Materials of Decoration Flashcards by B P

known as fabric or cloth is a flexible artificial material made up of a network of natural or artificial fibres formed by weaving or knitting or pressed into felt.

Textile

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refer to a finished piece of fabric that can be used for varying purposes such as a bedcover etc.

Cloth

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any material made through various processes such as weaving, knitting, crocheting or bonding

fabric

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it is fabrics from 500 BC have been discovered in Egypt

Linen fabrics

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related to flexibility

Durability

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refer to tensile strength

Tenacity

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refer to the fabrics elasticity

Resiliency

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fabric absorbs moisture without feeling wet

Hygroscopic

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water loving; meaning fabric has special affinity for water, thus absorb moisture readily

Hydrophilic

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a fabric’s stretching ability

Elongation

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how well will the fabric absorb and/ or retain moisture

Absorbency

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basic element of the textile

fiber

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is the fine, hair like strand that forms the basis of a yarn

Fiber

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long and continuous fibers, usually measured in meter or yards, laid parallel to one another and tightly twisted to produce smooth, strong yarns.

Filament Fibers

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short fibers, randomly arranged and loosely twisted, resulting in softer yarns

Staple Fibers

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formed by twisting fibers together to create a continuous strand.

Yarn

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composed of staple fiber twisted together

spun yarns

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composed of continuous strands made from either a spinneret generated synthetic fiber or from silk.

Filament yarns

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This is classification of fibers that from animal,plant or mineral sources. Plant and animal based fiber are produced seasonally and are susceptible to the forces of nature, wounds, insects and too much eater or lack of it.

Natural

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This is classification of fiber that man made and thoroughly modern, and developed twentieth century.

Synthetic

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it is most widely used plant fiber

Cotton

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This is a processed version of the fiber made into cloth that resembles satin. And has hydrophobic nature thus making it unfit for towels

Shinny cotton

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This term applied on how plant is grown and cultivated. And must meet certain standard and it has to be grown with no presence of synthetic or chemical pesticides and fertilizers

Organic cotton

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This term applied to how the fibers are processed. it is only washed with mild soap and must not be bleached. Although they can be dyed.

Green Cotton

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This cotton that has undergone carding, a step in the refinement process of the fiber.

Carded cotton

This is a process for further refinement of the fibers and is done after the carding process, thus it is a higher form than carded cotton

Combed cotton

Also known as Mexican cotton, it is most widely planted species of cotton in the world

Unpland Cotton

It is kind of cotton product, and known to be superior to other products.

Long staple cotton

originated in Peru, but now mainly grown in Peru, Australia and United states.

Pima cotton

what is the well known term of the trademarked brand of this Pima cotton

Supima

Ability to absorb liquids, giving fabrics deeper, brighter and more resistant colors

Egyptian Cotton

It is derived from a seed

kapok

oldest fiber ever woven into fabric.

Flax

a fabric made from flax, is less soft and absorbent than cotton but more resistant to mildew

Linen

fiber which resembles flax, but is made from the stem and stalk of the jute plant which primarily grows in india.

Jute

A fabrics that is often made from jute. It is excellent resistance to microorganism and insects

Burlap

comes from the plant located in the temperate zone. it is a coarse fiber originally used in ropes and sacks, but is now being used by designers in clothing.

Hemp

known as Abaca, derived from Musa textilis plant. It is mainly grown in the Philippines but also found in smaller amounts in Africa, malaysia, indonesia and costa rica

Manila Hemp

East asia plant, it can be spun or woven into a fabrics. Sometimes called china grass or grass linen, ramie is produced from a perennial shrub.

Ramie

1920s Rubber, discovered that latex could be extruded into fiber.

Natural Rubber

originally made from abaca, and even banana fibers but modern ones may also be made with a mix of pina and silk fiber

Jusi

made from the leaves of the Pineapple plant, this fabric is commonly used in the Philippines.

Pina

it is a sheared from domesticated animals, primarily sheep.

wool

This comes from the Merino sheep, mostly found in Australia and New Zealand

Merino Wool

originally found in the Shetland islands in Scotland

Shetland Wool

This is the finest and softest fleece and it comes from a lamb's first shearing, usually when it is six or seven months old

Lambwool

Term is used for wool that has not yet been previously processed

Virgin wool

This is the regular type of wool and may include reclaimed scraps from knits, broken threads and other source

ordinary wool

New wool or felted scraps shredded and then reused

Recycled wool

it is a high quality type of wool yarn and named after the small English village of worstead which was the center for its manufacturing in the 12th century

Worsted wool

from caramel, goat,mohair,alpaca,illama, the vicuna and horsehair

Hair

it is fine type of cashmere and actually is shorn from the undercoat of Himalayan Mountain Goats.

Pashmina

is a Persia word meaning "king of wools"

Shahtoosh

it is a sild-like fabric or yarn, made from the hair of the Angora Goat. it is durable and resilient and notable for its high luster and sheen

Mohair

This is considered the most beautiful of all fibers due to its marvelous, natural luster.

Silk

is the finest cultured silk yarn and is made from the longest filament

Organzine or Thrown silk

uses shorter strands and have less luster and sheen

Tram, spunsilk or Bourette

naturally tan in color, cannot be bleached and has a rougher texture than cultivated silk.

Tussah

silk that comes from the fiber formed by two silk worms that spun their cocoons together in an interlocking manner.

Duppion/Dupiopi

Produced from the cocoons of thai silkworms. And considered one of the finest fabrics in the world and it is a product of a unique manufacturing process with the end product coming out with unique patterns and colors

Thai Silk

first synthetic fiber, derived from the pithy sections of plant stalks and in refining, remains almost pure cellulose.

Rayon

called " poor man's silk" or "artificial silk" when spun and woven on the silk system

Rayon

both developed by the Celanese corp,. they have similar chemical compositions but they behave differently as fibers

Acetate and Triacetate

compound of cellulose acetate developed by the Celanese Corp in 1924.

Acetate

pure cellulose acetate developed by the Celanese corp in 1954

Tri-acetate

Developed by E.I Dupont de Numours and Co. in 1939

Nylon

Developed by the DuPont Co. in 1950

Acrylic

Developed by the Union Carbide in 1949

Modacrylic

Developed by Hercules Inc in 1961

Olefins

first olefin fiber to reach commercial importance, being used as upholstery for airplane seats for many years

Polyethylene

it is a derivative of coal, air water and petroleum

Polyester

Although glass has been used for centuries, it was not until the mid-1800s that it was first produced in fiber form

Glass-Fiber

Chemical fiber with make up similar to nylon. This fiber outperforms existing synthetics in wash ability,wrinkle resistance and ease of care

Polynude Nylon

used for outdoor furniture upholstery and screening. When it is woven with other material, it can be used in curtains drapery fabrics and wall covering

Saran

A manufactured elastomeric fiber that can be repeatedly starched over 500% without breaking and will still recover to its original length.

Spandex

are marketed under the trade names Nomex and Kevlar

Aramids

a high temperature resistant fiber and is incredibly strong, stronger than comparably sized steel

Kevlar

a synthetic fiber that is very fine, smaller than the diameter of a strand of silk

Microfiber

the matting together of fibers to form a web by moisture, pressure and heat.

Felting

produced originally in sheet forms through extrusion through a wide die, forming in molds or rolling between rollers

Felting

now utilizes machinery wherein blunt rods or needles are used to form a single continuous yarn into a series of interlocking loops

knitting

what is the old English word of knitting

cnytton

produce a smooth face material; they used in making fine, thin or sheer fabrics

Plain Stitches

produce lines of wales on both sides of the fabric causing the fabric to be very elastic

Rip Stitches

formed by holding one loop on a needle while taking on one or more additional loops and then casting all of them onto another needle

Tuck Stitches

have successive course of stitches drawn to opposite side of the fabric, thereby making it very elastic in the lengthwise direction and quite elastic in the crosswise direction

Purl Stitches

made on a circular machine and produces a tubular fabric without seams

Circular Knit

made with two sets of needle to give a ribbed or corrugated surface to the fabric

Ribbed fabric

fabric is made by having the needle arranged in a straight line

Flat outerwear

fabric is made on a machine with only one set of needle

Flat Underwear

is a fabric knitted with a double stitch on a double needle frame to provide a double thickness that is the same on both sides

Double knit

is a special type of eight lock knit cloth that has a smooth surface on both side

interlock knit

is a plain stitch knitted fabric

knit pile

fabric is known for its high gauge,lightweight,fine texture and appeal in hand

Milanese Knitted

is a knit fabric that has one kind of yarn on the face while another type is found on the back of the goods

Plated

fabric is a versatile fabric that can be made from every type of yarn of any type or fiber in any form

Rachel Knit

is a fabric knitted on a single needle machine

Single Knit

is a type of warp knitted fabric that has a thin texture since it is made from fine yarn

Tricot

is a popular knit fabric with properties that are similar to woven velour

Velour

the interweaving or intertwinning of three or more strands of yarn or other material so that the strand pass over and under one another

Braiding

a fine lightweight expensive straw with a dull finish

Baku

a fine lightweight, glossy straw obtained from unopened palm leaf syems

Balibuntal

a fine braided straw made from special wheat grown in Tuscany that has been cut bleached and worked by hand

Leghorn

a fine closely braided straw

Milan

a fine hand braided, creamy colored Toquilla straw made primarily in Ecuador

Panama

a fine yellow straw woven from the tops of bleached wheat stalks grown in Tuscany

Tuscan

interwinning and sometimes knotting of yarns that run in two or more directions

Twisting

the interlacing of wrap or float and filling or weft yarns usually at right angles on the loom, then turning them into cloth

Weaving

a device used to weave cloth

loom

a type of floor loom that controls the wrap threads using a device called a dobby

Dobby loom

a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801

Jacquard Loom

made by the simple interweaving of warp and weft threads, when each warp yarn passes over then under the weft yarns

Plain Weave

one weft thread passes over each warp thread

Plain single weave

known as a tabby or taffeta weave

Regular Weave

when the warp and weft differ because of the different weight and textures of the yarn due to the fact that novelty yarns vary in appearance

Irregular Weave

two or more weft threads are interlaced into the same number of warp threads

Plain Double or Basket Weave

the weft yarn is heavier than the yarn with the result of a diagonal texture becoming more apparent

Rib Weave

the long threads of floats pass over and under the same number of yarns

Regular twill

the float pass over and under a different number of threads

Irregular

is a weave that emphasizes the continuous weft yarn; with as few interruptions of warp as possible

Satin Weave

a variation made of mercerized cotton.

