Paul Ehrlich
57
What did Louis Pasteur discover?
What caused disease
58
What process did Pasteur create?
Pasteurisation
59
What was pasteurisation?
Boiling the solution (wine and milk) and then cooling it down
60
What did Pasteur prove could be done?
Germs could be prevented from entering the liquid
61
What did Pasteur discredit?
Spontaneous generation
62
What was a limitation to Pasteurs work?
Many surgeons didn't follow his advice (eg. He recommended that surgical instruments should be boiled before an operation)
63
What did Pasteur recommend?
That surgical instruments should be boiled before an operation
64
When and what did Koch devise a procedure?
1876 | To demonstrate that a bacteria (Bacillus anthracis) caused anthrax
65
What did Koch prove?
A particular baceria caused a particular disease
66
When and what other bacteria did Koch prove caused disease?
Tuberculosis (1882) | Cholera (1883)
67
What methods did Koch improve?
Staining bacteria | The use of gelatine and agar as growing media for bacterial colonies
68
What did Koch's improvement of agar growth help prove?
That pollution spread disease
69
What did Ehrlich research?
Chemotherapy
70
When was the microbe that causes syphillis discovered?
1906
71
When and how many chemical compounds had Ehrilch used to kill syphillis?
1907 | 600 chemical compounds
72
When and what was the name of the compound that killed syphillis?
1909 | Salvarsan 606
73
What did Ehrlich discover by studying microbes with dye on them?
Antibodies are present in the body
74
What did Ehrlich name the antibodies in the blood?
Magic Bullets
75
What improved 19th century medicine?
Technology
76
How does technology improve medicine?
Increases machines - mass production of medicine
77
When did aspirin go on sale in the UK?
1899
78
When did Boots begin selling medicine?
19th century
79
What did Thomas Beechan open to make?
A factory to make cold powders
80
When did Thomas Beechan make cold powders?
1859
81
What recommended that every household should have 10% opium and 90% alcohol?
Mrs Beeton's book (the book of household management)
82
Why was all these new machines bad for medicine?
Government had no control over what was being produced
83
What were major ingredients in 19th century medicine?
``` Alcohol Opium Cocaine Arsenic Mercury ```
84
Name two key ingredients in 19th century medicine that were poisonous
Arsenic | Mercury
85
When and who discovered penicillin?
19th century | Lister
86
What did lister do with his discovery?
Used it to treat a wound but never published his notes
87
Who discovered that antiseptics were unable to prevent infection?
Alexander Fleming
88
Who and what war was sent to St Mary's Hospital?
WW1 | Alexander Fleming
89
What caused septicemia?
Staphylococci
90
When did Fleming return from his holiday? and what did he find?
1928 | Mould (penicillin) was on his petri dish which killed the staphylococci germ
91
What did Fleming do with his discovery?
Published his results in 1929, but didn't have the funds to develop the drug
92
What stopped people from believing in Fleming's discovery?
He didn't include his test where he injected a person with penicillin into there body
93
Who began further research into penicillin?
Howard Florey | Ernst Chain
94
When was penicillin investigated further?
1937
95
When was penicillin investigated on humans?
1941
96
Describe the story of the test of penicillin on the first human
Police officer with an infection from a scratch | Originally worked until ran out of penicillin, after 5 days he had died
97
How did war affect penicillin?
Provided a use (and a testing ground) which sped up the development and production
98
Describe penicillin use during World War Two
1943 1,000 soldiers | 1945 250,000 soldiers
99
What % of soldiers would have died without penicillin during WWII?
15%
100
How did the government help with penicillin production after WWII?
There was a huge sponsored programme to produce the "wonder drug" and it was used to treat diseases such as; bronchitis wounds, abscesses and tonsillitis.
101
Can you name three other antibiotics produced after penicillin?
Streptomycin (tuberculosis) Tetracyline (skin infections) Mitomycin (cancer)

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