History of Art and Interior Design Flashcards by B P

aesthetically pleasing and meaningful arrangement of element, as words,sounds,colors,shapes etc.

Art

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Science or profession of designing and constructing building or other structures

Architecture

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Art referring to the following: painting, sculpture, glass and glassware,ceramic, and pottery, metallurgy and plants

Decorative Arts

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seeks to establish what was built, when by whom and for whom

Practical

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whys and its relationship to the social,economic,political,cultural, and religious environment

Historical

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visual and stylistic differences and to explain how styles change and why they do so

Aesthetics

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What do you call of the following:

Rational,Technological & Constructional
Social and Religious
Economic, Cultural and Political
Spirit of the Age (Zeitgeist)

Factors of Historical Development

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“before history” with written documentation/language. Based on educated speculation. Divided into Stone Age and Metal Age

Pre-history

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before written history, also known as the the Old stone age where Homo Sapiens or Cro-Magnon man used chipped stones

Paleotihic

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person that put on animal parts to have their characteristics to aid in hunting & gathering equals to survive wild better

Shaman,Troise Fere

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use of pigments for bodily ornamentation

Mousterian

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cave painting

Aurignacian

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Last of the hunter-gathers. Found in engravings of animals on bone

Magdalenian

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small figurines or decorative objects were carved or modeled with clay. Figurines were collectively known as “Venus” as they are unmistakably female of child -bearing build

Portable Art

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4 1/2” tall made of limestone the stumpy female figure features pendulous breast an obese middle and belly and pronounced buttocks

Venus of Willendorf (Austria)

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people during that time thin so if you have this body part = Fertile

Fertility Symbol

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Relief. Carries a horn =power Bc you have to be powerful to take of horn. Resembles CORNUCOPIA/ horn of Plenty” later on

Venus of Laussel

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cave paintings from Lascaux,France,Great Hall of the Bulls painted with four great bulls: believed to express belief the power of the animal

Stationary Art

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10,000-8,000 Bc. Glacial ice as well as certain food disappeared. Settled communities and farming the invention of bow and arrow, pottery for food storage and domestication of small animals

Mesolithic Age/ Middle Stone Age

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a. pottery utilitarian in origin, not for visual pleasure

b. Rock painting similar in nature to Paleolithic cave painting ; these moved out to outdoors to vertical cliffs

Kinds of Art

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Men first developed agriculture and settled in permanent villages.Mud bricks were first used . In order to farm, they needed shelter = started to form communities

Neolithic/ New stone Age

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made by kilning and mostly for storage of food ; mostly painted/decorated. Vessels used for storage and cooking

Pottery

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architecture without architects
Common sense architecture
response to climate,geography, topography and weather
-use of locally sourced materials
cultural belief “ form,ornamentation, motifs”

Vernacular Architecture

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conical stone-roofed building unique to the region of Puglia (Apulia) in southeastern Italy.

Trullo

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a large stone which has been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or with other stones; huge stones assembled without mortar

Megalith

a large, single upright standing stone,

Menhir

a free standing chamber,consisting of standing stones covered by a capstone as a lid

Dolmen

- founders of Mesopotamian civilization - from region of sumer - contributed cuneiform

Summerians

-from latin "cunueus" = wedge

cuneiform

- Protoliterate | - earliest writing developed

city of Uruk

made use of picture symbols

cylinderseals

first ever transaction was for beer

Transnational receipts

bible of Mesopotamia

Epic Of Gilgamesh

- 2700 BC - 3D statuettes made of marble - made through Cire- perdue or lost wax method - worshiped in hope that they would bring fertility to women and to crops - precious stone were used for the color of the pupils such as Lapiz Lazuli - Convention : all standing upright, men wearing skirt, women wearing dress, eyes wide open, beard for men, rigid posture for men; softer for women - Hierarchy of scale : men are taller than women i indicate rank/ importance

Tell Asmar Figures/ Eshunna

lost wax method

Cire-Perdue

all standing upright, men wearing skirt, women wearing dress, eyes wide open, beard for men, rigid posture for men; softer for women

Convention

men are taller than women , indicate rank/ importance

Hierarchy of scale

- 2600-2500 BC - 18" long, decorated with shell and Lapis Lazuli - Shell : hard to get, expensive - Lapis Lazuli : " stone from the heavens ", semi- precious blue stone - material shows that it was used by royalty

The standard of Ur

- offering stand from Ur - 2600 BC, wood, gold, Lapiz Lazuli - Height : 20" [ 50.7 cm ]

Ram & Tree

- Sumerian temple - 6 to 7 storeys high - for civic, commercial & industrial activities, often raised upon a great platform, usually situated at town center - resembles a Mountain "Sacred place ex. Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur [El Muqeiyar] Iraq, 2100 BC

Ziggurat

- Founded by Sargon I | - First Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves kings

Akkadians

- bastard son of the King | - same as story of Moses [ Flowed on river in a reed basket]

Sargon I

- Upright stone slab used as marker - earliest known monument to glorify a conqueror - register became diagonal from horizontal - Naram-sin alone stands triumphant as defeated enemy soldiers plead for mercy

Stele of Naram-sin

to maintain the status quo

The code of Hammurabi

- borrowed from Babylonian culture because bankrupt | - known for aggression = warfare

Assyrians

- thick walls fortification | - crenelation

City of nimrud

- throne hall : entrance of palace; decorated with almost entirely wood- sourced elsewhere =they had money & manpower

Palace of Sargon II

- guarded the palace - reminds of sphinx - horned cap attests to their divinity ; belt signifies power - human face because wisdom [animal before] - cross between sculpture in the round & relief - 5 legs : meant to be seen two slides ; resting & waling

Lamassu

-King Cyrus II or Cyrus the Great : founder -Followed teaching of Zoroaster rituals held outdoors- no temple -important =Palaces

Persians

word has two central forces : light & dark

Zoroaster

- "city of the Persians" | - Trabeated construction

Persepolis

- Ctesiphon, Iraq - 242-272 AD [ Roman Era] - Persians never stopped building

Palace of Shapur I

an upright slab forming part of a larger structure

Orthostat

or cromlech in welsh : circular/ semi-circular

Stone circle

a linear arrangement of upright, parallel standing stones

Stone row

a straight standing stone topped with another forming T shapes

Taula

two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone called a lintel placed on top e.g Stoneheuge

Trilithon

- copper and tin were widely used - use of semi-precious stones - advanced pottery - beginning of history itself

Bronze age

- known as the cradle of civilization - Domestication of animals,trade and coinage, legal government, potter's wheel, wagon wheel, alphabet, architecture,mathematics and astronomy,monotheism and monogamy

Mesopotamian Civilization

600-4000 B.C - contributed the cuneiform and the ziggurat architecture - invented writing and produced the world fist literature, the epic of Gilgamesh

Sumerian

- First Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves kings | - May have been the first to cast hollow life-size bronze sculpture

Akkadians

-Constructed one of the largest ziggurat in Mesopotamian at Ur

Neo-Sumerian

-babylon's greatest king Hammurabi formulated wide-ranging laws immortalized on what code?

Code of Hammurabi

Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem and has been associated with the architectural wonders of Babylon; builds the Ishtar Gate which was included among the 7 wonders of the world

Neo-Babylonians

700-500 B.C | -Palaces were fortified citadels with lamassu guardians

Assyrian

539-331 B.C | - Cyrus the Great of Persia defeated the Babylonians and archived an enormous empire

Persian Period

was built by Darius I Xerxes built a huge palace complex with an audience hall that could accommodate 10,000 guests

Persepolis

system of writing typified by the use of characters formed by the arrangement of small wedge-shaped elements

Cuneiform

Characterized by large circular eyes and curly hair and beard

Sculpture

great stone statue of a human-headed winged bull that proceded the palace of Ishtar, Palace of Sargon II city of Khorsabad

The Lamassu

300 statues written in Akkadian on 51 columns

The Law code of Hammurabi

- Used arches and corbel forms for roofs - Inlay and glazed tiles for decoration - Crenellation- battlement - there were no temples; rituals held outdoor a. Introduced the use of columns b. Low relief decorations

Mesopotamian

Artificial mountains made of tiered rectangular layers which rose in number from one to seven in the course of Mesopotamian history

Ziggurat

polychrome ornamental brickwork and also high plinths or dadoes made of great stone slabs placed on edges; usually carved with low relief sculpture

Palaces

entrance gate to the Palace of Sargon; named after the goddess of love, fertility and war, it is faced with glazed bricks with rows of bulls and dragons; were flanked by great towers and with lamassu figures carved in stone.Which in turn supported a semi-circular arch covered with brilliantly colored tile

Ishtar Gate

seven-tiered ziggurat,rising from a base of 297sq.ft. Its mounds of ruins lay in Baghdad; had a tower at apex

Tower of Babel

great palace built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife Amytis; idea of vertical garden

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

city of the Persians

Persepolis

Gateway

Propylacum

Bull capital

Hall of a hundred columns

- receiving hall | - crenellated parapet

Apadana

built on stone platform and consisted of multi-columned building. Access to the platform was a long double stairway

Palace complex at Persepolis

a large hypostyle hall begun by Darius and finished by Xerxes that was used mainly for great receptions by the kings. This hall contained 72 columns and two monumental stairway; receiving hall

Apadana or Audience Hall

1. Focus on permanence, stability,eternity,life after death 2. Formalized art- rules for the portrayal of the human figure 3. Theocracy - Pharaoh thought to be a god 4. Hieroglyphics- system of writing with picture symbols this allowed history to be written 5. Making of glass an important discovery

Ancient Egyptian Period

The pharaoh was considered divine.Representation of the figure presented the most reflexive view of each part of the body.Preparation for the afterlife was of extreme importance. The body must be preserved if the soul or ka is to live on in the beyond using the same body

Religion

The god of thebes; sacred animals; the ram and goose

Amon

Jackal-god; patron of embalmers, god of necropolis

Anubis

god of the sum-disk;worshipped as the creator god by Akhenaten

Aten

helper of women in childbirth,protector against snakes and other dangers; depicted as a dwarf with features of a lion

Bes

god of the Nile flood; depicted as a man with female breasts

Hapi

goddess of children; depicted as a cow or as a women with cow's horns

Hathor

falcon-god; originally the sky god; identified with the king during his lifetime; the son of Osiris and Isis

Horus

architect who was later defied as the god of learning and medicine

Imhotep

divine mother; one of protector-goddesses; protecting coffins and canopic jars

Isis

goddess of truth;depicted as a women with ostrich feather on her head

Maat

wife of Amon; originally the vulture goddess , later depicted as a women

Mut

god of the underworld; identified as the dead king; depicted as a mummiform man

Osiris

creator god of Memphis; patron god of craftsmen; depicted as a mummiform man

Ptah

sun god of Heliopolis; supreme judge;depicted as falcon headed

Ra(e)

god of storms and violence; brother and murderess of Osiris,rival of horus; depicted as a pig ass, hippopotamus etc