Sateen

this refer to fabrics that are woven in such a way as to create loops or piles that stand out from the surface of the fabric

Pile Weaves

created by weaving one of the two sets of warp yarns into a plain weave to create a solid back, while lifting the second set of warp yarns by means of a hook to form a loop slightly higher than the backing weave

Velvet Pile

same process used as in the velvet pile, except that the lifted yarns remain uncut

Frise

a decorative fabric made by weaving colored weft threads alternatively over and under the warp threads to form a pictorial or ornamental design

Tapestry

what is the first tapestries (after ancient word for carpets , tapis) a thick heavy texture

Rugs

known in the Western Hemisphere prior to the arrival of the Spanish

The art of tapestry weaving

perfected by Vaucanson in 1757

Swinging loom

was a well known art in Ancient Egypt, china, the near East and Peru

Inlay-Pattern

yarns are added to the fabric during the weaving

Extra Warp and weft pattern Weaves

known to the Peruvians

Double-Cloth Weave

a loose weave in which the warp threads are wound in half twists around each other and around a filter yarn,alternating in position on each row to form a knot to keep the yarn from slipping

Leno

warp threads maintain the same position in relation to the weft

Gauze

are weaves in which uneven tension in either weft or warp yarns produces an uneven surface effect

Tension and Texture related weaves

What is fabrics that are still rough, full of blemishes and impurities. They have to undergo different finishing processes before they can be ready for consumer use.

Grey of greige goods

defined as a process done to fabrics, sometimes to fibers and yarns, causing them to change in appearance,texture and performance

Finish

the kind of finish that lasts until the fabric is washed or dry cleaned

Temporary Finish

this lasts long than temporary but it may become unsatisfactory with the passing of time

Durable Finish

lasts until the garment is of service

Permanent Finish

include those finishes that affect the texture an appearance of the cloth

General Finish

include those finishes that affect the performance of the cloth

Special Finishes

this is common finishing process for linen

Beetling

an example of a fabric from abaca which has undergone beetling

Pinukpok

before the dyeing or printing processes fabrics are require to be what?

Bleached

a finishing process which makes the fabrics smooth and glossy

Calendering

a wool finishing process to prevent creases of other forms or uneven shrinkage in latter stages of finishing

Crabbing

this is finishing process improves the appearance enhance luster and hand of the material

Decating or Decatizing

is usually done on cotton rayon or silk the cloth is wound on a perforated drum, between layers of a blanket, than steam passes through from the inside to the outside layers

Dry Decating Process

the cloth is wound on a roller and treated in a hot water or steam boiler which is also has vacuum system

Wet Decating Process

important finish applied to wool fabrics

Fulling

discovered by John Mercer

Mercerizing

purpose of removing the fuzz of protruding fibers

Singeing or Gassing

other term for starching

Sizeing or Dressing

The cloth is filled with starch to increase strength , smoothness,stiffness or weight of the fabrics

Sizeing or Dressing

This process straightens and restores the cloth to its proper dimensions

Tentering,stentering or Heat-setting

Chemical treatment designed to make a fabric bacteria resistant

Antiseptic Finish

is a familiar trade name in the market today for an antiseptic finish and ready to wear clothing items

Sanitized of Sanitized, Inc

chemical treatment applied to synthetic fabrics to prevent the accumulation of static electricity

Anti-Static Fabric

applied mostly on fabrics from such fibers as cotton,linen,ramie, and rayon.

crease resistant finishes

Only mineral, asbestos, glass, or metal substances are really fireproof. Textile fabrics cannot be made absolutely fireproof.

Flame Retardant Finish

Glazed surface may be obtained through chemical and mechanical means. Resin-treated fabrics have greater durability than mechanically achieved glazed surfaces.

Glazed Finish

This is also called Insulated Finish

Heat-Reflectant Finish

This type of finish makes a fabric suitable for either hot or cold weather. Metallic particles are bonded to a drapery or garment lining fabrics of various types of construction.

Heat-Reflectant Finish

This is a chemical finish given mostly to rayon, cotton and linen fabrics which are mostly susceptible to attack by mildew in moist and humid conditions or climates. The finish is applied to a fabric to prevent the growth of mildew and mold.

Mildew-Resistant Finish

Sometimes referred to as moth-proofing finish. It is a chemical finish especially for wool fabrics to make them resistant to attack by moths and carpet beetles.

Moth-Resistant Finish

It is a mechanical finish of subjecting the surface of a fabric to a brushing process to raise the fiber ends thus creating a surface fuzziness.

Napping

It is a typical example of a napped fabric. Fabrics may be napped on one side only or on both sides which gives greater surface density, increased firmness and greater warmth,

Flannelette

In the textile mill, relaxation shrinkage is eliminated by overfeeding a fabric onto a dyeing frame and applying stretch in the crosswise direction of the fabric or applying controlled compression forces parallel to the surface of the fabric, pushing together the warp yarns, thus releasing the weaving strains.

Shrink-Resistant Finish (Mechanical Method)

label or mark applied to cotton or linen fabrics indicates a mechanical shrink-resistant finish that has met standard of less than 1% shrinkage

Sanforized

This finish is given to loosely constructed fabrics or fabrics with low thread count, It prevents the warp yarns from slipping along the filling yarns.

Slip-Resistant Finish

These are chemical finishes usually given to rug and upholstery fabrics to repel soil and stain.

Soil- and Stain-Resistant Finish

It is the compound used for this type of this soil and resistant finish.

Silicone

A group of repellents were developed to repel not only water-borne but also oil-borne stains.

Fluorocarbon compounds

This finish is also referred to as the drip-dry finish. It is of the same type as the crease-resistant finish.

Wash and Wear of Minicare Finish

A chemical finish which makes a fabric resistant to wetting but not waterproof.

Water-Repellent Finish

Unlike repellency, waterproofing totally coats the fabric thus closing the pores and enabling it to shed water under all pressures.

Waterproof Finish

are soluble substances which penetrate into the fabric and are fixed by a chemical action, heat or other treatment.

Dyes

are insoluble color particles which are held on the surface of a fabric by a binding agent.

Pigment

colored water-soluble organic compounds, mainly salts of sulphuric acid.

Acid Dyes

are the oldest among the artificial dyes and they differ from acid dyes in that they are basic in character and have the power of neutralizing acid.

Basic Dyes

These dyes form a very important group of coloring matters since they will color both protein and cellulosic fibers.

Direct of Salt Dyes

Direct dyes for cotton, linen, viscose and cuprammonium rayon are known as

Direct cotton dyes

formerly called acetate dyes. they were originally developed for acetate fibers.

Disperse Dyes

used for cotton, linen and viscose rayon.

Developed Dyes

The color is developed by additional treatment, which also makes the dye fast to washing. But developed dyes are not fast to light. As these dyes do not bleed, they are called

Tub-Fast Colors

These are water-soluble organic dyes which have affinity for cellulose in an alkaline bath.

Reactive Dyes

are used for cotton and viscose rayon.

Sulphur Dyes

are the fastest dyes for cotton, linen and viscose and cuprammonium rayon.

Vat Dyes

some of the man-made fibers may be dyed in a solution before filament is formed. This process results in excellent colorfastness, but it does not leave the manufacturer the same flexibility for the final design if the final choice of color or design is made later in the manufacturing process.

Solution Dye

are dyed before the yarns are spun and woven into a fabric.

Fiber Dye (or Stock Dye)

are dyed before they are woven into checks, plaids, stripes or herringbone designs.

Yarn Dye

Cloth is dyed after fabrication. Also known as dip-dyeing.

Piece Dye

the open fabric passes back and forth through a stationary dye bath.

Jig Dyeing

the fabric is continuously immersed without strain to the fabric.

Winch, Reel or Beck Dyeing

the fabric is run through the dye bath and then between rollers which squeeze the dye deeper into the yarns of the fabric.

Pad Dyeing

Fabric of two or more fibers is placed in a dye bath containing two or more different dyes. Each fiber will be dyed by the dye for which it has an affinity.

Cross Dye

Fabric from one fiber is dyed one color.

Solid Dye

This technique mixes dyes for fabrics made from two or more fibers so that the fibers will dye the same color.

Union Dye

produced in the process of making the fabric.

Structural Designs

placed on the fabrics after they have been made.

Applied Designs

is done to add colors and designs to the fabric surface, making the fabric more appealing to the consumers

Printing

this is the oldest method of printing design in fabrics

Block Printing

the design is cut on a cardboard,wood or metal, color id then applied

Stencil Printing

acid is use for this printing. It is one of the fiber used in the fabric is burned, leaving a lacy or shear and heavy design

Burn-Out Printing

the color is discharged or removed from the fabric , thus creating a design

Discharge or Extract Printing

also known as Cylinder Printing

Roller Printing

machine counterpart of hand-block printing

Roller Printing

a design which appears on the face and back of the fabric, simulating a woven pattern

Duplex Printing

a resinous substance cannot be penetrated when the fabric is immersed in a dye bath

Resist Printing

is stamped on the fabric creating a design

Resist Printing

First used in Indonesia and an example of Resist Printing

Batik Printing

The fabric to be printed is covered with chemicals that are sensitive to light

Photo Printing

The fabric passes between rollers which permit a caustic solution to contract certain areas of the fabric

Plisse Printing

usually use with the use of roller before they are woven into a fabric

Warp Printing

it can create large design with elaborate effect and variety in color

Screen Printing

The screen is put on top of the fabric to be printed and the dye or printing paste is sprayed, painted or rubbed back and forth with a rubber paddle called?

squeegee

it uses a cylindrical screen that rotates in a fixed position

Rotary Printing

is the process of transferring prints from pre-printed release papers to fabrics

Transfer Printing

is simplest method of fabric designing. It is by painting color directly to the cloth with the use of a brush

Free-Hand Printing

This is applying one piece of fabric to a larger piece of material

Applique'

are raised design found on the surface of the fabric

Embossed Design

what do you called a tiny piece of fiber?

Flock

made to stick to the fabric

Flocked Design

are cut out design held to the fabric surface by the use of glue or an adhesive

Glued or Pasted Design

often referred to as having a "watered appearance"

Moire Design

is processed animal skin, mostly that of cattle

Leather

the skin of a fully grown cow.Such skin are large hides, ranging from 46.6sq m to 5.5sq m

Cattle Hide

the center portion of the hide is called?

Bend

is the hide of a young animal and is considerably smaller, about 2.3sq m to 3.2sq m

Calfskin

sometimes called full-top-grain leather

Full-Grain leather

Kind of leather where surface has not been sanded, buffed, snuffed,embossed or altered in

Full-Grain leather

This is the second highest quality. Where the split is layer is separated away

Top-Grain Leather

The imperfections are sanded off and an artificial grain is then impressed into the surface and dressed with stain and dyes

Corrected-Grain Leather

this is created from the fibrous part of the hide that is left, once the top-grain has been separated

Split Leather

refer to the leather that has undergone a type of tanning process that uses animal brains or other fatty material to alter it.

Buckskin or Brained leather

is a type of leather that has been given a high gloss finish

Patent Leather

known as stingray skin/leather. Used in furniture production, since the art deco periods

Shagreen

this is leather from the skin of unborn calves. Particularly soft and is highly valued

Slink

known as "reconstituted leather" composed of 90% to 100% leather fiber,bonded together with latex binder to create a look and feel similar to that leather but only a fraction of the cost

Bonded Leather

a split leather with a layer of polyurethane applied to the surface and then embossed

Bycast leather

used to preserve the hide. It puts the life back into the leather hid by replacing the natural gelatinous material found in the skin

Tanning

Tanning solution based on chromium salts

Mineral tanning

tree bark, typically oak and water form the basis of this tanning solution

Vegetable tanning

a hide that is quite supple with a limited acceptance of dyes

Combination tanning

can color the leather and help to protect it from hard wear

Finishing

They are translucent and comparable to stains for wood that do not contain opaque pigments

Aniline Dyes

This contain some pigments and use of this help to ensure uniformly in color

Semi-Aniline Dyes

a natural textile made from the pulp of the bamboo grass

Bamboo Fabric

cotton fabric with a printed design of white and a contrasting color

Bandana

a rib weave usually done in a minute brick fashion, giving a pebbly appearance

Barathea

fabric made from or created to stimulate the bark of trees

Bark Cloth

a cord cotton like fabric with raised ridges in the lengthwise direction

Bedford cord

a sturdy warp faced fabric with pronounced cross wise ribs formed by bulky and coarse pile yarns or rubber thread

Bengaline

this is made when the yarn that is knitted into fabric is brushed with wire brushes to pull the material together and to fluff it up

Berber Fleece

has a small geometric pattern with a center do resembling a bird's eye

Birdseye

two or more fabric layers held together with adhesive or fusible layer

Bonded

is the french word for "buckled", ringed or curled

Bouncle

a twill weave that originated in France. The yarns are interspersed with nubs giving the material a dull rubbed surface effect

Bourette

a tightly woven plain weave with crosswise rib

Broadcloth

a rich Jacquard woven fabric of an all over interwoven design of raised figures of flowers with the pattern emphasized by contrasting surfaces or colors all are done in low relief

Brocade

a tightly woven jacquard fabric with a warp effect in the figure which is raised to give a puffed appearance

Brocatelle

a ply yarn scrim fabric with a stiff finish

Buckram

a twill weave cotton denim fabric that is soft but tough as nails

Bull Denim

a plain weave coarse fabric usually made from jute or hemp

Burlap or Gunny

a plain closely woven inexpensive cloth with an all over print usually of a small floral pattern which is discharge or resist printed onto a white or contrasting background color

Calico

a soft white closely woven cotton fabric calendered on the right side to produce a slight gloss

Cambric

The face is twill with a soft and loosely twisted filling yarn which is later brushed to produce a soft nap at the back

Canton Flannel

has a even weave that is heavy and firm for industrial or heavy duty purposes

Canvas

one of the softest fabric made

Challis

a plain weave fabric most commonly made from cotton fiber with colored warp often blue and white filling that gives a mottled colored surface

Chambray

a fabric woven from chenille yarns and has a fuzzy pile. it is named from french word meaning "caterpillar"

Chenille

broken twill or herringbone weave giving a chevron effect creating a design of wide V's across the width of the fabric

Chevron

a thin diaphanous or gauzelike soft flimsy fabric but is strong despite its filmy look

Chiffon

a glazed cotton fabric often printed with bright figures and large flower designs

Chintz

It was named from Hindu word meaning Spotted

Chintz

an unglazed chintz is called?

Cretonne

fabric with a lacquer,varnish,rubber,plastic resin of polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene or other substance to make them longer lasting or impervious to water or other liquids

Coated

a cut pile cloth with narrow to wide wale that run in the warp direction of the goods

Corduroy

a lightweight fabric characterized by a crinkly surface produced by hard twist yarns chemical treatment, weave or embossing

Crepe

chain stitch embroidery made with a fine loosely twisted two-ply worsted yarn on a plain weave cotton fabric

Crewel

a fabric with an uneven surface created by use of caustic soda that causes it to shrink unevenly

Crinkle

is an example of crinkle crepe fabric

Plisse

a lightweight , plain weave stiffened fabric with a low yarn count

Crinoline

any fabric that has treated so as to have a permanently crinkled, crushed or rumpled appearance

Crushed

any velvet with an irregular pattern or nap going in different direction

Crushed velvet

appearance looks very lustrous

Crushed or rumpled

a firm glossy jacquard patterned fabric similar to brocade but flatter and reversible

Damask

a rugged serviceable, staple cotton cloth recognized by left hand twill on the surface

Denim

a thin sheer cloth in which cords or stripes may be woven into the fabric

Dimity

a sheer fabric embellished with small dot motifs that may vary in color

Dotted swiss

a closely woven heavy material and the most durable fabric made, according to the textile industry

Duck

a ribbed cloth with a crosswise rib effect

Faille

a compact matted woolen material.

Felt

The name derived from the Anglo-Saxon word meaning to filter

Felt

printed or woven fabric featuring a jagged undulating, flame like, multi-colored pattern

Flame Stitch

a medium weight, plain or twill weave fabric that is typically made from cotton, a cotton blend or wool

Flannel

a medium weight, plain weave fabric with a soft hand usually made from cotton

Flannelette

a type of raised decoration applied to the surface of the fabric on which an adhesive is printed on the fabric in a specific pattern

Flocked

is a high gloss mylar usually in metallic colors that pulls away from the clear backing

Foil

a lightweight cloth noted for its soft finish and feel

Foulard

generally made with uncut loops but is sometimes styled by sheering the loops at varying heights

Frieze

is a firm durable compactly woven cloth which shows a diagonal line on the face of the goods

Gabardine

a thin sheer fabric constructed with plain, leno or dobby weave used for curtains

Gauze

has dyed yarns introduced at given intervals in both warp and filling to achieved a block or check effect

Gingham

Name is derived from italian "Ging-gang" meaning "striped"

Gingham

a fine loosely woven fabric in leno weave and well known for its stiffness

Grenadine

a strong closely woven corded fabric usually of silk or rayon and often with cotton fiber, it is a heavy rather prominent ribbed fabric made from plain or rib weave

Grossgrain

from the Japanese for soft as down. It is a lightweight, plain weave silk fabric. Lighter than shantung

Habotal

woven, multi-colored effect created by blending fibers of different colors

Heather

a very stiff, wiry cloth made with a single horsehair filling usually on a cotton warp

Haircloth

broken twill weave composed of vertical sections that are alternately right hand in direction

Herringbone

herringbone is also called as?

Arrowhead weave

broken twill weave forming four pointed star. it always comes in a duotone pattern , and often comes in black and white

Houndstooth

a style of weaving that uses a resist dyeing process similar to tie-dye on either the warp or weft before the threads are woven to create pattern or design

Ikat

fabric woven with yarn of one color in the warp and another color in the filling so that the fabric seems to change color as the light strikes it

Irridescent

a fabric which has a series of faint stripes formed by light,medium or dark yarns

Jaspe

a fabric in which metallic threads or yarns are interspersed throughout or used in the base construction

Lame'

The term comes from french for "worked with gold and silver wire"

Lame'

a term used to describe fabrics which have been joined together through the use of a high-strength reinforcing scrim or base fabrics between two piles of flexible thermoplastic film

Laminated

a light, thin cloth of plain weave with a crisp and crease-resistant finish

Lawn

known its semi transparency , ranging from gauzy or sheer to an almost opaque effect

Lawn

Name is derived from loan, a city in France

Lawn

a jacquard stripe fabric simulating silk and embroidery

Lisserie

a fine firm cotton cloth with plain weave background. it usually striped or plaid in color

Madras

a soft double cloth which has a quilted surface effect and is woven on Jacquard looms

Matelasse

term is derived from the french word meaning "cushioned or padded"

Matelasse

a heavily felted, hard, plain face-finished cloth.It is napped and very closely sheared

Melton

Characterized by its net like open appearance and the spaces between the yarns.

Mesh

is available in a variety of construction including woven,knits,laces or crocheted fabric

Mesh

made of very coarse yarn and is rough, substantial rather bulky fabric with a tendency to sag

Monk's Cloth

a generic term for a variety of cotton fabric. French term is mousseline and is actually a smooth,delicately woven cotton fabric

Muslin

a fine soft fabric with a plain weave with a strip and often mercerized to produce luster

Nainsook

a smooth transparent, high textured fabric made in plain or novelty weaves

Ninon

Ninon described as very delicate and lightweight and sometimes referred to as?

French Tergal

a soft white,closely woven cotton fabric . It is the sheerest and crispest cotton cloth made and when made from silk it is called "organza"

Organdie

a tough medium to heavyweight coarsely woven plain weave fabric usually made of a cotton or cotton/poly blend

Osnaburg

a tightly woven plain weave ribbed fabric with a hard slightly lustered surface

Ottoman

a soft somewhat porous , rather stout fabric with a silk-like luster finish.it launders very well but it known to soil easily

Oxford

named from french word for "plush" and is a satin faced material made with a high luster by a roller-pressure treatment during finishing

Panne

a medium weight, plain weave, low to medium count cotton like fabric. End uses include sheets, blouses and dresses

Percale

a medium weight or heavy fabric with raised cords that run in the warp direction

Pique

Used in many polo shirts and is generally distinguished as a?

Waffle weave

a fabric treated in a stripped motif or in spot formation with a caustic soda solution that shrinks parts of the goods to provide the crinkled or pleated effect

Plisse'

mainly cotton sometimes silk a leno, gauze, knotted or mesh woven fabric. it is made in France in 1834

Point D'esprit

a warp pile cloth covered with a surface of cut-pile yarns

Plush

combed and carded fabric in a satin construction which has been calendared to produce a high luster surface finish

Polished Cotton

was originally thin, natural , tan colored silk fabric made of wild chinese silk with a knotty rough weave

Pongee

Named from Chinese, pun-ki meaning "woven at home on one's own loom"

Pongee

identified by a fine rib effect in the filling direction from selvage to selvage .