Seth

- ornament - record of history - veneration to the gods

Egyptian Art

Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other, although the hands and feet are in profile eyes, shoulder in front view

Law of Frontality

a. Royalty portrayed large and formally b. commoners portrayed naturally c. Slaves and enemies in smallest scale

Scale

1. Brilliant color 2. Groove chiseled around each figure 3. Law of Frontality- Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other, although the hands and feet are in profile eyes, shoulder in front view 4. Scale a. Royalty portrayed large and formally b. commoners portrayed naturally c. Slaves and enemies in smallest scale 5. Men colored reddish brown; female in yellow

Egyptian Wall Decorations

1. Lions,bulls of red granite 2. seated figures of royalty 3. Sphinx- mythical beast of ancient Egypt, frequently symbolizing the pharaoh as an incarnation of the sun god Ra. It represented in sculpture usually in a recumbent position with the head of a man and the body of a lion,although some were constructed with rams' heads and others with hawks' heads 4. Sarcophagus - carved, generally stone case in which the linen-wrapped mummy was placed

Egyptian Sculpture

mythical beast of ancient Egypt, frequently symbolizing the pharaoh as an incarnation of the sun god Ra. It represented in sculpture usually in a recumbent position with the head of a man and the body of a lion,although some were constructed with rams' heads and others with hawks' heads

Sphinx

carved, generally stone case in which the linen-wrapped mummy was placed

Sarcophagus

a. Rectangular forms in straight lines are its dominant features b. Massive and solid c. Excessively thick walls d. simple forms and few molding e. proportions and support were heavy and sturdy f. trabeated construction- a system of column and lintel

Characteristic of Egyptian Architecture

first recorded artist of western history, architect to Zoser. Enjoyed the status of a court official and was later deified

Imhotep

Funerary temples for commoners; later developed into step pyramids which were really mastabas on top of each other

Mastabas

city of mastabas

Necropolis

a massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex used mainly in ancient Egypt

Pyramid

series of mastabas, each smaller and stacked on top of each other. It was built fairly small limestone blocks

Stepped

two types of stepped

Bent and straight

square shaft of stone with a pyramid top used as a monument

Obelisks

post and lintel construction

Temples

Dead pharaoh

Mortuary Temples

popular worship of the ancient gods

Cult temples

located on cliffs where they cut labyrinth passageways that led to ceremonial and burial chambers which were later replaced by temples

Rock-hewn tombs/temples

Monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple, consisting of a pair of tower structure with slanting walls flanking the entrance portal

Pylon

open court

Peristyle

double row of columns higher than the other

Hypostyle hall

small shrine which was used as receptacle for the small statue of a god

Sanctuary

papyrus, the plant symbolizing lower Egypt suggest the presence of a temple; can have circular or ribbed shafts

Papyrus bundle

non-secular buildings

lotiform

or bell-shaped form; either lotus or papyrus

campaniform flow

headed

Hathor

1. Papyrus bundle- papyrus, the plant symbolizing lower Egypt suggest the presence of a temple; can have circular or ribbed shafts 2. Lotiform- non-secular buildings 3. Palmiform 4. or bell-shaped form; either lotus or papyrus 5. Hathor- headed 6. Volute

Types of Capitals

First pyramid ever built, it is a stepped pyramid built to house the ka of king Zoser

Stepped Pyramid of Zoser, Sakkara

symbol of protection; Hewn out of natural limestone with the addiction of stone blocks; Molded into a human-headed lion with the face representing Khafre; A paved open temple is located between its paws

The great Sphinx

most elaborate of Egyptian requirement for the afterlife pyramid of Khufu

The giza pyramid

three large terraces connected to each other by ramps

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

hypostyle hall with 134 freestanding column in 16 rows. The site is built by a sacred lake

Great Temple Of Amun, Karnak

rock cut temple commissioned by Rameses II to honor his own memory

Great Temple of Abu-Simbel

- 3000-1200BC - art of civilization that flourished on the Greek peninsula in Asia Minor, on the north coast of Africa and in the western Mediterranean until the establishment of the Roman dominion in 146AD characterized by a system of construction based on rules of forms and proportion

The Aegean Period

Greek ancient civilization rose from the Dorians who overwhelmed the Myceneans

Historical Background of Greeks

(3000-1200 BC) composed of three civilizations that flourished on the islands of the Aegean Sea that lie between western Turkey and mainland Greece

Aegean period

3200-1200 BC

Cycladic

3000-1500BC . After minos, which can be a generic term for ruler or a name of a particular person

Minoan

1600-1300 BC, land of the legend of troy; a civilization found in the mainland settlement of Mycenae

Mycenaean

marble sculpture most found lying down in gravel

Cycladic Art

a. Fresco - The bull Jumping fresco - The queen's Megaron b. Building of great palace on the island. E.g Palace of Knossos a spreading palace of stone and wood for the king with so many chambers above and below ground - Pillow capitals - Frescoes lined interior and portico wails c. Vase painting flourished with sea motifs as popular subjects d. small scale sculpture (snake goddess sculpture)

Minoan Art

a. Funerary mask/ Mask of Agamemnon b. Cyclopean Architecture c. Megaron d. Tombs

Mycenaean Art

Mycenaean funerary gold mask. Found in tomb V in Royal circle A at the Acropolis of Mycenae

Funerary mask/ Mask of Agamemnon

fortress on a hill that is entered through the Gate of Lion.Large rectangular area with hearth in the center and with many column supporting the roofs

Cyclopean Architecture

"big room", prehistoric throne room

Megaron

- enclosing a circular hearth - antechamber - front porch with two column

Parts of Megaron

- beehive tomb or tholos ("round building) - Corbeling - Boasted of the largest dome in the pre Roman world

Tombs

courses of layers of stone so that each level projects over a stone

Corbeling

Greek peninsula, in Asia Minor on the north coast of Africa and in western Mediterranean until establishment of the Roman dominion in 146AD

Greek Art

revical of figures painting in Greece

Geometric Period

- oldest Doric and Ionic temples | - Life size stone statues with A

Archaic Period

- Contrapposto in statues - polykleitos formulates canon of proportions' - rebuilding of the Athenian Acropolis

Classical Period

- Sculptors humanize Greeks gods | - Corinthian capitals introduced

Helleric

- Artist explore new subjects | - artist break the rules of the classical orders

Helleristic

1. rose from the Dorians who overwhelmed the Mycenaean 2. composed of independent city states (polis) 3. worshiped numerous gods and goddesses who were given human form 4. Sacrifices to gods include festivals athletic games and theater plays 5. belief in the high potential of the human being that encouraged a high level of creative expression 6. belief in the ideal form (plato) 7. "nude" developed 8. Balanced and moderation in all things "Golden mean" proportion

Historical Background of Greeks

1. Dark age and Geometric period (100-700 BC) 2. Archaic period (700-480 BC) 3. Hellenic/classical period(480-323 BC) 4. Hellenistic age(323-31 BC)

Periods in Greek art

1. Sculpture 2. Vases 3. Architecture

Archaic period

a. cylindrical forms and simple formalized features of draperies b. kouros (robed standing youth) was a favorite subject c. Archaic smile

Sculpture of Archaic period

(robed standing youth)

kouros

before the time of Alexander the Great

Hellenic art

movement; toward increasing naturalness and freedom of form; use of lost wax method and bronze casting

Severe style

vertical folds of cloth

Sculpture of classical/ Hellenic style

idealized representations of the subject with perfect bodily proportion

Golden Age

contrary positions of the arms and legs

Contrapposto position

Painting attempts to depicts reality by using devices to create illusion of a third dimension in flat painting like?

foreshortening and shadow modeling

times of Alexander the great's death in 323 BC through the 1st century BC during the Greek dynasties were established in Egypt, Syrian and Persia and Greek

Hellenistic Art

canons and mathematical rules of proportion: realism and emotional intensity. Ex Laocoon and His Sons

Sculpture of Hellenistic Art

rectilinear meander patterns. Framed by circular horizontal borders that emphasize the shape of the pot

Geometric style

assimilation of Eastern iconography. Shapes are larger and more curvilinear and geometric patterns are now used simply as borders

Orientalizing Style

Black-figures : black silhouette with a slip made of clay and water

Archaic

Red-figures: process was reversed as figures were left in red against a black background and details were painted in black

Late Archaic to classical r

White- figures: wash of white clay formed the background. Figures were then applied in black and additional colors were added

Classical to late Classical

four broad categories of Greek pottery

1. storage and transport vessels 2. mixing vessels 3. jugs and cups 4. vases for oils, perfumes and cosmetic

a water jar with three handles

Hydria

flask for storing and pouring oil

lekythos

a large vessel with two handles, for mixing wine and water

krater

tops of the handles have a volute or scroll. Decorated in red figured style

Volute-Krater

storing home, olive oil, wine and water

Amphora

stemmed cup with two horizontal handles and a stemmed foot used for drinking wine

Kylix

pouring wine

Oenochoe

deep bowl; like a teacup

skyphos

used for drinking; swung handles that extend above the lip of the pot

olpe

storing liquids ; contain ashes after cremetion

Pelike

small circular box with a lid, often used for the storage of jewelry and toiletries

Pyxis

religious practices for the pouring of libations; shape of animal head especially bulls

Rhyton

particular style of column together with the entablature and standardized details including its base and capital.