Poplin

Term is derived from the obsolete French term "papeline"

Poplin

is similar to poplin but has a more distinctive cross-rib cord. Used for upholstery and drapery

Rep

plain weave fabric where the majority of the fabric face is composed of warp threads

sail cloth

fabric made from yarns with low luster such as cotton or other staple length fibers

sateen

has a very smooth, lustrous face effect while the back of the material is dull

Satin

The name is originated in Zayfun, China ; it was termed after the latin "Seta" meaning Silk

Satin

originally a high grade coating fabric made from wool of Merino sheep raised in Saxony, Germany

Saxony

an open mesh , plain weave cloth in several construction and weights and usually used in buckram

Scrim

a lightweight cloth in which a base lies flat and a second warp becomes crinkled because of chemical treatment

Seersucker

woven cloth with errors of flaws

seconds

one of the oldest basic terms in textile. It has diagonal lines or ridges on both side

Serge

it uses raw silk made from Tussah. a silk fabric made of several fibers but designated by an elongated slub filling yarn. It was named for the city of Shantung, China

Shantung

made from a small twill weave and has a smooth compact surface resembling the skin of a shark

Sharkskin

a plain weave corded or combed cloth which comes in light,medium or heavy weights

Sheeting

a lightweight fabric made of two different colored yarns. The fabric has an iridescent look and a crisp but not stiff hand

Shimmer

fabric originated in Germany and Austria and were developed to provide greater freedom of body movement for the athlete

Stretch Woven

a soft,twill woven silk or rayon fabric often made in plaid effects. It is soft and flexible, lightweight and lustrous

Surah

a fine sheer, crisp stiff cloth which may be plain dotted or figured

swiss

a fine plain weave fabric, smooth on both sides and usually with sheen on its surface

Taffeta

a cloth made in plain weave or in a two up down twill weave. This multicolored fabric may be conventional or exceptional when made in variations of color effects

Tartan

This fabric is originated in Spain and called tiritana

Tartan

has uncut loops on both side of the fabric. It is very absorbent; the longer the loops, the greater the absorbency

Terry Cloth

broad term for extremely strong woven fabric which are used as a covering for pillows mattresses and box springs, home furnishings and for clothes and sports clothes

Ticking

made from 100% micro fiber polyester and cotton. It is also considered a utility cloth and used for table cloths, chair cloth, uniform and flags/banners

Trigger

a rough,irregular, soft and flexible,unfinished, shaggy cloth. Named for the Tweed River which separates England from Scotland

Tweed

is worlds first ultra microfiber. It feels like natural suede, but is is resistant to stains and discoloration; it can be machine washed and because it is non-woven fabric

Ultrasuede

a term loosely applied to cut pile cloths in general. a Fine raised finish fabrics

Velour

Term is from french meaning velvet and although it resemble velvet it has a lower cut pile

Velour

a warp pile cloth in which a succession of rows short cut pile stand so close together as to give a uniform, even surface

Velvet

when pile is more than 1/8 it is already called what?

Plush

a filling pile cloth in which the pile is made by cutting an extra set of filling yarns, usually made of cotton

Velveteen

a crisp, lightweight, plain weave cotton like fabric made with high twist yarns in a high yarn count construction

voile

a fabric with a characteristic honeycomb weave. When made in cotton it is called "waffle pique"

waffle

refer to fabric that have been laundered before shipping. Done to reduce shrinkage, soften the hand, wash down the color or to give the fabric a used, launched look

washed

is a cloth made from cross bred yarns and the fabric is strongly colored

Zibeline

ability of a fabric to take in moisture

Absorbency

a design featuring interlinking diamond shapes of varying colors, in a diagonal checkerboard pattern

Argyle

a small cloth placed over the backs or arms of chairs or the head or cushions of a sofa to prevent soiling of the permanent fabric

antimacassar

thin layer of natural or synthetic cloth used to line cushion,pillow,quilts or crafts

Batting

custom handmade or manufactured material used on a bed for utilitarian or decorative purpose

Bedding

square panel of fabric with or without elastic edge used to encase the top mattress on a bed

Bed Sheet

fabric bedding treatment, which spans between the upper and lower mattress beginning beneath a comforter to touch the floor

Bed skirt

fabric bedding treatment, which covers a top mattress

Bedspread

cut from one corner of a fabric to the opposite, diagonal corner. Some fabric will drape differently when cut on the bias and this treatment can require substantially more yardage

Bias-Cut

The removal of excess knots,bumps,loose threads and slubs from a fabric before the finishing process, by means of a burling iron or tweezers

Burling

quilt made of many, many small patches where each piece is a different fabric

Charm Quilt

painted linens that originated in Chita in 17th century

Chite

series of clipping attached to a purchase sample to show the color line

Color Mag

refer to the complete color range of a given series

Color Line

individual color of a particular style or pattern

Color way

waviness or curvature of fiber or yarn. Can be found naturally, as with wool, or can be mechanically produced.

Crimp

rubbing off of color from woven or printed fabric

Crocking

tightly woven or coated fabric used to prevent down feathers from penetrating surface

Down proof

Fabric with patterned cut-outs

eyelet

refer to the ability of a fiber or fabric to return to its original length, shape,size immediately after the removal of stress

Elasticity

calendering process, in which the fabric engraved with the use of heated rollers under pressure to produce a raised design on the fabric surface

Embossing

embellisment of a fabric or garment in which colored threads are sewn on the fabric to create design

Embroidery

a thin piece of material put under another material to add color or brilliance

Foil

is a layer of fabric inserted between the face and the lining of a garment,drapery or quilt. It is similar to batting, a thick layer of fiber designed to provide insulation,loft and body to quilt,pillow toppers and heavy winter jackets

Interlining

originally a type of English embroidery with a strong oriental influence of the first type done during the Restoration period

Jacobean

fabric made in the same shape as the outer fabric, a lining supports and protects the outer fabric and hides seams as well

Lining

fabric construction created in weft yarns with graduated or shaded tone or color pattern

Ombre

continuous filament rayon yarn with entangled slubs

Ondelette

hand quilting technique where stitches follow printed motifs on fabric

Outline Quilting

fabric or material used to provide additional cushioning

Padding

Intricate interlocking curvilinear pattern originating in India, it is a tear-drop shaped,fancy printed pattern

Paisley

fine silk fabric

Peau De Soie

fine hand stitched needlepoint design on canvas created with only one foundation thread, rather than multiple threads

Petit Point

the number of filling yarns per inch of fabric

Pick Count

to form undesirable clumps of loose fiber of fabric

Pill

fiber filament that break in yarn due to friction leaving small undesirable clumps of loose fibers on the surface of fabric

Pilling

fabric cover designed to protect pillow from soiling,utilitarian or decorative

Pillow Sham

combed and carded fabric in a satin construction which has been calendared to to produce a high-luster surface finish

Polished cotton

is a fabric construction in which a layer of down or fiberfill is placed between two layers of fabric and then held in place by stitching or sealing in a regular consistent all over pattern on the goods

Quilt

to turn fabric where selvages run horizontally rather than vertically often used when fabric are non-directional to avoid unwanted seams

Railroaded

dye-resistant product are applied which results in only the background or a fabric being dyed

Reverse Printing

decorative covering for bed pillow

Sham

french word for "Monkey Trick", Decorative using monkeys in human costume,generally in humorous situation popular in Rococo ornamentation

Singeries

large panel of fabric usually in pairs used on top or bed

Sheet

cloth having a fine, irregular streaked pattern

Strie

slender , decorative cloth typically used in lengthwise down the center of a dining table, for surface protection and embellishment

Table Runner

small decorative spread or coverlet often woven with fringe

Throw

cotton or linen woven or printed documentary fabric, typically printed in monotone color on an off-white or white background, originally made in France

Toile

fabrics printed in one color with 18th and century scenes

Toile de Jouy

blended yarns of twisted linen and cotton yarns in the filler creating a textured surface finish

Union Cloth

material used to make soft seating including wood or metal frames eight way hand-tied spring, foam, batting, fabrics and cording

Upholstery

rayon fiber of superior quality used in many decorative fabrics, often used to imitate silk

Viscose

a tapestry, needlepoint or bound fabric panel hung on the wall, typically suspended from an iron drapery rod and adorned with cording and tassels

Wall Hanging

fabric procedure using commercial washing machines to mimic a worn effect

Washed Goods

Derived from the Old Norse word for wind, 'vindr' combined with the word for eye 'auga' to make "vindauga" literally translated to the eye of the house through which wind entered

Window

Four vital functions of windows

To admit light, admit air/ ventilation, to protect from outside elements, to frame or admit visual beauty of the exterior

Window with two sashes, one or both slide up and down

Double Hung window

Window with one or more sashes hinged on a vertical edge. The kind which opens from the side

Casement window

Most often, a wide window set high off the floor. Usually has sliding sashes and common to ranch type houses

Ranch or Strip windows

Has wide, horizontal sashes that open outward to any angle, can be left open when its raining

Awning window

Identified by narrow, horizontal strips of glass that open by means of a crank to any desired angle

Jalousie window

Window designed to frame the outside view. Fixed or may have movable sections

Picture Window

Usually a small window projecting from the house in an alcove-like extension of the room

Dormer window

Often called "cathedral" window. Main characteristic is the angle at top where the window follows the line of a slanting roof

Slanting window

Three or more windows set at an angle to each other in a recessed area

Bay window

A curved window sometimes called a circular bay

Bow window

Side by side windows; if more than one, often called multiple windows

Double windows

Come in pairs and often open into a porch or patio

French doors/ French windows

Any window that comes together in the corner of a room

Corner windows

Functional version of french doors.

Sliding glass doors

Shallow window set near the ceiling

Clerestory window

Arched top window with straight panes below the arch

Palladian window

Usually a group of basic window units made to fit together forming a veritable "wall" of windows

Glass wall

Six benefits of using window treatments

Privacy, energy conservation, light control, view enhancement, acoustics and noise control, aesthetics

Used to accent open, airy feeling in today's homes. Made of very thin fabric and nearest to glass when at least two sets of curtains are used. Provide maximum amount of light but least amount of privacy

Sheers

Treatments that diffuse light for little privacy. During the day, people will not be able to see in the room but at night, when interior lights are open, they will be able to do so.

Semi-sheers

Provide partial blockage of light when curtains are closed. At night, you can only see shadows on the inside from outside

Semi-opaque

For the person who needs privacy and maximum light blocking. Include most hard window treatments and lined curtain

Opaque

Term which includes draperies, curtains and shades that are purely made of fabric

Soft window treatments

Uses a thick kind of fabric and is made with pleats. Decorative, for privacy and elimination of light. Usually lined.

Draperies

Stationary draperies used on either side of the window with other window treatments between them. Can be left straight or tied back

Overdrapes

Pleated panels that can be pulled across window. Uses a traverse rod, master carrier and pull cords. Operate or draw by opening and closing with a cord or hand. Generally hung straight to the floor and tied back

Draw draperies

Generally shirred or smocked and have headings attached to rods. Usually a term for informal window treatments

Curtains

Impart a homey, country feel to a room. Short in length, each about 1/2 height of the window in which they are hung. For kitchens or bathrooms.

Tiers

Invention of a French Restaurer. Used to allow seated patrons privacy beside window while allowing passerby a glimpse of within. Only lower portion is covered

Cafe curtain

Sometimes known as brise-bise which means "wind screen". Curtain is gathered and hung with two rods top and bottom, cannot be drawn or traversed. Usually installed in casement windows or French doors

Stretch or sash curtains

Similar to stretch curtains but permanently tied with a tie back in the middle. Generally sheer.

Hourglass curtain

Curtains designed to be gathered at the side of the window and held by a decorative tieback, sleeve or cord

Tieback curtains

Aka Casement Curtains. Top, usually shirred forms a pocket through which fabric is then threaded onto a pole or rod

Rod pocket curtains

Rod pocket curtains with extra length so that sides can be gathered with tiebacks to create multiple poufs and often puddle on the ground

Bishop's sleeve

Curtains that hang behind main curtains

Under curtains

Window treatment generally drawn up from the bottom

Fabric shades

Fabric covered shades of horizontal panels with wooden slats inserted horizontally at intervals down its entire length. Raised and lowered by pull cords while gathering soft folds while it does so

Roman shades

Vertical shirring that forms soft draping scallops generally made of sheer or lightweight fabrics

Austrian shade

Made of soft fabric with cords placed vertically along the shade to hold the fabric. With deep inverted pleats that cause the shade to billow out into puffs along the bottom edge

Balloon shade

Aka panel track blinds. Mounted on wall or ceiling. Large fabric panels that slide back and forth on a track with the ability to stack completely.

Sliding Panels

Finished bottom edges of the drapery. Usually the 4" of double fabric, however some have 5-6" to weigh them down.

Hems

At top of draperies

Header

Highlight the decorative hardware used to hang them. Loops of separate fabric sewn onto unpleated, flat drapery while a round rod slides through the loops.

Looped/ tab-top headers

Small strips of fabric attached to the head of the fabric and are used to tie over a curtain rod

Tie top curtains

Aka grommets. Similar to tab tops but have metal grommets fixed onto the head of the curtain at regular intervals.

Eyelets

Created by a row of gatherings on a pole or rod

Shirring

Curtains with shirred heading

Cased (slot) or gathered curtains

Uses double or triple rows of puckers which form x or diamond patterns

Smocking

Folds of cloth sewn or taped into place to create fullness

Pleats

Flat, symmetrical pleats formed by folding fabric to the back at each side of the pleat. Fabric folds in opposite directions

Box pleat

Box pleat in reverse. Fabric folds facing each other

Inverted Pleat

Round, 2" to 2 1/2" pleats filled with cotton or paper to hold shape. Generally spaced 2-3" apart.

Cartridge pleat

Aka Pinch Pleats. Three folds made by dividing one fat pleat into three smaller ones but not creasing them

French pleat

Similar to French pleats but instead of 3 folds, only two

Butterfly pleat

Aka Straight Pleats. Fabric folds all facing the same direction

Knife pleat

Curtain heading formed by a tape which when drawn up creates a row of narrow, densely packed folds

Pencil pleat

Neat, even folds that snap on and off a traverse track without hooks. Simulate look of accordion folds

Accordion pleat

Secure only the base by forming a short cup then stuffed with a rolled-up piece of interlining or Dacron to pad out the full shape

Goblet

Goblet pleats linked along their base by a hand-sewn cord

Flemish headings

Term that include blinds, shades and screens that are made of wood or strong fabric

Hard window treatments

Consist of horizontal panels that open and close at right angles

Horizontal blinds

Usually made of lightweight metal usually aluminum, coated with paint. 2" wide slats held together by 1" cotton braid ladder or nylon cord

Venetian blinds

Same as venetian blinds only that it has 1" wide slats

Miniblinds

Has slats that are 1/2" in size

Microminiblinds

Venetian blinds with strips made of wood

Wood blinds

Vertically aligned vanes. Made of PVC, fabric, wood, painted aluminum or polycarbonate plastic.

Vertical blinds

Made of fabric approx. 4" wide. When closed, these woven strips fold one in back of the other creating a look of a macrame panel on either side of window

Vertical woven blinds

Roll of material attached to a spring-wound tube or roller mechanism. Usually comes in 36, 45, 54, 72"

Roller blinds

Usually made of narrow horizontal strips connected with thread woven on both sides. Made of bamboo, tortoise shells or woven wood

Wooden shades

More like a blind than it is a shade. Made of accordion-pleated fabric which is raised and lowered with cords like a blind. Permanently pleated.

Pleated shades

Aka honeycomb shades. Consists of two or more sheets of accordion-pleated reinforced fabric that are bonded together.

Cellular shades

Wooden hinged and solid panels that may be folded across a window to diffuse light or add privacy

Shutters

Bigger than ordinary shutters. With wider louvers and offer more ventilation and clearer view

Plantation shutter

Type of freestanding furniture with several frames or panels often connected by hinges

Screens

Chinese wooden folding screen coated in dark lacquer

Coromandel screem

Traditional Japanese designed panel screens made of paper

Shoji screen

Has open framework with criss-crossed pattern of overlapping strips of building material

Lattice screen

Ornately carved screen with pinholes

Pierced screen

Used to protect draperies, adding to their durability and longetivity

Drapery Liners

Either in white or gray/ silver in color; eliminates inter-lining but is twice the cost of sateen

Milium Sateen

Most draperies are lined with this. May have to be interlined

Sateen

Used for lining but is generally interlined with white flannel

Glosheen or colored sateen

Used to change or enhance properties of draperies; generally not durable enough to withstand exposure to UV light, abrasion, moisture, and other environmental conditions, therefore they are inserted between the lining and drapery fabrics

Interlining

Lend a nice, airy feeling to a room with drapery hanging just below the pole with rings or with drapery fabric fully gathered on the pole. Usually 1 1/2" diameter for brass and 1 3/8" diameter for wood (with 2" rings)

Pole treatment

Soft horizontal treatments mounted across the tops of window and are always made entirely of fabric

Valances

Valance treatment that is arched along the lower edge

Arched valance

Valance constructed like the box pleats but the pleats are spaced further part

Kick pleated valance

Valance includes triangularly cut fabric pieces that overlap together

Banner valance

A long piece of fabric, usually designed to drape across the top of window and hang to the floor on either side

Scarf

Stiff paneled headings to curtains. Also valances made out of wood with edges cut either straight or curved. Depth usually varies from 4"-8".

Pelmet or Corniceboard

Extends all the way down, either side of the window as well as across the top framing the window on three sides. Usually plywood covered with fabric.

Lambrequin

Aka festoon. Single or double draping fabric across top of the window. Hung from a foundation cornice.

Swag

French term which means bird's crop. Pleated or draped lengths of fabric hanging down the side of the window.

Jabots

Can be the same fabric as the drapery itself, or in a contrasting fabric or may have a border or may be shirred or may use ornamental pieces or accessories

Tie-backs

Simple, ornamental knobs or hooks where you attach the tie-backs or use them by themselves

Hold backs

Defined as decorative cording, braids or fringes applied to edges or hems of draperies

Trim

Trim that may be silk, cotton, wood and crystal

Balls

Trim sewn onto the edges and hems of curtain panels. Also used to decorate pillows, lampshades and rugs

Fringes

Four types of fringes

Cut, looped, beaded and eyelash fringes

1/2" to 8" long bell shaped trims constructed entirely from yarns and are tied together at the neck. May be braided, looped or scalloped.

Tassels

Consists of round or elongated wooden turnings that are wound with one or more of a variety of yarns

Molded fringes

Formed of twisted loops of rope

Bullion fringe

A woven ribbon used as edging or trimming

Braid

A narrow close-woven band or braid used for trimming draperies and upholstery and commonly made of lace, metallic thread or embroidery. It is a heavy Gimpe.

Galloon

A narrow flat braid or rounded cord of fabric used for trimming

Gimpe/ Gimp

It is a length of cord covered with bias binding and used as a decorative edging

Piping

Strips of material sewn between upholstery seams or drapery

Welting

Four types of edging

Piping, welting, ruffles and pleats

Adjustable rods usually hung by brackets to the wall or window frame. Drawn manually and curtains may be shirred onto the rod or hung by hooks.

Flat Curtain Rods

Designed for double curtain treatments. Outside is longer than inside.

Double Flat Rods

Two or three piece adjustable rods, hinged for use on corner-meeting windows and angled bays

Corner and Bay Window Rods

Small, round, decorative rod which comes in white, brass or woodgrain finish; used to mount cafe curtains that do not have a rod pocket

Cafe Rods

Rods mainly used for decorative purposes. Curtains are attached to rings then to this rod.