Orders in Greek Architecture

earliest and most massive; no base; a fluted shaft and plain capital

Doric

lighter than Doric. Fluted shaft has abase; volute capital

Ionic

plinth and fluted shaft and its distinctive ornate capital

Corinthian

1. Upright column 2. Base and capital 3. Horizontal entablature

Parts of Major Greek Orders

topmost step of three steps

Stylobate

column composed of individual sections (drums) and concave groove(flutes) with a base and capital

Shaft

topmost structural member of a column

Capital

snug band at the top of the shaft

Necking

flat,curved element, like a plate with rounded sides

Echinus

flat square above the echinus

Abaus

forms the lintel ; an elaborate horizontal band and molding above the column

Entablature

plain, horizontal member above a capital

Architrave

a band above the architecture consisting of alternating triglyphs and metopes

Frieze

rectangles with vertical incisions carved into their surface

Triglyph

slabs of stone either plane or with sculpture in relief

Metope

short band under the triglyph

Regula

above regula

Tenia

projection above the frieze to protect it from the weather

Cornice

low,slanting cornice

Ranking cornice

triangular gable; horizontal cornice with raked cornices

Pediment

technique applied on column which do not taper in a straight line, but bulge outward about one-third of the way up from the base

Entasis

small, slat, plain surface, used to separate other moldings

Fillet

wide, straight surface

Fascia

convex curved surface; quarter-circle; often with egg&dart motif

Ovolo

concave surface quarter circle

Cavetto

s-shaped curved surface that starts &ends horizontally' usually with honeysuckle motif

Cyma recta

starts & ends vertically

Cyma reversa

convex surface approx the exterior of semi-circle with gulloche

Torus

small torus

Bead

deep,hollow,concave molding; column base

Scotia

column with shafts in female form

Caryatid

sculptured male human figure used in place of a column to support an entablature also called atlas

Telamon

plaza/court, meeting place, platform for speaker

Agora

a long colonnaded multi-purpose building

Stoa

city upon a hill; citadel

Acropolis

house the deity

Temple

large space with a flat roof supported by rows of column

Hypostyle hall

inner portico

Pronaos

sanctuary of a classical temple; cult statue of the god

Naos

Greek stage building

Skene

Type of Greek theater with semi-circular form and hollowed out of a hill

Auditorium

Type of Greek theater which covered smaller theaters

Odeon

Type of Greek theater that are elongated for foot races

Stadium

Type of Greek theater for horse and chariot races

Hippodrome

Part of a Greek theater known as the "dancing place"; a large circular area with slightly raised stone on which was placed the statues of deities usually Dionysius

Orchestra

Part of a Greek theater serving as the acting area behind the orchestra

Proscenium

Part of a Greek theater serving as a backdrop for the acting area or dressing room

Skene

Entrance of a Greek theater

Parodos

Exit of a Greek theater

Exodus

Senate house for elected officials

Prytaneion

Councilhouse; covered meeting place for elected officials

Bouleterion

Large tomb usually a large stone building with entombment above ground

Mausoleum

Greek gymnasium

Palestra

Both the fortified citadel and state sanctuary of city of Athens

Acropolis of Athens

Monumental entrance to the Acropolis

Propylaea

Picture gallery; formed left wing of Propylaea on the Acropolis

Pinacothea

Built on the 420 B.C. in the Ionic order; has prostasis on east side, propylon on the north and famous porch of caryatids on the south

Temple of Erectheion

Chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena on the hill of Acropolis at Athens, Greece

Parthenon

Covered walkway or portico

Stoa

Period from Eturia (modern day Tuscany) and the Etrusci Sea; 1000-100 BC; decadent and blood thirsty people with predilection for piracy, superstition and magic

Etruscan Period

Container for ashes

Cinerary

Corbeled domed tombs

Tholos

Period with new engineering developments in the design of the arch vault and the dome

Roman period

Three Roman periods

Roman Republican Period: 500 to 27 BCE Early Roman Empire: 27 CE to 180 CE Late Roman Empire: 180-330 CE

Period in Roman history where capital was moved to Byzantium by Emperor Constantine

Late Roman Empire`

Marble or limestone coffin with elaborate carving

Sarcophagus

Sculpture of a person's head, shoulders, and chest

Bust

Technique which involves painting directly on plaster wall

Roman fresco technique

Painting on wet plaster

Buon fresco (good/ true fresco)

Dry fresco

Fresco secco

Pattern or picture made of many small colored pieces of stone, glass etc.

Mosaics

Statue of a rider on a horse

Equestrian Monument

Architectural monument built to commemorate military triumphs and other significant events such as the accession of new emperor

Triumphal arch

Monument in the form of a column erected in memory of a victorious battle, war or revolution

Column of victory

Massive brick and concrete construction, semi-circular arch, barrel and groin vault and dome, elaboration of Greek orders; use of marble linings, mosaics, molded stucco for interiors

Roman architecture

Established certain rules for standardizing Greek orders for architecture

Vitruvius

Measuring unit for each order

Module

According to Vitruvius, entablature shall be ____ the height of column

1/4

According to Vitruvius, shaft shall be ____ smaller in diameter at the top than its base

1/6

Type of order combining Ionic shaft and Corinthian capital

Composite order

Simplified version of Roman Doric order with fewer and bolder moldings, unfluted columns, plain frieze and no triglyphs

Tuscan

Counterpart of the agora; composed of temples, triumphal arches, pillars of victories, Roman basilica, senate and shops

Forum

Columns that protrude from walls like reliefs

Engaged columns

High platform upon which temple was raised

Podium

Part of Roman temple equivalent to Naos

Cella

Roman house of the middle class

Domus

Blocks of flat used as a shop and apartment

Insulae

Housed the upper-class Roman

Villa

Smaller than the Colosseum; arches as predominant features

Amphitheatre

Long hairpin race course for chariot races

Circus

Other name for circus

Hippodrome

Large reservoirs/ cisterns for lead pipes to transport water to towns

Aqueduct

Example of aqueduct

Pont du Gard

Building to house the Roman law court; eventually became law of justice and commercial exchange

Basilica

Public baths

Thermae

Hot room in Roman public bath

Caldarium

Warm room in Roman public bath

Tepidraium

Cold room in Roman public bath

Frigidarium

Dry sweating room in Roman public bath

Lancornicum

Oiling and shampooing room in Roman public bath

Unctuaria

Dressing rooms in Roman public bath

Apodyteria

Commemorative arch monument

Triumphal arch

Great marble monument constructed during the reign of Augustus

Ara Pacis

Began by Agrippa in 27 BC, Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it in 120 AD changing it to the circular shape it has now

Pantheon

Center of dome to admit light

Oculus

Built for Roman games; features a combination of Roman arch and vault construction; exterior walls are 18m high

Colosseum (Arena)

Other term for Colosseum

Flavian Amphitheater

Open air court

Atrium

Middle aisle of a church

Nave

Semi-circular space in front of nave

Apse

Placed at center of apse

Altar

Started by Emperor Leo III when he prohibited the production of icons in representational human forms

Iconoclastic Controversy in 726

Reign of Constantine I in 324 AD where he built the new capital for Roman Empire

Byzantine period

City of Constantine or Nova Roma= New Rome

Constantinople

Inverted concave triangle that springs from a corner of the square curving up to meet the others

Pendentive

Corbel type arch piled on top of another, placed diagonally across internal angles of a tower or base of a drum to convert the square form into an octagonal base to support an octagonal spire or circular dome

Squinch arch

Slender towers in the exterior; from Muslim invaders

Minaret

Formerly a hall of justice redesigned to be a place for worship

Basilica

Sanctuaries that enshrine a relic/tomb of a martyr

Martyrium

Large tomb almost temple-like

Mausoleum

Used for sacrament of baptism

Baptisteries

Large original building with a dome over the central core

Church of San Vitale

"Holy Wisdom"; built as a major cathedral in Constantinople; has a domed cross plan; commissioned by Emperor Justinian to Anthemios of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus

Hagia Sophia

"in the Roman manner"; style of art emerging in Italy i 19th century until advent of Gothic in 12th century; closer to Rome than Gothic

Romanesque

Series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by the Pope and the Catholic Church with the goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem

Crusades

Economic system based upon limited land ownership and forced labor

Manorialism

Agricultural laborers bound under the feudal system to work on lord's estate

Serfs

Containers of relics

Reliquaries

Unique embroidered narrative; resonates the events leading to the Battle of Hastings

Bayeux Tapestry

Central support of Medieval doorways

Trumeau

Lunette above the door ornamented

Tympanum

Western facade decorated with flanking towers, arched doors, multiple stories, ornamental

Westwork

Exterior support applied to counter the lateral thrust of the vault

Masonry buttress

Distinct form of decoration aimed at relieving otherwise blank walls

Blind arcading

Arch struck from one or more centers below the springing line

Segmented

Arch resting on an imposts treated as downward continuation of an archivolt

Stilted

Forecourt surrounded or flanked by porticoes

Atrium

Portico before the nave for the penitents

Narthex

Principal or central part of church from narthex to the choir

Nave

Any of longitudinal divisions separated from the nave

Aisle

Raised platform transverse open space separating nave and the apse

Berna

As wide as the nave; forming a square at the crossing

Transept

Part of the church occupied by singers

Choir

Semi-circular walkway with chapels off it surrounding the sanctuary

Ambo/ ambulatory

Appointed place for preaching

Pulpit

Semi-circular or polygonal often vaulted recess especially termination of the sanctuary end of the church

Apse

Table upon which Eucharist is celebrated

Altar

Denotes building or complex of buildings that houses a room reserved for prayer as well as domestic quarters and workplace

Monastery

Private residences and fortresses for the lords

Castles

Famous for its leaning tower

Cathedral of Pisa

Pilgrimage destination for Paul's pilgrims

Santiago de Compostela Spain

Greatest Norman building in England

Durham Cathedral England

Royal palace of her majesty in London

Tower of London

12th-15th century; elegant, highly decorated and characterized by use of sumptuous, colorful materials; focused on cathedrals and churches

Gothic Period

Opus Fragencium

French work

Opus Modernum

Modern architecture

Method of teaching that dominated the schools of Western Europe from about 1100 until about 1600; students were taught to argue from reason, experience and authority

Scholasticism

Abbot of St. Denis Cathedral who may have invented the Gothic style

Abbot Suger

"Counterpoise"; weight on one foot; assymetrical

Contrapposto

Favorite theme in Gothic painting; Virgin Mary surrounded by angels

Madonna enthroned

Painting technique in which the pigments are combined with egg

Tempera technique

Colored glass made by mixing metallic oxides into molten, translucent glass or fixing oxides onto surface of clear glass

Stained glass

Beneivieni di Pepo; painter and mosaicist; last great Italian artist by Byzantine style; dominated early medieval painting in Italy

Cimabue

Student of Cimabue; most important Italian painter of 14th century; works point to innovations of Renaissance style; contribution was unparalleled grasp of human emotion

Giotto

Home church of a bishop; usually principal church in a diocese

Cathedral

Origin of cathedral; Greek word kathedra means?

Seat or throne

Design, construction or presence of doors, windows or openings

Fenestration

Circular window with tracery mullions radiating from a central point

Rose window

Exterior structure composed of thin half-arches or flyers; supported the wall at the point where the thrust of an interior arch was greatest

Flying buttress

Vault that requires less buttressing; compound vault in which barrel vaults intersect forming arrises

Ribbed groin vaults

What is an arrise?

Sharp edge formed by meeting 2 curved surfaces

What are the arrises called in a ribbed groin vault?

Groins

Vault with any small subordinate rib which is inserted between the main ribs more often as an ornament than for reasons of construction

Lierne vault

A concave conical vault whose ribs of equal lengths and curvature radiate from the springing like the ribs of a fan

Fan vault

Grotesquely carved figures

Gargoyle

Column-like support for arches in Gothic church

Pier

Pier composed of a conjunction of colonettes generally attached to a central shaft; a clustered column

Compound column

Ornamental projections covering the intersection of the ribs

Bosses

Projecting carved ornaments in a bud or leaf shape used on the sides of pinnacles and spires

Crockets

Brackets set into the wall to carry a beam

Corbels

Gothic style characterized by pointed arch and geometric tracery

Early French Style

Gothic style characterized by circular windows with radiating lines of tracery

French Rayonnant Style

Gothic style characterized by flamelike tracery, intricacy of detailing and frequent complication of interior space

French Flamboyant Style

Gothic style characterized by lancet windows and plate tracery

Early English/ Lancet style

Gothic style characterized by rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting and refinement of stone cutting techniques

English Decorated Style

Gothic style characterized by perpendicular tracery, fine intricate stonework and elaborate fanlike vauts

English Perpendicular/ Rectilinear Style

Architectural landmark as it was the first major structure of which a substantial part was designed and built in Gothic style

Abbey Church of St. Denis by Suger

Known as France's "model" church and for its unmatched towers

Cathedral of Notre dame de Chartres

Tallest complete cathedral in France with greatest interior volume

Amiens Cathedral, France

France built in the High Gothic style; features more window space and the tympanum walls are filled with glass; known for its portals that have porches that cover them

Reims Cathedral

Cathedral in England features a magnificent central tower and spire

Salisbury Cathedral

Cathedral in Germany; floor space is largest among all Gothic churches

Cologne Cathedral

One of the finest examples of late Gothic (Perpendicular) English architecture; features a fan vaulting of the roof

King's College Chapel

Residence of the chief magistrate of Venice; palace built in Venetian Gothic style

Doge's Palace

Literally the house of gold; palace on Grand Canal in Venice, Northern Italy; epitomizes Gothic style in Venice

Ca D'Oro

Means rebirth of the art of classic antiquity in Italy in the 14th century; in this period, man was freed from religious restraints of the medieval times

Renaissance Period

Ideology that believes that humans, purportedly created in the Judeo-Christian God had been given the ability for rational thought to some meaningful end

Humanism

Weakening of the spiritual and political leadership of the Church

Secularism

Known as the pre-eminent family of Florence who amassed great wealth in banking; spent great money on architects and artists

The Medici

During 15th century; characterized by development of linear perspective, chiaroscuro and in building, by free and inventive use of classical details

Early Renaissance

"Light to dark"; uses light and dark to achieve heightened illusion of depth

Chiaroscuro

Method of rendering a specific object or figure in a picture in depth; the artist records in varying degrees, the distortion that is seen by the eye when an object or figure is viewed at a distance or at an unusual angle

Foreshortening

Often considered as the founder of Renaissance painting by breaking Byzantine tradition of painting to naturalism, humanism and composition; known as first naturalistic painter of Italy

Giotto (Giotto di Bonrdone)

First great painter of Italian Renaissance; introduce plasticity previously unseen in figure painting

Masaccio (Tomaso Guidi)

Dominican monk with religious art; use of luminous gem-like colors, diffused light slender forms

Fra Angelico (Guido di Pietto da Mugello)

More concerned with physical beauty than the insight of spiritual depth

Fra (Lippo) Lippi

Stories and characters of classical mythology; works drew from mythological inspirations; classed with sentimental, devotional group

Alessandro Boticelli

Most prominent painter of early Renaissance style; perfected process of painting with oil and varnish

Jan van Eyck

Sculptor known for sacred themes

Donatello

Sculptor; North and east doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence

Lorezo Ghiberti

Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi; with distinctive octagonal design of the double-walled dome resting on a drum; entire dome built without need for scaffolding from ground

The Duomo or Dome of the Cathedral of Florence

Built by Giovanni Medici for the poor; basic element is series of round arches, tabernacle windows, rectangular windows surmounted by a pediment; by Brunelleschi

Ospedale Degli Innocenti (Foundling Hospital)

Under the instructions of Cosimo de Medici and bought by the Ricardi family at end of 17th century; divided into storeys of decreasing heights by string cornices; used dressed stone; open colonnaded court; pediment window added by Michelozzo; by Brunelleschi and Michelozzo

Palazzo Medici-Ricardi

Leon Batista Alberti applied classical orders of columns to facade on three levels; 1446-1451

Palazzo Rucellai

Built by Lucca Pitti; largest palace in Italy aside from the Vatican

Palazzo Pitti

Represented culmination and convergence of talent; emphasis on draftsmanship, the illusion of sculptural volume in painting

Italian Renaissance

Best known as a painter; attempted to unite science with art; used sfumato

Leonardo da Vinci

Modeling technique which consisted of blurring sharp outline with subtle, tonal gradations, imparting a mysterious enigmatic quality

Sfumato

Trained in Florence; best known as painter and sculptor; used knowledge to glorify God; created a style which laid the foundation for Baroque-Mannerism; Sistine Chapel ceiling

Michelangelo Buonarotti

Trained in Umbria; studied in Florence; painted beautiful, gentle, calm women in a courteous manner

Raphael (Rafaello Sanzio)

Most famous of the Venetian renaissance painters

Giorgionne

Leader of 16th century Venetian school of Italian Renaissance

Titian

Known as Leonardo of the North; woodcuts and engravings

Albrecht Durer

Greatest Flemish painter of the 16th century; known for his landscapes and peasant scenes

Pieter Bruegel The Elder

Meaning small temple; marked the spot of St. Peter's crucifixion; by Donato Bramante

Tempietto

By Michelangelo; composed of the Palace of the Senate, the Conservatory and the Capitoline Museum where the statue of Marcus Aurelius stood

Capitoline Hill

Palace started by Francis I; architecture is a carefully balanced blend of Medieval French; other elements borrowed from Italian Renaissance

Chateau de Chambord

Used by kings of France from 12th century; medieval royal hunting lodge; built by Francois I; known for its horseshoe shape entrance staircase

Palais de Fontableau

Term given to early Renaissance architecture in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I

Elizabethan Period

He introduced Renaissance Classicism into England; influenced by Andrea Palladio

Inigo Jones

Has numerous and large mullioned windows typically English Renaissance while the loggia is Italian

Hardwick Hall

Example of English Palladianism by Inigo Jones; former royal residence for Anne of Denmark

Queen's House

Term applied to exaggerated styles, striking visual effects characterized by elongated or over muscular figures set in extravagantly contorted panes; revolt against the fundamental design principles of classicism of clarity, visibility and stability

Mannerism

For his phenomenal energy in painting, he was termed as IL Furioso and his dramatic use of perspectival space and special lighting effects make him precursor of baroque art; Venice's Master of Mannerism

Tintoretto

Comprise the triumvate of pre-eminent Venetian painters of the late Renaissance

Veronese, Titian and Tintoretto

Known as supreme colorist and for his illusionistic decorations in both fresco and oil; elaborate narrative cycles

Veronese

Excelled in cool, mannerist portraits

Agnolo Bronzino

Italian architect regarded as the greatest architect of 16th century in northern Italy

Andrea Palladio

Characterized by the exaggeration of classic features in a square building with pillared portico on each face leading to a central circular hall with dome

Villa Capra

Became the official architecture style in France in the 17th-18th centuries with its capital at Versailles; asymmetrical compositions, powerful effects of a movement, strong lighting; dramatic interpretations

Baroque style

The Sun King

Louis XIV

Founded by royal minister Jean Baptiste Colbert to manipulate imagery for political advantage

The Royal Academy in France

Minister of Finance, organized a system for the development of decorative arts when he built Chateau Vaux-le Vicomte

Nicholas Fouquet

By Le Brun, Jules Mansart and Le Vau; most famous royal chateau in France; 'creation by division'

Palace at Versailles

East front by Le Vau and Claude Perrault; actual seat of power in France until Louis XIV moved to Versailles in 1682; formal seat of government to the end of the Ancient Regime

Louvre Palace, Paris

Church built by Queen Anne after birth of Louis XIV; projecting portal by Francois Mansart; dome by Le Mercier

Church of Val de Grace

He used dramatic, realistic and chiaroscuro technique

Michelangelo Caravaggio

Use of sharply contrasting light and dark; use of very dark, overall tonality of the painting

Tenebrism

The greatest Flemish painter of the Baroque; most prolific painter produced about 2,000 paintings

Peter Paul Rubens

Specialized aristocratic portraiture with details of silken fabrics, fine laces and trimmings

Anthony Van Dyck

Painted portraits and scenes of genre and religious subjects; development of artificial and unique technique of handling light and shadow

Rembrandt van Rijn

Graded transitions from light to dark with shadows in warm colors

Rembrandt lighting

The "little Dutch master", next to Rembrandt; focus on women at some household chore

Jan Vermeer

Influenced by Michelangelo and by intensity and animation of mannerist and baroque paintings

Gianlorenzo Bernini

Originated in Italy during early 17th century; characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament, dynamic opposition and interpretation of spaces

Baroque

Meaning odd shape; imperfect pearl

Baroco

Columns with twisted shaft

Solomonic columns

By Bernini; facade by Carlo Madera; baldachino and piazza by Bernini surrounded by 284 columns in Tuscan style

St. Peter's Basilica

Over the tomb of St. Peter by Bernini

Baldachino

1760; by Bernini; largest Baroque fountain in Rome

The Fountain of Trevi

by Francisco Borromini; featured alteration of concave and convex elements in the facade and a drum that supported an oval dome

S.Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Roman Catholic Church designed by Baldassare Longhena; vast octagonal building with two domes and pair of pisturesque bell towers at the back

S. Maria della Salute

by Giacom o Vignola; mother church of the Society of Jesus; Jesuits; first truly Baroque facade

Church of II Gesu

Charles III as patron; style known for its awkwardness and overly ornate handling of French Baroque characteristics

English baroque

1675; by Christopher Wren; largest cathedral in England; dome is an adapted and enlarged versions of the Tempietto of Bramante; lower levels more Palladian

St. Paul's Cathedral

One of the premier stately homes of England; baroque masterpiece, more palace than house; conceived by Charles Howard; 2 unbalanced wings

Castle Howard

Built by John Vanbrugh; aided by Nicholas Hawksmoor; begun in 1705; English Baroque style

Blenheim Palace

Originating in France in 1720; distinguished by fanciful carved spatial forms and elaborate, profuse designs of shellwork and foliage; during reign of Louis XV

French Rococo

Meaning rockwork

Rocaille

Meaning shellwork

Cocaille

18th century was known as Age of __________

Enlightenment

Leading Rococo painter from Flanders

Antoine Watteau

Calls on classical imagery to provide a more serious underpinning for frivolous erotic themes

Jean-Honore Fragonard

Took contemporary manners and social conventions as the subject of his satire

William Hogarth

English painter of portraits, landscapes and fancy pictures; worked with light and rapid brush strokes and delicate and evanescent colors

Thomas Gainsborough

Created light-hearted terracotta sculptures

Clodion

Small chateau located at the grounds of Palace of Versailles; designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriels by the order of Louis XV for his long-term mistress, Madame de Pompadour; 1726-1768