Wood Poles

Small rod, usually mounted inside a window frame on the sash

Sash rods

Rods which stay in place inside the window frame through spring tension

Tension rods

Rods for use on windows with curves; may come in brass but usually aluminum is used

Custom Bent

Adjustable drapery rods that allow opening and closing of window treatment by means of cord and pulley that are actually track glides

Traverse rods

Type of traverse rod wherein curtains and draperies are drawn on both sides

Conventional Two Way

Type of traverse rod wherein only one panel moves in one direction; often used for sliding glass doors

Conventional One Way

Traverse rods meant to be exposed

Decorative Traverse Rods

Attachment placed at each end of curtain rod, originally to stop curtain rings from falling off but now used decoratively

Finial

Attached to ordinary brackets to extend the length of rod return. For multiple tier curtains to hang freely

Extension brackets

Used to mount brackets beyond window frame

Extension Plates

Usually lead or chain; inserted on hems or tacked in lower corners to make treatments hang crisply

Weights

Sewn in vertical seams and each corner of drapery panel

Lead weights

Small beads strung in a line along bottom hemline of sheers to insure even hemline and straight hanging

Chain weights

Type of ring that grip the curtain with spring-tension prongs. Easily attaches and detaches from curtains

Clip-on rings

Rings that are hand stitched to the top of the curtain and slid onto the rods

Plain rings

Rings that have additional smaller ring on the bottom which may be sewn directly to curtains or hooks that have been sawn on headers could be made to slip through

Eyelet Rings

Pinned directly onto drapery or curtain headings

Hooks or Pin-on hooks

Hooks that have prongs that fit into the slats of a pleater tape and creates a simple pinched pleat

Pleater hooks

Hooks that are easier to use because they are just slipped inside a heading

Slip-in hooks

Wood facing below the sill on windows

Apron

Type of bed with canopy suspended from the ceiling. Aka angle bed

A La Duchesse

Canopy resting on columns usually built over an altar

Baldachino

Used to frame or border a piece of work to add interest to the finished work

Banding

A line or cut across a fabric that is not at right angles to a side of the fabric

Bias

Strips of fabric cut on the bias

Bias binding

Happens when two fabrics are used in layers and darker color of the bottom gets seen from the top

Bleed through

Stitch frequently used for attaching applique pieces or binding; hidden under the top

Blind stitch

Draped covering over a piece of furniture

Canopy

Curtain heading consisting of a simple hemmed top through which a rod or narrow pole could be slotted

Cased heading or slot heading

Two or three drapery rods sharing one set of brackets

Combination rods

Colored fabric used as lining when parts of it will show from the front

Contrast Lining

Pair of draperies which open and close from the center of windows

Center Draw

Stiffening material similar to buckram in drapery headings

Crinoline

Coiled wire with plastic coating; slightly expandable and is fixed by eyelets screwed into the wire at each end

Curtain wire

Linings that hang by special heading tape; not actually stitched to the curtain fabric

Detachable linings

Distance from the top of the object to where you want the fabric to end

Drop Length

Wood board at top of the top treatments, cornices or valances; purpose is to prevent dust from settling

Dust cap

Casual curtains that do not pull back; bottom inside corners are hooked back to let light in

Envelope curtains

Similar to fan shade but used on half-circle windows with fan facing up

Fan curtain

Vertical fold of accordion action of the fabric that creates folds and helps hold the drapery

Fan Floded

Arcs of fabric pulled together in center by rings and cords that are fastened to the back; arc or fan facing down

Fan shades

Main fabric that faces the interior

Face fabric

Actual width after treatment is finished

Finished width

Place where the curtain stops

Finished drop line

Exact vertical measurement for draperies or curtains

Finished length

Ratio of the total fabric used to the finished width of a drapery; the greater = smaller spaces between pleats

Fullness

Rectangular canopy above a bed extending only partway from the bed

Half-tester

Extra fabric added to measurements to create hems

Hem Allowance

Installation of window covering inside window frame

Inside mount

Thin cords threaded through each slat that hold a blind together

Ladder cord

Inner vertical edges of the curtain that meets its pair at the center of the window

Leading edge

The control, typically a cord which raises or lowers blinds or shades

Lift

Gap on the side or in the center of window treatment through which light penetrates

Light strike

Trim that sets off smaller panes of glass in a window

Mullion

Installation of window covering beyond window frame

Outside mount

Fancy decorative trimmings such as tassels, tiebacks and ribbons

Passementerie

Random pattern repeats are matched vertically at selvage edge so pattern lines up horizontally at leading edge of fabric

Pattern Match

Interval between repetitions of the same pattern

Pattern repeat

Pre-made and evenly spaced fabric tape sewn onto a drapery heading for stiffness to receive and conceal drapery hooks

Pleating tape

Bed set lengthwise against wall and supported by small dome

Polonnaise

Term used to describe long draperies that are lying on the floor in a puddle fashion

Puddle

Refers to using fabric horizontally

Railroading

Distance from front of the window treatment to the wall

Return

Printed side of the fabric used as the finished side

Right side

Area required and used by pleated curtains when they are open

Stackback

Panel of fabric mounted on a board and attached to the inside frame of a narrow window

Stagecoach valance

Canopy framework over a four-poster bed

Tester

1-2" of extra fabric beyond what's needed to reach the floor; more contemporary option for puddling

Trouser beak

Narrow bed with draped recess

Turkish bed

Hook and loop tape for attaching fabric to a mounting board

Velcro

Rolled fabric boarder stuffed to create a sausage shape

Wadded edge

Soft, bulky material for stuffing shapes as in like a goblet heading

Wadding

Back side of the fabric; least finished side; rougher look

Wrong side

Space between the finished ceiling and the structure above provided for HVAC, fire suppression layout and lighting system; may also be under a raised flooring or inside walls

Plenum

Type of flooring that resemble elements found in nature such as wood, stone or clay and establish a sense of permanence which may last the life of the building

Hard Flooring

Type of flooring that combines the comfort underfoot and quietness associated with textile floor coverings with imperviousness of hard flooring

Resilient flooring

Type of flooring that is relatively easy to maintain such as carpet which is unmatched among all floor coverings for a luxurious feel underfoot

Soft floor covering

Type of flooring that is impervious to most household liquids; waterproof and are usually most durable. Examples include slate, ceramic and quarry tiles.

Nonporous flooring

Waterproof and resistant but not impervious to oil and grease and they tend to react badly to spirit solvents such as petrol. Examples include marble, terrazzo, rubber, most linoleums, vinyl, vinyl asbestos and thermoplastics.

Semi-porous flooring

Type of flooring that is not waterproof or greaseproof and are likely to stain. When sealed, this becomes a nonporous surface. Examples include unsealed wood, cork, concrete, chipboard and some older linoleum.

Porous flooring

Natural building material made from sand, clay and water with some kind of fibrous or organic material shaped into bricks. Stores and releases heat very slowly.

Adobe

Block of ceramic material used in masonry construction; commonly made from clay.

Brick

Oldest bricklaying pattern wherein bricks are laid in alternate courses of headers and stretchers

English Bond

Type of bricklaying pattern where headers and stretchers are laid alternately in one layer

Flemish bond

Type of bricklaying pattern where only stretchers are laid each layer

Stretcher bond

Type of bricklaying pattern where bricks of different colors are used to make a regular pattern

Diapering

1/2 size of normal brick

Queen closer

3/4 size of normal brick

King closer

Made from clay or a mixture of clay and ceramic materials pressed into tiles and fired at high temperature. Natural clay is most commonly used but porcelain is also available

Ceramic tile

Composition of ceramic tile where it is usually clay with high bonding power and some fluxing ability

The Plastic

Composition of ceramic tile which reduces shrinkage in drying and firing and imparts to the body a certain rigidity which prevents deformation under heat

The Filler

Composition of ceramic tile which melts under intense heat and fuses the heat restraining elements into one solid mass

The Flux or Solvent

Type of tile with lowest absorption level

Impervious

Meaning glasslike which describes a tile that is slightly more absorptive than impervious tile but still at a very low rate

Vitreous

Tile which has an absorption level of more than 3% but not more than 7%

Semivitreous

Most absorptive tile at a rate more than 7%

Non-vitreous

Italian term for "double fired" meaning the tile is made to go through the kiln twice, one for the body and another for the body with glaze.

Biocottura

Italian term for "single fired" where the tile passes through the kiln only once with a temperature of 2200 degrees Celsius

Monocottura

Type of ceramic tile which after firing, a thin coat of liquefied glass is applied over top surface which makes the tiles so highly moisture and stain resistance and what gives it color

Glazed interior tile

Type of ceramic tile that is usually 6mm to 20mm (1/4" to 2/5") thick. Refers to small size of tile with common sizes: 25mm x 25mm or 50mm x 50mm

Ceramic Mosaic Tiles

Essentially large ceramic mosaic tiles which are generally weatherproof and are especially suitable for heavy floor service

Paver Tiles

Type of ceramic tile that are unglazed, extruded and made from either natural clay or shale. Similar to bricks. Very durable, impervious to moisture, stains and dirt and are resistant to abrasion.

Quarry Tiles

Type of ceramic tile typically made with specific kinds of clays that have very specific properties and are fired at very high temperatures. Generally dense and are impervious, thus have a more superior chip resistance. Many offer appearance of natural stone without maintenance.

Porcelain Tiles

Type of ceramic tile which can be made of any kind of material and category is applied to the fact that its color is solid throughout

Homogenous

Type of ceramic tile finish composed of same ingredients throughout and derive their color and texture from the materials of which the body is made

Unglazed tiles

Type of ceramic tile finish with glassy surface that is impervious to moisture

Glazed tiles

Type of glazed tile having a highly polished surface and reflects an image clearly

Bright Glazes

Type of glazed tile which do not reflect an image or are entirely without sheen

Matte Glazes

Tiles made from cement and aggregate

Concrete tiles

Basically concrete that is patterned, textured or embossed. Used for patios, sidewalks, driveways, pool decks and interior flooring.

Stamped Concrete

Type of resilient flooring with the outer layer of the cork oak tree which is grown in Mediterranean regions

Cork

Cork tile with laminated top layer of vinyl

Vinyl Cork Tile

Composed of granulated cork and natural or synthetic resins which are then compressed and baked

Cork Tile

Oldest wallcovering

Fabric

Type of fabric where a laminated paper is adhered to the reverse side of the textile which stiffens the textile and hides defects in wall.

Paper-backed fabrics

Type of fabric which involves a process stretching the textile in a frame and applying a latex compound. Less dimensionally stable than paper-backed textiles. Can improve ravel resistance and eam slippage

Latex-coated fabrics

Pre-treated fabrics suitable for sticking to the wall

Unbacked fabrics

Usually used for floors. Superior and less porous kind of concrete made from cement, granite chippings and granite dust. Most often used in factories than homes.

Granolithic

Placing something in between layers of plastic and gluing them with heat, pressure and an adhesive

Lamination

Produced with kraft papers and decorative papers with a layer of overlay on top of the decorative paper; set before they are heated and pressed together

Plastic Laminate

Molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1,000 lbs per sq. in. (70kg per sq cm), more commonly in the range of 1,200 to 2,000 lbs per sq. in. (84 to 140kg per sq cm)

High-pressure laminate

Plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 pounds per sq. in.

Low-pressure laminate

Multi-layer synthetic flooring fused together with a lamination process which simulates wood or stone with a photographic applique layer under a clear protective layer

Laminated Flooring

Resilient flooring produced mainly with natural materials from sustainable crops and its waste is biodegradable. Composed of oxidized linseed oil, or other resins mixed with ground cork or wood flour, mineral filler and color pigments.

Linoleum

Man-made material usually composed of marble dust, bauxite, acrylic or polyester resins and pigments. Most frequently used in seamless countertop installations. Nonporous

Solid surface

Type of rock formed by deposition of sediments

Sedimentary

Rocks that have undergone a change in structure, texture or composition

Metamorphic

Rocks formed by crystallization of molten magma

Igenous

Loose, unfinished stones found on surface or in the soil/ Architectural stone.

Fieldstone

Consists of quarried stone having irregular mortar joints

Rubble stone

Quarried and squared stones, cut into specific sizes, squared to dimensions and of specific thicknesses

Dimension stone

Hard, durable, low maintenance stone. Grainy igneous rock with visual strength. Extremely durable, highly resistant to stains, weathering and corrosion, Not as porous as other cladding stones.

Granite

Any stone consisting of crystalline and compact varieties of carbonate of lime or sometimes carbonate of magnesia with high polish. Metamorphic rock which is softer and more brittle than granite

Marble

Type of white or blue-grey marble with high quality and smaller and finer linear veining

Carrara Marble

Bolder and more dramatic veining than carrara and rarer

Calacatta Marble

Sedimentary rock formed by accumulation of organic materials like shells and corals. Most commonly used for exterior cladding. Susceptible to staining and should not be exposed to excessive soil.

Limestone

Fine grained homogenous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock. Used as contemporary interior floor or wall finish. Dense, non-porous stone with two lines of breakability, cleavage and grain.

Slate

Sedimentary rock; a natural precipitate of carbonate minerals typically argonite. When pure, it is white but usually brown to yellow due to impurities. Characterized by pitted holes and trough in its surface.

Travertine

Sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral rock grains. Resistant to weathering and easy to work with. Excellent material for making grindstones for sharpening blades and other implements.

Sandstone

Cryptocrystalline form of Quartz. Made up of crystals.

Onyx

Onyx with reddish brown with white and lighter reddish brands used for lighting fixtures, furniture and as inlays

Sardonyx

Crystal that is glossy to vitreous and waxy to dull. Comes in transparent, translucent and opaque forms with very good workability. For sculpture, flooring, wall, countertops and furniture.

Quartz

Composite material made of crushed stone bound together by polymer resin. Made in slabs.

Engineered stone

Engineered stone with 93% quartz, 7% polyester resin and pigment. Nonporous and resists stains

Quartz stone surface

Minerals and stone particles like the ones found in natural stones are carefully selected then subject to extreme heat and pressure which bonds them together permanently without using resins or bonding agents.

Sintered stone

From Italian word "terrassa" which means terrace. Flooring material. Very low maintenance, seamless and luxurious look, as durable as concrete.

Terrazzo

Composed of natural rubber or synthetic rubber (styrene butadiene) or both combined with mineral fillers and pigments. Highly resistant to wide variety of chemicals and solvents. Good for high traffic areas.

Rubber flooring

Most important and most expensive ingredient in vinyl flooring which gives it its wear resistance and durability

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) resin

Ingredient in vinyl flooring that provide color permanence and stabilize pigments against heat and light deterioration

Stabilizers

Ingredient in vinyl flooring that increase flexibility of the flooring so that it can be rolled without breaking or cracking

Plasticizers

Type of vinyl that allows for a continuous floor surface. It is popular for applications where spills, dirt or bacterial growth is a concern such as in hospitals.

Sheet Vinyl

Most popular and economical type of resilient flooring which is more brittle than vinyl sheet flooring

Vinyl Composition Tile (VCT)

Second to paint as the most popular choice for commercial interior wall surfaces because it is durable, easy to maintain and provides a wide variety of decorative effects in a myriad of patterns, textures and colors. Never need refinishing, can withstand stains, acid, food, lint and grease. Resist marking, scuffing, dents, scratches and peeling.

Vinyl wallcovering

Term most commonly used to distinguish between ordinary lumber and engineered wood, but also refers to structures that do not have hollow spaces. Naturally porous, thus moisture is often cause for failure.

Solid wood

Widest of all types of wood, about 75mm to 250mm (3"-10") wide.

Planks

Most popular choice of wood which is about 40mm to 60mm (1 1/2"-2 1/2") wide.

Wood strip flooring

Consists of small lengths of wood strips, either individual slats or preconfigured into tiles that are arranged to form patterns.

Parquet flooring

Composed of square units preassembled at the mill, usually installed with a sealant, adhesive or protective coating.

Block flooring

Type of block flooring made by joining short lengths of strip flooring edgewise

Unit block

Type of block flooring made by assembling narrow slats into larger units

Slat block

Thin slices of wood, usually thinner than 3mm obtained either by "peeling" the trunk of a tree or by slicing large rectangular blocks; also used in marquetry.

Wood veneer

When alternating pieces of veneer are flipped over so they face each other as do the pages within the book. This creates a pleasing, symmetrical pattern

Bookmatching

Veneer pieces are joined in sequence without flipping the pattern. If grain is straight, joints will not be obvious.

Slipmatching

Knotty veneers are often laid this way; done to disperse characteristics such as clusters of knots more evenly across the sheet

Random match

Where pattern formed is diamond shaped

Diamond match

Manufactured wood panel made from thin sheets of wood veneer. One of the most widely used wood products. Flexible, inexpensive, workable and reusable

Plywood

Engineered wood product from wood particles such as wood chips, sawmill shavings or even saw dust and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder which is pressed and extruded. It is a composite material that is cheaper, denser and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood and is used as substitute to them when appearance and strength are less important than cost.

Particle board or chipboard

Engineered wood product formed by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a resin binder. and forming panels by high temperature and pressure.

Medium density fiberboard

Can almost be described as cheap vinyl; can be washed or gently scrubbed but not with abrasives; usually hung with a paste containing anti fugicide due to its impervious surface thus making it harder to remove than standard papers

Washable wallpaper

Kind of vinyl wallpaper that has a fabric substrate laminated with a solid vinyl decorative surface

True vinyl

Most common type of wallpaper, made of paper but with a protective coat of vinyl, making it ideal for kitchens or bathrooms. Has better resistance to grease and moisture than plain paper and is scrubbable and strippable.

Vinyl Coated

Wallpaper designed for the do-it-yourself market. Backed with an adhesive coating and supplied with a plastic trough. Must be soaked in water immediately before hanging to activate the paste.

Ready-pasted or pre-pasted

Has a raised texture that you can feel

Relief

Recognized under the name "Woodchip". Papers which contain small chips of wood.

Ingrain papers

Made from heavy white paper backed with another layer of ordinary wood pulp and embossed while damp so pronounced relief patterns remain when hung. Normally painted over.

Anaglypta

More rigid material made from a solid paper backing, coated with putty-like mixture of linseed oil and filler. Low-relief material that is pressed while still soft into patterns and textures.

Lincrusta

Papers that have relief patter which are often colored and gold/silver leafed.

Embossed

Wallcoverings made from and made to look like many materials other than paper

Fakes and Fantasies

One of the oldest forms of wallpaper; usually ornate and considered "old-fashioned" which includes a raised pattern in felt, fibre, powdered silk or wool which looks and feels like the alternate raise and flat pile pattern of velvet.

Flock

Clean textured fakes and fantasies wallcovering, Scandinavian feeling

Hessian

Paper is subtly shaded to look like watered silk or "shot" taffeta

Moire

Suedes and some very sophisticated reptile skin effects

Fake Leathers

Has a thin metal coating and is highly reflective under the brand name "Mylar".

Foil paper

Photographically printed to resemble a variety of wood types

Woodgrain papers

Same process as woodgrain papers made to resemble marble; sometimes handmade

Marble papers

Natural material wallcovering which is extremely fragile and difficult to clean but easy to work with because they stay stiff when pasting to the wall. Dried grass is woven together before being stuck to a paper backing. One of the most expensive and exclusive. Requires felt-roller.

Grasscloth/ burlap

Type of paper used to prepare walls and ceilings for painting or papering. Should be hung in the opposite direction to the top paper.

Lining

Generally untrimmed and come from small exclusive outlets. Not recommended for amateurs as the surface is easily damaged.

Hand-printed

Cheapest type of machine for design production because design is printed directly onto the raw paper

Pulp

Accounts for the largest volume of printed papers. Originally done with wooden rollers but now done with engraved metal rollers.

Surface printing

Uses copper-covered steel rollers. photographically engraved to produce rotogravure patterns.

Rotogravure printing

Purely mechanized or partly by hand type of design production which was originally meant as a substitute to Block Printing. Designs are applied by individual screens; one screen for each color.

Silk-screen printing

Domestic ones usually oil-resinous containing oil and slower to dry or polyurethane in one-can or two-can form.

Sealer

Type of sealer that partly soaks into grain or surface

Oil-resinous

Type of sealer that forms a hard skin on top of surface

Polyurethane seal

Not really used as a finish but provides a very good base for various finishes. Seals and protects wood. Fills the pores and hardens the fine ends of grain so it can be sanded away smoothly

Sanding sealer

Makes material resistant to moisture, chemicals and corrosion which is noted for its flexibility.

Polyurethane

Used for wood to cover holes, cracks and other imperfections

Fillers

Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier, linseed oil, turpentine and sometimes colors ground in oil.

Paste filler

Plastic wood putty, stick shellac etc. Used for filling nail holes, cracks and dents

Crack filler

Comes in either spirit-based (liquid or solid wax) or in emulsion (suspended in water form)

Polishes

Pigments derived from various earth clays. After they are dissolved in linseed oil, the coloring particles remain suspended between the oil molecules. For spreading, ground oil color is thinned with turpentine.

Oil wood stains

Made from aniline dyes and mineral extracts which have been dissolved in hot water; safest to use since it can be sealed without any chemical reaction. Raises grain of wood.

Water stains

Type of stain mixed with alcohol solution anilyne powders and warmed alcohol.

Spirit or alcohol stain

Made by refining seed lac and denatured alcohol. Natural color is orange. It is an under or preparatory coat for varnish and wax finishes. Used to cover wood knots before a priming lead and oil coat is applied because it kills the resin in the knot and prevents discoloration.

Shellac

Resolution of resin in drying oil (oil varnish) or in a volatile solvent such as alcohol or turpentine (spirit varnish); contains no pigment; hardens into a smooth, hard and glossy coat.