Petit Trianon

Works are characterized by shallow recesses with rounded corners and ornamentation employing shell motifs, leafy scrolls and classical busts in medallions

Nicolas Pineau

Classicism prevailing in the architecture of Europe, America and various European colonies during late 18th and early 19th century; intro and widespread use of Greek and Roman orders and decorative motifs; simple, strongly geometric compositions and frequent shallowness of relief

Neoclassicism

Art director of Napoleon

Jacques Louis David

Fondness for rich colors and textures; submerged brushstrokes and the smooth highly finished surfaces

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

Greatest of the French classicists; sought the ideals of form and subject matter; of landscapes with figures of light with color and mood

Nicolas Poussin

Considered by some to be the greatest of the 18th century French painters; was anti-rococo; favoured simple, still lives and unsentimental domestic interiors

Jean Baptiste Chardin

Displays the sweeping grandeur of and idealization of the Neoclassic style

Antonio Canova

Name given in most English speaking countries; first 4 British monarchs of the House of Hanover

Classical Block/Georgian

Intended as Pantheon by order of Napoleon; imitation of Greek colonnaded temple with a Roman style podium

The Madeleine, Paris

Remodeled by Louis Le Van; patterned after a Greek cross plan; home and hospital for aged and unwell soldiers

Church of Les Invalides

Architecture of the Moors and native Andalusians who remained in Christian territory but were not converted to Christianity; 12th-16th century

Mudejar

Style with extremely decorated facades that brought to mind the decorative motifs of the intricately detailed work silversmiths, the Plateros

Plateresque

Period of austere renaissance style; unornamented; prominent architect was Juan de Herrera

Desornamentado

Painted austere religious subjects inspired by Jesuit fanaticism; Spain's principal mannerist; elongated figures with grave expressions

El Greco (Domenicos Theotocopolus)

Designs were called severe; harmonious proportions; style suitable to the particular building

Juan de Herrera

Known for its plateresque facade; unknown architect

University of Salamanca

Historical residence of the King of Spain; designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera

The Escorial

One of the most impressive building constructed using plateresque influence and was built in 1528 by de Siloe

Granada Cathedral

Golden Age of Spanish Art; Work reflects naturalism of the time; dramatic light and shade contrasts and their sobriety of color

Baroque/ Churiguerresque Style

Revolted against the sobriety of the Herreresque classicism and promoted an intricate, exaggerated, almost capricious style; extremely rich ornamentation

Jose de Churiguerra

Leading Baroque artist in 17th century Spain and royal painter to Philip IV

Diego Velasquez

Spanish court painter; poignant depiction of the brutality and corruption of the time

Francisco de Goya

Front of the Baroque facade of the original Romanesque cathedral, a golden molluse shell adorns the altar

Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

Style of English settlers in the eastern coast of North America; small cottages with clapboard siding, a thatched roof and chimney made from twigs finished with wattle-and-daub

Early Colonial

What's wattle and what's daub?

Wattle: wooden strip Daub: sticky material (sand, soil, straw, clay, animal dung)

Has an overhanging second storey, small windows and a central chimney

New England 'Hall and Parlor' plan

Has steep pitched roofs essential for allowing rain and snow to run off easily

Garrison Colonial

Developed from the hall and parlor or Garrison style with the addition of an ell or lean-to on the back

New England Saltbox

English-inspired colonial architecture; marked by greater concern for style and higher standards of comfort; associated with the emergence of a wealthy middle class; 1746-1776

American Georgian

1783-1815; period important to the establishment of United Statement; saw the end of the revolution; creation of Articles of Confederation; finally Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights

Federal Style

American founding father and principal author of The Declaration of Independence, statesman and third president; involved in design and construction of US Capitol Building

Thomas Jefferson

Architects of US Capitol Building

William Thornton, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Charles Bulfinch

Famous cast iron dome of US Capitol Building designed by whom?

Thomas Ustick Walter

Thomas Jefferson's house outside Charlottesville; neoclassical touch and style

The Monticello

Reign of Queen Victoria of England; cast-iron framing; utilitarian structures

Victorian Era

For the Great Exhibition in 1851; made of prefabricated iron and glass panels

Crystal Palace

Designer of Crystal Palace

Joseph Paxton

By Henri Labrouste; use of slender cast-iron columns over which nine vaulted sky-lighted domes were suspended

National Library, Paris

Iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris; named after the engineer whose company built and designed this tower; built for 1889 International Exhibition, Paris, the centenary celebration of the French Revolution

Eiffel Tower

One of the symbols of the Imperial regime; ornate building richly decorated with friezes, columns and winged figures; richness continues inside with velvet, gold leaf and nymphs and cherubs

Paris Opera House

Designer of Paris Opera House

Charles Garnier

Late 18th century; flourishing mainly in 19th century in France, Germany, England, US

Gothic Revival

True Principles of Christian or Pointed Architecture; 1841

Augustus Pugin

Leading architect whose genius lay on restoration; believed in restoring buildings to a state of completion that they would not have known even when they were first built

Eugene Viollet le due

Collaboration between Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin; meeting place of two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom- House of Lords and House of Commons; uses Perpendicular Gothic Style

Westminster Palace

Two landmarks in Westminster Palace

Victoria Tower | Big Ben

First truly national style in US; 1818-1850; very adaptable and permeated all levels of building

Greek Revival Style

Characterized by strong, associational values of religion and nature; revival style based on English and French precedents from late 12th-15th century; found in both ecclesiastical and residential architecture

Gothic Revival

Exalted individualism, subjectivism, irrationalism, imagination and nature; emotions over reasons and senses over intellect; first used by German poets and writers August Wilhem and Friedrich Schlogel; 1790-1850

Romanticism

Usually painted with watercolor over prints

William Blake

Famous for his portraits of important figures in colonial New England, particularly men and women of middle class; portray subjects with artifacts

John Singleton Copley

French Romanticist; revealed an interest in human psychology and sense of revolt against political and social pressures

Theodore Gerricault

Derived subjects from masterworks of western literature; characterized by large sweeps of color, lively patterns and energetic figure groups

Eugene Delacrois

English Romantic painter; known for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale; area surrounding his home "Constable Country"

John Constable

Art style that started in France in 1850s; accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life; 1850-1880; aka Age of Rationalism and Imperialism, Age of Science and Doubt, Age of Progress and Victorian Age

Realism

Group of international artists in Paris which began to devise new methods of pictorial representation; focused on scientific concepts of vision and study of optical effects of light; express taste of democracy and rejection of the inherent old artistic tradition

The Realists

Group of French landscape artists ones of first found outside the Academy; named after the forest of Fontainebleau near the village; helped establish landscape and motif of country style

Barbizon School

English painters, poets and critics grouped to reform art by rejecting practices of contemporary academic British art; considered the first avante-garde movement in art; believed that the only great art was before High Renaissance, before Raphael; condemned art of idealization and promoted works based on real landscapes and models

Pre-Raphaellite Brotherhood

First American school of landscape painting; subjects were spectacles of the Hudson River Valley and upper state of New York

Hudson River School

Considered the first French Realist; believed artists could accurately represent only their experience; socialist principles and experiences of the present

Gustave Courbet

Flat stone or metal plate printing using oil and ink

Litography

Litographer and cartoonist, satirized Parisian officials, city life and classical tradition that lingered; famous for his satirical caricatures

Honore Daumier

Movement in French painting sometimes called optical realism; almost scientific interest in the actual visual experience and effect of light and movement on appearance of objects; attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and color; late 1860s to late 1880s

Impressionism

Landscape impressionist and leader of pleinarists; painting a single subject a number of times in varying lights and seasons

Claude Monet

People who believed in working outdoors

Pleinarists

Painted with full brush and full strokes, placement of colors side by side, placing a concentration of light on an important feature

Edouard Monet

Worked in pastels and oil; adopted diagonal viewpoint and abrupt cutting of composition; fave subject was ballet

Edgar Degas

Artist of genre and portrait of real people; interested in interplay of colors caused by flickerings of sunshine and shadow and his tone harmonies are attained by innumerable light refractions

Pierre August Renoir

Sculptor; interested in conveying dynamic, experimental process rather than finished work itself

Rodin

Late 19th century; reaction against empirical realism of Impressionism; applied scientific optical principles of light and color to create strictly formalized compositions

Neo Impressionism

Originated the pointilism technique

George Pierre Seurat

Other term for pointilism

Confettiism

Movement providing an intellectual alternative to the purely visual painting of the Impressionists, inspiring surrealists

Symbolism

Applied paint smoothly; colors are bright in flat, unmodeled shapes; painted tropical landscapes and brown-skinned natives

Paul Gaugain

Theory of art that posted works of art ought to blend three primary elements; outward appearance of subject; artist's emotional reaction to the subject and artistic choices of color, form and line

Synthetism

Pre-cubism; simple handling of masses and planes given depth by structure, color and unconventional perspective

Paul Cezanne

Used to describe paintings depicting wild beasts in the use of brilliant luminous colors and bold, spontaneous handling of paint

Fauvism

Wild beast

Fauve

Leader of the fauves; paintings have extraordinarily decorative quality with flat-patterned compositions in pure colors

Henri Matisse

Movement that originated in England in 1860 as a reaction against poor quality mass-produced goods; wanted English homes made by honest English craftsmen

Arts and Crafts Movement

Design movement of the mid-19th century that emphasized the decorative use of materials and textures and the development of ornament as an integral part of structure

Rationalism

Leader of the Arts and Crafts movement; born to a wealthy family in London; became associated with the Raphaelite Movement

William Morris

Towering rectangular block with almost no decoration, an austere statement and bold break away from the traditional methods of architectural adornment; by Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Glasgow School of Art

Deliberate attempt at expressing surface textures of ordinary materials such as stone and tiles, with an asymmetrical and quaint building composition; by Philip Webb

The Red House

Style of fine and applied arts characterized by fluid, undulating motifs derived from natural forms; 1880-1914

Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau in France after Hector Guimard

Syle Guimard

Art Nouveau in Italy; floral style

Stile Floreale

Art Nouveau after British designer Arthur Lassen by Liberty from Liberty and Co.

Stile Liberty

Art Nouveau in Spanish version

Modernismo

Art Nouveau in Austria

Sezzesionistil

Art Nouveau in German speaking countries for "Youth Style"

Jugendstil

By Victor Horta; known for its highly-decorated stairwell which makes a refined play on the vegetable and flower forms

Hotel Tassel, Brussels

Apartment block with undulating forms and cast-iron balconies; by Antonio Gaudi

Casa Mila

By Gaudi; built since 1882 and is supposed to be finished in 2026; combined Gothic and Art Nouveau elements; Temple of the Holy Spirit

The Sagrada Familia

By Hector Guimard; architectural forms draw inspiration from nature, most noticeable in the plant stems that support the sign; organic form with new cast-iron fabrication

Paris Metro Entrance

Style of decorative art developed in 1920s with a revival in 1960s; geometric motifs, streamlined, curvilinear forms, sharply-defined outline often bold colors and use of synthetic materials

Art Deco

Briefly the world's tallest building before it was overtaken by the Empire State Building in 1931; now the second tallest building in NYC; distinctive ornamentation based on Chrysler automobiles

Chrysler Building

By Shreve Lamb and Harmon architect; a 102-story skyscraper located in NYC; stood as the world's tallest building for 40 years from its completion in 1931 until construction of World's North Tower was completed in 1972

Empire State building

Opposition to academic standards and emphasized artistic subjective emotion which overrides fidelity to the actual appearance of things; late 19th century to early 20th century

Expressionism

Dough/paste; thick layers of paint

Impasto

Greatest Dutch painter since the Baroque times; subjects reflected a social consciousness reminiscent of Realism; use of powerful brushstrokes

Vincent Van Gogh

Norwegian painter and printmaker whose intense, evocative treatment of psychological and emotional themes was a major influence on the development of German Expressionism in the early 20th century

Edward Munch

Movement of conscious and methodological destruction of particular and recognizable in appearance; artistic elimination of rational visual association; 1910-1920

Abstraction

Influential Russian painter and art theorist; painting purely abstract works

Wassily Kandinsky

Showed objects in their basic geometric shapes

Cubism

French painter and leader of Cubism; works incorporated the Cubist aim of representing the world as seen from a number of different viewpoints

Georges Braque

Spanish painter and sculptor; co-founder of Cubism; father of collage

Pablo Picasso

Textural effects using paper and other materials in composition

Collage

Picasso's concurrent presentation of 2/3 side of an object

Simultaneity in art

Period in Picasso art where he painted beggars and miserable humanity

Blue period

Period in Picasso art where he painted circus subjects

Rose period

More associated with Dadaism and Surrealism; first forayed in Cubism; Nude Descending a Staircase

Marcel Duchamp

Early phase of cubism founded by Picasso and Braque; chiefly characterized by pronounced use of geometric shapes and tendency toward monochromatic use of color; artists invented specific shapes and characteristic details that would represent the whole object or person

Analytic

Symbolic style of art that is more colorful than earlier analytic form of Cubism; wide variety of extraneous materials; particularly associated with Picasso's novel technique of collage and Braque's papier colles

Synthetic

School of art founded in Netherlands in 1917 marked especially by use of black and white with primary colors, rectangular forms and asymmetry; from name of magazine published by participants in the movement

De Stijl

Founders of De Stijl

- Architect Gerrit Rietveld - Theo Van Doesburg - Piet Mondrian

Recognized as the purest and most methodical of the early abstractionists; radically simplified the elements of his art; black, white and three primary colors as color palette; asymmetrical balance and a simplified pictorial vocabulary

Piet Mondrian

By Gerrit Rietveld; facades are collage of planes and lines whose components are purposely detached from and seem to glide past one another; no static accumulation of rooms but a dynamic, changeable open zone

Schroder House

Deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement from the past occurring in the course of 20th century; rejection of historical styles; form follows function

Modernism/ Modern Style

School of design established in Neimar, Germany in 1919 by Walter Gropius; moved to Dessau in 1926 and closed in 1933 as a result of Nazi hostility; emphasis on functional design; asymmetry and regularity; 1919-1933

Bauhaus Design

German architect and founder of Bauhaus School; one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture

Walter Gropius

Principal exponent of the International style; pioneer for skyscrapers; extreme clarity and simplicity

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe

Director of cabinetmaking workshop at Bauhaus; reputation based on invention of tubular steel furniture, one big residence, two apartment houses, some shop interiors and several competition entries

Marcel Breuer

By Peter Behrens; founded in Berlin in 1883; pioneered modern, large-scale industrial development

AEG Turbine Factory

Designer of Bauhaus buildings

Walter Gropius

First project of Walter Gropius; rectilinear volume with glazed facade

Fagus Shoe Factory

Architectural style that is minimalist in concept, devoid of regional characteristics, stresses functionalism and rejects all non-essential decorative elements; emphasizes horizontal aspects of building

International Style

Pioneer of International Style

Philip Johnson

Established the credo "Form follows function"; father of modernism

Louis Sullivan

Defined a North American style of architecture which was rich in emotion and sensitive to its surroundings; apprentice of Sullivan

Frank Lloyd Wright

Architecture as an extension of the environment

Organic architecture

Style of American domestic architecture characterized by two-story height with wings and/or porches of one story; low, horizontal appearance, central portion usually higher than the adjacent flanking wings

Prairie style

Kauffman residence; built on waterfalls; harmony between man and nature

Falling Water, Pennsylvania

Created as a series of organic shapes; circular forms spiral down like the interior of a nautilus shell; visitors begin on the upper level and follow a sloping ramp downward

Guggenheim Museum, New York

Aka administration building; constructed of more than 200 sizes and shapes of bricks; light shines into building through several layers of glass tubes that cannot be seen through

Johnson Wax Administration Building, Wisconsin

Made up from easy to assemble, pre-fabricated wood sandwich panels designed to be erected in a simple construction

Usonian houses

Known universally as "Corbu" (raven); described house as a machine for living in

Le Corbusier

Real name of Le Corbusier

Charles Edouard Jeanneret

Column of iron, steel or reinforced concrete supporting a building above an open ground level

Pilotis

By Le Corbusier; weekend house known for allowing sunlight to pour into the main living quarters and the windows and roof terraces afford views out across the French countryside

Villa Savoye, Poissy

By Le Corbusier; housing block described as "great ocean liner"

Unite d'Habitation

Chapel with a structure that is made mostly of concrete and is comparatively small, enclosed by thick walls with upturned roof supported on columns like a sail billowing in the windy currents

Notre Dame-du-Haut Ronchamp

By a committee of architects headed by Wallace K Harrison; largest of four buildings; the 39 story, 544 ft (166m) tall slab has become a worldwide symbol of the United Nations; green-glass curtain tower was first of its kind in New York

UN Headquarters

Movement aimed at ridiculing and destroying the idea of art; importance lies in its break with outmoded ways to gain new freedom for the artist in his search for new meaning and fun

Dadaism

Artistic movement in hunt of science of expression of the subconscious; as a movement it came to begin after French poet Andre Breton after he published Manifesto de Surrealisme (1924)

Surrealism

Works: Persistence of Memory, The Temptation of St. Anthony

Salvador Dali

Movement in which artists typically applied paint rapidly and with force to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions

Abstract Expressionism

Term coined by critic Harold Rosenberg to describe work of certain members of the New York School

Action Painting

Most significant style to emerge in America in the 60s whose popular imagery was derived from commercial resources, mass media and everyday life

Pop Art

Startled the art world in 1962 by exhibiting paintings based on a comic book cartoons

Roy Lichtenstein

Leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art; works explore relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture and advertisement that flourished in the 1960s

Andy Warhol

Works: Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?

Richard Hamilton

Recognizable object is totally eliminated in favor of geometric abstraction; artists produce kinetic effects

Op Art

1970s; Movement in reaction to principles and practices of modernism, encouraging the use of elements from historical vernacular styles and often playful illusion, decoration and complexity

Post Modernism

Published the manifesto, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966) that announced "less is a bore"

Roberto Venturi

Developed a wide-ranging eclecticism in which he abstracted historical forms and emphasized use of color; generates ironic, vision of Classicism

Michael Graves

Man who brought Van der Rohe to the States and introduced New York to the Modern Style; dubbed International Style

Philip Johnson

Style that goals to liberate the maximum volume of space inside by positioning all its working stairs, lifts, escalators etc. outside the interior envelope of the building

High Tech

Other term for High Tech

Structural Expressionism

Uncompromising exploration of technological innovations and forms; designs emphasize repetition of industrialized "modular" units in which prefabricated off-site manufactured elements are frequently employed

Norman Foster

Interest is in uninterrupted interior spaces; total flexibility and obvious technical imagery termed as Late Modern

Richard Rogers

Investigated the world of machine and the properties of timber, brick and plywood

Renzo Piano

First High Tech monument; modern art gallery; by Richard Rogers

Pompidou Center, Paris

Curved structures made of glass, stainless steel and laminated timber; by Renzo Piano

Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center

Movement in architecture emphasizing the aesthetic use of basic building processes especially of cast-in-place concrete, with no apparent concern for visual amenity; 1950s; shaped and molded forms of concrete, thick masonry

Brutalism

French term where Brutalism was derived from

Beton brut

Meaning of beton brut

Rough concrete

Evolved from the work of avant garde artists and designers in Germany and other European countries during the first decades of the 20th century; distorted shapes, fragmented lines, organic or biomorphic forms, massive sculpted shapes, extensive use of brick and concrete, lack of symmetry

Expressionism

Avant-gardist, modernist approach; first used by architectural theorists Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivrelt

Regionalism

Architect of Sydney Opera House

Jon Utzon

Approach to building design that attempts view architecture in bits and pieces; basic elements dismantled; ideas borrowed from French philosopher Jacques Derrida

Deconstructivism/ Deconstruction

Emphasizes form; architecture interested in visual relationships; focused in shape, often in monumental scale; lines and rigid geometric shapes predominate

Formalism

Arts of Mohammedan countries

Islamic Arts

5 Pillars of Islam

``` Shahadah Salat Zakat Sawm Hajj ```

5 Pillars of Islam Sincerely reciting the Muslim profession of faith

Shahadah

5 Pillars of Islam Performing ritual prayers in the proper way; 5 times each day

Salat

5 Pillars of Islam Paying an alms or charity tax to benefit the poor and the needy

Zakat

5 Pillars of Islam Fasting during the month of Ramadan

Sawm

5 Pillars of Islam Pilgrimage to Mecca

Hajj

Arabic text; most highly regarded and most fundamental element of of Islamic art

Calligraphy

Most primarily used to cover the floors of mosque

Carpet

Considered as the Golden Age of carpet production

16th century

Produced in Egypt and Iraq; influenced by the Chinese white and porcelain stoneware

Tin-glazed

Type of pottery with an over-glaze finish containing copper and silver or other materials that give the effect of iridescence

Luster-painter/ Lustreware

Form of decoration made by scratching through a surface to reveal a lower layer of contrasting color, typically done in plaster or stucco on walls or in slip on ceramics before firing

Sgraffito ware

Ornamentation attached to ridge of roof, cornice/ parapet; usually metal (iron/copper)

Crestings

"A place to prostate"; principal place of worship for Friday prayer

Mosque/Masjid

What does a neighborhood mosque or big mosque called?

Jami masjid

Theological school; generally arranged around a courtyard

Madrasah

Courtyard of a mosque

Sahn

Covered area in front of qibla wall

Haram

Niche oriented towards Mecca

Mihrab

Tribune raised upon columns from which the Koran is recited and prayers are intoned by the Imam of a mosque; like an altar

Dikka

Enclosure in a mosque which includes the praying niche made usually of an openwork screen; originally meant for the sultan during public prayers

Maqsura

Raised platform for ceremonial announcement

Minbar

Open-fronted vault facing a court

Iwan, ivan

Tower from which a call to prayer is made

Minaret

Axis oriented towards Mecca

Qibla wall

Gateway in a mosque

Bab

Central area for prayer in a mosque; literally "place for prayer"

Musalla

Women's or private chamber of a house or palace

Harem

Men's or guest's quarters

Selamlik

Originally used as a high point from which to make the call to prayer

Minaret

Meaning of adhan

Call to prayer

Characterized by multi-patterned ceramic exterior facings; octagonal structure topped with glittering dome that rises over two internal colonnades; believed to be the place to which Prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven during the Night Journey to heaven; oldest Islamic monument

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

Known for its prayer hall comprised of double arcades with which the lower arches are of horseshoe form and have voussoirs of white stone and red brick

Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain

White-splendored tomb built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his favorite wife, Arjumand Banu Begum aka Mumtaz Mahal

Taj Mahal, India

Largest mosque ever built; has cone-shaped minaret encircled by an outer ramp on the form of a spiral

Great Mosque, Iraq

Center of Islamic world and birthplace of both Prophet Muhammad and religion he founded

Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Focal point of Mecca; "House of God"; believed to be built by Abraham and his son Ishmael; covered in gold-embroidered black fabric

Ka'aba

How many times do pilgrims circle Ka'aba?

Seven

Corner stone of Ka'aba

Black stone

Richly decorated and elaborate palace and fortress

Alhambra, Spain

Known as the "Middle Kingdom" because it was thought to be the center of the universe

China

Four main social classes in China

Scholar gentry Peasants Artisans Merchants

Known as the bronze period for casting bronze or manufacture of medal using clay models; first to bring order/rule over warring states

Shang Dynasty

The King was renamed Shi (first) Huangdi (emperor and divine ruler)- unified China by implementing strict laws, taxing everyone and introducing one script for writing, one standard for money, weights and measurements; ordered burning of scholarly books

Qin dynasty

3000 life-size foot soldiers buried in the tomb of Qin

Terracotta warriors

Founded by Lui Bang; control of the Silk road that linked Asia and Europe; Buddhism started to spread; extension of ancient Chinese boundaries

Han Dynasty

Golden Age of Chinese Arts

Tang Dynasty

Ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1200°C and 1400°C

Porcelain

Type of white porcelain made at Dehua in the Fujian province; produced from Ming dynasty

Blanc de Chine

Symbol of vitality and authority in China

Jade

Symbol of eternal life; placed on the mouth of a deceased person

Jade cicada

Chinese writing done on silk then later paper

Calligraphy

Method of painting with pigments dispersed in an emulsion miscible with water, typically egg yolk. The method was used in Europe for fine painting, mainly on wood panels, from the 12th or early 13th century until the 15th, when it began to give way to oils

Tempera

Interlocking bracket system

Dou-gong bracket system

Principle in Chinese architecture that teaches individualism and transcendence through direct connection with the natural world

Taoism

Incomprehensible natural force which all events in the universe unfailingly follow

Tao

Principle in Chinese architecture that emphasized strict adherence to social conventions and rituals for the proper functioning of the state

Confucianism

Principle in Chinese architecture referring to a path of practice and spiritual development leading to insight into the true nature of reality

Buddhism

Upright stone slab with inscriptions

Stele

"Life force"; "energy flow"; "air"

Chinese balance and symmetry

Yin-yang

Number especially applied in imperial architecture, odd numbers were considered masculine

Number 9

Color used in China for the sole use of emperor

Yellow

Color used in palace buildings

Green

Color used as symbol of happiness and solemnity

Red

Zoomorphic symbolism for emperor

Dragon

Zoomorphic symbolism for empress

Phoenix

Zoomorphic symbolism for guardian of Chinese palatial structures

Lion

Structural member found between the top of a column and a cross beam; Chinese Architectural element

Dougong bracket

Number of layers of dougong brackets depend on what?

Importance of buildings

Ceiling where central deepest part is the round well (jing); middle is the octagonal well and outermost part a square; design symbolizes ancient Chinese belief "Heaven is above and the Earth below" and that "Heaven is round and the Earth square"

Zaojing or caisson ceiling

Tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Nepal and other parts of Asia; erected as memorial or to hold relics; originally to hold Buddhist relics

Pagoda

Dome shaped monument

Stupa

Monumental archway or gateway with one, three or five openings; erected as memorial at the entrance to a palace, tomb or processional way; usually built of stone in imitation of wood construction

Pai-lou or Paifang

Covered structures without surrounding walls to allow observation of surroundings

Pavillion

Home of 24 Chinese emperors for nearly 500 years; composed of palace complex, Gate of Peace, Qiniandan Hall of Prayer and Hall of Supreme Justice

The Forbidden city

Fortified wall of China under Zhou dynasty to protect China against nomads from the north to serve as means of communication; 21,196km; 30 million steps

Great Wall of China

China's largest existing complex of ancient sacrificial buildings; built in 1420 for emperors to worship Heaven; 38 meters in height; 30 meters diameter

The Temple of Heaven

Residence for Dalai Lama; rises 200 meters against a hillside; has 9 storeys and is colored white, red and gold leaf

Potala Palace

For _____ years, Japan was closed to the outside world; free from foreign influence

200

National style of Japan painting based on geometric forms rather than fluid forms of China

Yamato

Painting executed on vertical silk rolls

Kakemono

Painting executed on horizontal silk rolls

Makimono

Genre of Japanese woodblock prints and paintings produced between 17th and 20th centuries featuring motifs of landscapes, tales from history, the theater and pleasure quarters; main artistic genre of wood block printing in Japan

Ukiyo-e

Delicate angular flowering branches painted with iron red, two tones of green and blue and subtle touches of gold; Japanese ceramics

Kakiemon-de pattern

Strong floral and brocade design painted in heavily saturated colors; Japanese ceramics

Imari pattern

Layer upon layer added to base material then polished to a smooth, brilliant surface; gold and silver dust or particles introduced into the top layer before finishing

Lacquerwork

Sword of the samurai; characterized by distinctive appearance; curved, single-edged blade with circular or squared guard and long grip to accommodate two hands

Katana

Sword guards

Tsuba

Pommels

Kashira

Ring bands

Fuchi

Ornate pegs

Menuki

Dagger

Kozuka

Japan tea ceremony

Chanoyu, sado or ocha

What tea is served in Japanese tea ceremonies?

Green tea

Tea caddy

Chai-re

Hemp cloth

Chakin

Whisk

Chasen

Tea bowl

Chawan

Square silk cloth used for ritual cleansing of Chashaku and Natsume and to handle a ht Kama lid

Fukusa

Potable brazier

Furo

Ladle

Hishaku

Iron pot or kettle

Kama/ Chanovugama

Waste water receptacle/ bowl

Kensui

Art of cultivating miniature trees

Bonsai

Flower arrangement in Japan

Ikebana

Art of folding paper

Origami

Japanese theater with actors wearing masks

Noh

Japanese theater plays with all-actor ensemble wearing heavy make up

Kabuki

"The way of the gods"

Shintoism

Shinto gods

Kami

Open gateway in Shinto temples with two pillars and architrave, found along the approach path to Shinto shrine

Torii gateways

Main purpose is for enshrinement and worship of a kami

Shinto temple

Building that contains the body of the goshintai

Honden

Physical objects worshipped at or near Shinto shrines; body of governing god

Goshintai

Hall of worship of Shinto shrine; usually in front of honden; open to laity

Haiden

Assembly hall for monks in Japanese buddhist temple where sacred texts are read

Kodo

Japanese Buddhist pagoda

Golden hall where main image of worship is kept in Japanese Buddhist temple

Kondo

Principal south gateway to Japanese Buddhist temple

Nandaimon

Inner gateway to Japanese Buddhist temple

Chumon

Tea houses

Cha-shitsu

How are tea houses measured?

Measured between 2 x 4 1/2 tatami

Traditional rice straw mat

Tatami

Traditional measurement of tatami mat

3 ft x 6 ft

Public bathing facility in Japan; known for their temple-style

Sento

Most famous and oldest Shinto temple in Japan; enshrines the sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami, believed to be the ancestor of Japanese imperial family

Ise Shrine

Most impressive of fortified residences, has 6 storeys with pentroofs and curving eaves; created by the samurai under the Shogunate

Himeji castle

Any product obtained through action of fire upon any material

Pottery

Found in Tabon caves of Palawan; funerary vessel with incised designs around its body; its cover had a boat containing two figures to symbolize the prehistoric Filipino's journey to the afterlife

Manunggul Jar

Ilocano term for large earthenware, mainly used for fermentation and storage of liquid

Burnay

Southern Tagalog tern for water container for kitchen

Tapayan

Filipino cookware

Palayok

Storage for drinking water; Filipino

Banga

Red, high polished tiles associated with the Spanish colonial housing

Vigan tiles

Weaving tradition of T'boli people of South Cotabato; cloth woven from abaca fibers

T'nalak

Style of weaving that uses a resist dyeing process

Ikat

Meaning "twill" in Ilocano; variation of abel; interlocked geometric patterns that result in psychedelic optical art designs which represent waves of the sea and among indigenous peoples of Cordilleras, protection against malevolent spirits

Binacol

Woven fabric of cotton yarns with floral design created by artisans of northern provinces of Philippines

Inabel/ Abel Iloco

Yakan people technicolor geometric weaves; example is malong

Inaul

Hand woven cloth of made of silk or cotton and square in form with geometric patterns; multi-purpose headdress, may be worn on shoulder, knotted around the hilt of sword or kris or tied around the head

Pis Siyabit

Process of making basket which is a receptacle made of interwoven fibrous material

Basketry

Ifugao fertility jewelry used as necklace pendant or earring; often given as wedding gift

Ling-ling-o

Maranao ceremonial vessel for wedding gifts

Gadur

Traditional brass or bronze vessel

Galang

Betel nut containers

Lotoan

Ifugao wood carving of their rice god

Bulul

Central or king post in Ifugao house of the same carved human figure as the bulul

Kinib-bigat/ kinabagat

Ifugao wooden bench

Hagabi

Ifugao pig sculptures

Binabuy

Leaf and vine pattern associated with Mindanaon woodcarving

Ukkil (Tausug) | Okir (Maranao)

Bird or cock form; symbol of messenger

Sarimanok

Considered to have sheltered the earliest men of the Philippines

Tabon cave, Palawan

Earliest known Philippine mural

Cave dwellings in Angono, Rizal

2000 year old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao

Cordillera Rice Terraces

Botanic windscreen with a windpole support

Lean-to dwelling

Style of dwelling of the lowland areas comprised of triangular roof, free-standing support and elevated house cube

Bahay kubo

Front porch in bahay kubo

Balkon

Multi-purpose main room in in bahay kubo

Bulwagan

Bedroom in bahay kubo

Silid

Roofless back porch that serves as cleaning area and wash room in bahay kubo

Batalan

Ivatan traditional house of stone and mortar, 1 1/2 m thk cogon thatch roof and a big roof net ("panpet"); Batanes type housing

Rakuh

Isneg one-room abode with a large concave roof that resembles an inverted traditional Isneg boat

Binuron

Kalinga octagonal house

Binayon

Ifugao house for the affluent whose pyramidal hipped roof covers the floor of the house

F/ Bale

Tukud

Post

Halipan

Cylindrical rat guard

With a detachable A-frame roof and is supported by a "katig" that allows the boat to float steadily

Badjao House boat

Traditional Tausug house on stilts supported by a pitched roof; distinguished by carved wooden finials tadjuk pasung placed on one or both ends of the roof

Bay sinug

Built on six foot stilts; about 50ft long and nearly 30ft wide; typically constructed of bamboo, wood and palm fronds

T'boli long house

"Sleeping place"; royal house; house of sultan known for its colorful panolong

Torogan

Butterfly wing floor beam ends with pako rabong or naga

Panolong

Pako rabong

Fern

Naga

Dragon/serpent motif

Tausug and Yakan; "to meet"; can accommodate small group of worshippers commonly built in rural areas

Langgal

Maranao; "to meet"; can accommodate small group of worshippers commonly built in rural areas

Ranggar

Larger, more permanent structure that includes dome and minare

Masjid or masked

One of the earliest recorded painters in PH art history; Langit, Lupa at Impierno

Jose Luciano Dans

Most popular artist who worked in the tipos del pais style; opened the first formal fine arts school in the country in his house, Academia de Dibujo y Pintura

Damian Domingo y Gabor

Watercolor paintings that show different types of inhabitants in the Philippines in their different native costumes

Tipos del pais

Developed a style that contains both tipos del pais and genre paintings by forming letters of patron's name from figures of people in local costumes doing everyday activities; utilized landscape scenes as background

Jose Honorato Lozano

Became the first international Filipino artists when they won the gold and silver medals in the 1884 Madrid Exposition

Juan Novicio Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo

Houses the tabernacle and image of the town's patron saint; "cabinet of saints"

Retablo

Carved images in relief

Relleves

Religious images

Santos

"To enliven, to bring life"

Encarnacion

A mannequin-type intended to be dressed with clothing and accessories

Bastidor santo

Earliest known sculptor in the Philippines; few of his extent works found at San Agustin Convent museum

Juan de los Santos

First book printed in the country published by Dominicans in 1593

La Doctrina Christiana en la Lengua Española y Tagala (The Christian Doctrine in the Spanish and Tagalog Language)

Prints of miraculous images usually featured portraits of saints and religious scenes

Estampas and estampitas

Grouping and reduction in number of formerly scattered barangays into compact and larger communities to facilitate religious conversion and cultural change

Reduccion

Kind of town planning in which fort and church were integrated centrally and concentrically with the social classes

Plaza complex

Evolved bahay kubo with improved air circulation and lighting

Bahay na bato/ bahay na tisa

House with roof tiles

Bahay na tisa

Apartment dwellings; single or two-storey with multiple units defined by common party walls

Accesoria

Screened gallery with entry from second floor of convent

Tribunas

Parish house or rectory

Convento

Roman Catholic Minor Basilica in Manila; Romanesque style

Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception or Manila Cathedral

Known for its sinking bell tower; by Fr. Joseph Ruiz

Laog Church, Ilocos Norte

Largest bell; probably best-known "earthquake Baroque"; distinguished by enormous size buttresses with scroll-like bases

Paoay Church

Current design by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa

Quiapo church

First religious structure built in Luzon; only stone church of its size standing as initially built; true barrel vaulting; by Fr. Macias

San Agustin Church

Supposedly by Gustav Eiffel; one of the first steel buildings- steel from Belgium

San Sebastian

Biggest Spanish church in the country; by Fr. Martin Aguirre

Taal Church, Batangas

Unusual aztec-like bas relief in facade depicting St. Christopher carrying baby Jesus through a tropical forest

Miag-ao Church, Iloilo

European styled fortifications characterized by heavy stone walls, moats and grid road layouts

Forts/ military structures

First fort in PH

Fort San Pedro, Cebu

First stone fort in PH

Nuestra Senora de Guia, Intramuros

Fort named after patron saint of Spain; built at a sharp angle between a river and bay; formed a citadel

Fort Santiago

Residence of the highest official of the land

Palacio de Gobierno or Palacio Real

Seat of colonial governance in the country

Ayuntamiento

Trial court

Real Audiencia or Tribunal

Aduana

Customs house

Smaller version of Ayuntamiento in provincial towns; design looks like oversized bahay na bato

Municipio/ Casa de Municipal/ Casa Real

Housed the administration of hacienda

Casa hacienda

Oldest university in Asia founded by Dominicans in 1611; Royal and Pontifical University

Universidad de Santo Tomas

Precursor of University of San Carlos

Colegio de San Ildefonso

First painter of note in the 20th century; noted for realistic portraits, genre and landscapes in subdued colors; first dean of UP Fine Arts School

Fabian dela Rosa

First and among the few Filipino painters who have captured the different striking colors and character of the country's magnificent sunlight; Dalagang Bukid, The Offering; Planting Rice

Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto

Trained in the classical style in Rome; Oblation in UP; Bonifacio monument in Caloocan; Filipinas in Bondage

Guillermo Tolentino

A grandiose architectural style as taught at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris primarily in the 19th century, widely applied until 1930 to large public buildings; elaborate, historic, eclectic, monumental scale

Beaux Arts

Single storey raised slightly above ground, reinforced concrete and wood with an extended veranda in front

Chalet

Father of the City Beautiful Movement

Daniel H. Burnham

Filipino architects sponsored by colonial officials to study architecture and engineering in US

1st generation architects

1st generation architect; PGH; UP University Hall at Padre Faura; Manila Hotel

William Parsons

1st generation architect; Sent to US as one of the pensionados in architecture; UP Palma, Benitez, Malcolm Hall; The Legislative Building; Jones Bridge; BPI; Manila Post Office; Villamor Hall of UPM (now Supreme Court); Rizal Memorial Stadium; Metropolitan Theater

Juan Arellano

1st generation architect; One of the pioneer professors of Mapua Institute of Technology; Manila City Hall; Bureau of Customs

Antonio Toledo

1st generation architect; First registered architect f the PH; founded first architectural association in PH (PH Institute of Architects); DLS College; CEU; Mapua; Nurses' Home a PGH; Pier 7

Tomas Mapua

Emerged in the 1920s and 30s; introduced Art Deco characterized by exuberant exoticism and ornamentation to PH

2nd generation architects

2nd generation architect; 1st National artist for architecture; Arellano University. Manila Jockey Club; UP Admin and Library Buildings

Juan Nakpil

2nd generation architect; son of Juan Luna; used Art Nouveau style; The Crystal Arcade

Andres Luna de San Pedro

2nd generation architect; 2nd national artist for architecture; Boulevard Alhambra (now Bel-Air apartments), FEU, Ideal Theater, Manila Polo Club

Pablo Antonio

2nd generation architect; Angela Apartments; UST Chapel

Fernando Ocampo

Father of PH Modern Art

Victorio C. Edades

With his Brown Madonna, Filipinized Western canonical iconography

Galo B. Ocampo

Angono based painter; History of Manila mural at Manila City Hall; fluid lines and brilliant colors

Carlos "Botong" Francisco

Group of artists who were reacting to the academic style of Luna and Hidalgo and to the sweet style of Amorsolo;

Thirteen Moderns

Thirteen Moderns; Considered as major proponent of Cubism in PH

Vicente Manansala

Thirteen Moderns; Formed the triumvirate of neo-realists with Vicente Manansala and Cesar Legaspi; works were nationalistic and reflected harsh realities of PH after WWII and are probably first purely non representational art produced in PH

Hernando R. Ocampo

Thirteen Moderns; Neo realist; Remembered for depiction of masses

Cesar Legaspi

Thirteen Moderns; sharply outlined figures of bandanna wearing peasant women going about their daily chores; women are thin, long necks, slant eyes and flat noses

Anita Magsaysay-Ho

Winner of AAP competition; Carroza

Fernando Zobel

Country's leading abstract expressionist; Space Transfiguration

Jose Joya

Crucifixied, Man and Woman, Fish

Ang Kiu Kok

Vivid colors; abstract representations; tropical kaleidoscope of colors; images and colors remind us of homeland

Mauro "Malang" Santos

National Artist for Visual Arts; minimalist, geometric abstracts, alluding to modernist virtues of competence, order and elegance; evoking universal reality; mirrors aspiration for an acme of true Asian modernity

Arturo Luz

Father of Philippine Modern Sculpture

Napoleon Abueva

Reduces heat gain by breaking sunlight

Brise soleil

Architects who professed the post-war doctrine; "form follows function

3rd generation architects

Use of molded concrete and folded plate technology

Space Age

Architecture that emphasized traditional building practices and methods and a pragmatic knowledge of local history

Tropical regionalism

Architecture that drew on brick, tile and other traditional materials and even on vernacular forms in a general reaction against International Modernism in the 1960s and 1970s

Neovernacular Architecture

3rd National Artist for Architecture; CCP, Folk Arts Theater, Church of Holy Sacrificee, PICC, National Arts Center, MIA, Makati Stock Exchange, Ayala Tower One

Leandro Locsin

Proponent of Filipino architecture in modern age; San Miguel Corp. Building, Coconut Palace, PH Embassy in US, Shrine of our Lady f Queen of Peace in Edsa, Ateneo Professional Schools

Francisco Mañosca

Founding museum director at CCP; pioneer of conceptual art in PH

Roberto Chabet

Art in which idea presented by artist is considered more important than the finished product

Conceptual art

National artist, pioneered the neofigurative style; Sabel series

Benedicto Cabrera

Through his works, indigenous ukkil, sarimanok and naga motifs have been popularized and instilled in Filipino nation and other people

Abdulmari Imao

Known for his bronze sheet monuments; La Pieta, Loyola Memorial Park

Eduardo Castrillo

Sculptor and architect who created sculptural form in glass as medium; Resurrection Cross at Edsa Shrine

Ramon Orlina

Tripartite division of columnar architecture

Podium, shaft, crown

Examples of master-planned micro cities

Bay City, Eastwood City, Fort BGC, Rockwell Center

History of Art and Interior Design Flashcards

(899 cards)