Varnish

Usually contain polyurethane, acrylic or epoxy resin and come in a fairly wide range of colors

Paint

Quickest, easiest and most versatile of all faux painting techniques

Spongeing

Faux painting technique that produces a delicate, fabric-like texture with a soft variegated appearance; perfect way to create intimate mood

Ragging

Faux painting technique that creates a feeling of elegant silk fabric or wallpaper; pulling dry brush or combing device through wet paint

Dragging

Faux painting technique that has a rustic, country look and works best with earthy colors

Colorwashing

Faux painting technique that creates a striated effect producing vertical lines that mimic sheen of opulent silk. Can be used to create waves, horizontal strips or checkered patterns.

Combing

Faux painting technique that is very messy to execute thus used on smaller surfaces. Can be made to look like granite.

Spattering

Faux painting technique that simulates the grains of woods.

Woodgraining

Faux painting technique that serves as an alternative solution to costly, genuine, marble.

Marbling

Faux painting technique that uses stencils to add texture, prints, designs to the wall

Stenciling

Basically a painting on any large surface

Mural

Type of mural painting which makes use of water soluble paints and damp lime wash

Fresco

Basically means "Trick the Eye" in French and also called illusionism. Give the appearance of three-dimensional or photographic realism.

Trompe l'oeil

Type of paint sheen that has a non-reflective porous surface with a powdery feel. Hides surface imperfections and creates a formal feel. Easily attracts dirt.

Flat paint finish

Type of paint sheen that has the barest hint of luster and a little bit of reflectivity. More maintenance friendly than flat finish.

Eggshell/ Satin

Type of paint sheen that provides harder and glossier finish than eggshell/satin, thus more stain and wear resistant. Preferred for kitchen or bathroom, woodwork and cabinets.

Semi-gloss

Type of paint sheen that is very hard and shiny. It has the highest stain and wear resistance thus a good choice for cabinets, woodwork and railings.

High gloss

Type of ceiling system that is hung from the structure above

Suspended ceiling system

Can be attached to the suspended furring channels in the ceiling

Gypsum board or metal lath with plaster

High strength, high density gypsum reinforced with continuous glass fibers or chopped glass fiber strands

Glass reinforced gypsum

Suspended square or rectilinear frames that hold attached or loose laid panels where channel or angle-shaped sections are attached to the wall to support perimeter panel edges. Panels can be pushed up and temporarily moved out of place.

Exposed grid system

Provide traditional look of uniform ceiling along with increased acoustic performance. Ceiling tiles have a kerfed edge that slides into a T or NT shaped bar.

Concealed grid/ concealed spline system

Aka access flooring. Elevated flooring system comprised of panels which can be removed. Used in commercial applications.

Raised flooring

Stains that appear on paper face caused by bad pasting methods or poor paper handling

Adhesive stains

Floral foliage or scroll patterns covering the entire paper

Allovers

Applied or laid on as figures cut from paper and laid on to another paper

Appliques

Appearance of one color to another

Bleeding

Means that the paper is not flat on the substrate and has pockets of air trapped behind; caused by under soaking or not evenly brushing paste or insufficient smoothing while handling

Blisters or bubbles

Amount of rolls produced of a single color combination at one time

Color run

Designs that memorialize a historic event

Commemorative

Set of designs and colors to be used together in the same or adjacent areas

Companion papers

Design based on a document, an old paper, or a fabric dating from an earlier century

Documentary

Installation technique where two strips of paper are overlapped while a cut is made through the center of the overlapped seam and the excess paper is removed

Double-cut wallpaper seam

Printing surface is made of rubber, cut in relief

Flexography

Finely powdered silk, wool or other fibers glued onto paper

Flocks

Thin sheet of flexible metal on paper

Foils

Paper printed from copper plates, leaving the design slightly impressed

Gaufranes

Achieved by printing an adhesive to the areas that are to take the metal dust

Gilding

Other term for gilding

Silvering

Raw stock in which a coat of pigment is applied before the top colors are put on

Ground

Process of printing with blocks in which a separate block is needed for each color

Hand-blocked

Produced by hand-screening

Handprints

Trade name designating imported Chinese painted papers

India

Powdered over with ground up paints or having a thin metallic glaze

Lusters

Any kind of wall painting printed on paper

Mural

Wallpaper pattern matches

Matching

Where one length encroaches on the next; caused by poor workmanship, insufficient soaking or missing patches while pasting which makes the paper swell unevenly

Overlapping

Where the paper is poorly matched, creased, polished (shiny) or embossed papers are flattened; caused by bad paper handling and over brushing

Overstretch

Series of papers with a comprehensive presentation of a subject or area in every direction

Panoramas

Process of photographic separation using copper or steel cylinders

Photogravure

An enlarged photograph used as a mural on the wall

Photomural

Pictorial design continuing over several strips of paper

Scenic

Produced by the silkscreen process

Screen print

Having scenes spaced at intervals

Semi-scenic

Containing 36 sq.ft. of surface after trimming

Single roll

Made from maize, corn, potato or wheat; in powdered form, made to paste by adding water; has fungicide added during manufacture

Starch paste

Sealer used to prepare the wall before paper is applied

Size

Paper fused or coated with vinyl plastic, rendering it impervious to steam and damp

Vinyl

Wallpaper repeat where design elements run diagonally between 3 strips to complete the design

Wallpaper half-drop match

Wallpaper pattern repeat refers to the vertical distance between one point to another identical point on the wallpaper roll

Wallpaper pattern match

Wallpaper pattern will match from roll to roll regardless of how it is position

Wallpaper random match

Wallpaper design will match at the same position on each strip of paper

Wallpaper straight match

Ability of a surface to resist being worn away by rubbing and friction

Abrasion resistance

Substance which when added to concrete, mortar or grout increases the rate of hydration of hydraulic cement, shortens the time of setting or increases the rate of hardening of strength, development or both

Accelerator

Term frequently used as synonym for addition or admixture

Additive

State in which two surfaces are held together

Adhesion

Material other than water, aggregates and hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar, added to concrete immediately before or during its mixing

Admixture

Granular material used with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic-cement, concrete or mortar

Agglomerate

Pre-casting of stone, slag, sand and gravel bonded together into an integrated mass; major component of plaster, concrete and asphalt

Aggregate

Chemical substance which effectively neutralizes acid material so as to form neutral salts

Alkali

Pliant material used as wall covering

Applied

Masonry constructed of flat-surfaced stones with straight, clean-cut jointing

Ashlar

Any material used as a base over which finish material is to be installed

Backing

Narrow wood strip used to cover joints between boards and panels

Batten

Wall that slopes backward; also walls that may gently sloped inward

Battered

Any fractures in the body of a tile visible both on the face and back

Bisque cracks

Adherence of one material to another

Bond

Substance applied to a suitable substrate to create a bond

Bonding agent

Ceramic tile installation featuring each row offset for half its length

Broken joint

French term designating a plain or carved wood-paneled wall

Boiserie

Projecting ornament placed at the intersection of beams or moldings; often a carved head of an angel, flower or foliage motif

Boss

To polish or grind down to a smooth finish

Buff

Wall or partition that supports the portion of a building above it in addition to its own weight

Bearing partition

Plain square joint between two members

Butt joint

Tiles that have projections on bondable side; many of these projections are round

Buttonback tile

A copolymer of about 98% isobutylene and 2% isoprene; has the poorest resistance to petroleum oils and gasolines of any rubber; excellent resistance to vegetable and mineral oils; to solvents, water and gas absorption; heat resistance is above average; excellent sunlight resistance; low permeability to gases

Butyl rubber

Any substance which markedly speeds up the cure of an adhesive

Catalyst

Soft, plastic material consisting of a pigment and vehicle, used for seating joints in buildings

Caulking compound

Any material fixed as "clothing" to walls and roofs; weathering surface that protects a building

Cladding

Thin wall supported by structural frame and not dependent on load-bearing capacity of the wall below it

Curtain wall

Constant load in structures due to mass of the members

Dead load

Partitions that can be removed from its mounted position

Demountable

Screen or partition

Divider

Tile decorated with colored clays inlaid and fired

Encaustic

Prints from a copper plate upon which a drawing or design has been made by a metal tool or by "biting" with acid

Etching

Area of tile covering a wall or floor; bordered by a tile trim

Field tile

Partitions with joined sections that can be folded together together

Folding

Hollow brick of glass that is translucent but not transparent, used mainly in conjunction with brick

Glass brick/ glass block

Lattice or trellis openwork screen or wall

Grille

Wood strip or metal mesh which acts as a background or reinforcing agent for the scratch coat or mortar coat

Lath

Moving load or variable weight

Live load

Force provided by weight or mass

Force

Opening in a wall or ceiling protected from the rain by slats placed at an angle

Louver

Organic tile adhesive

Mastic

Can be replaced in storage

Movable/ Portable

Projecting shelf surmounting the fireplace

Mantel

Recess in a wall for a statue or ornament

Niche

Wall or partition that supports its own weight

Non-bearing

Front dividing line of a step where the top or a riser joins the front of a tread

Nosing

Movable wall that is hinged or slides serving as room divider

Operative

Flat surface, raised or recessed

Panel

Interior partial wall

Partition

To last indefinitely, fixed and changeless

Permanent

Rectangular shaft built into wall and projecting slightly from it

Pilaster

Traditionally a mixture of lime, sand and water, sometimes with hair or other fiber added used for coating walls and ceilings

Plaster

Material that increases plasticity of a cement paste, mortar or concrete mixture

Plasticizer

Made up of thin layers of plies of timber that get bonded together

Plywood

Easily movable

Portable

Rock composed of crystals or white or red feldspar in a red ground mass

Porphyry

Prominent or accent wall

Prestige wall

In panelling, any horizontal strip forming a portion of the frame

Rail

In panelling, any vertical strip forming a portion of the frame

Stile

Small receptacle designed to hold a sacred relic

Reliquary

Aggregate, ceramics, glass, marble, metal, plaster, plastics, slate, terrazzo or wood used as finishing surface for a wall

Rigid materials

Mixture of Portland cement, sand and water

Scratch

First coat of plaster or stucco

Scratch coat

Movable partition intended to divide, conceal, or protect part of a room

Screen

Condition reached by a cement paste, mortar or concrete when it has lost plasticity

Set

Maximum interval during which a material may be stored and remain in usable condition

Shelf life

Fine plaster or cement made of Portland cement, sand and lime applied to a structure used as ornamentation

Stucco

Underlying support for ceramic tile installation

Substrate

Small cube of stone, glass or marble used in making mosaics

Tessera

Term used to describe bonding of tile with suitable materials applied approximately 1/8" thick

Thin-set

Decorative treatment of the space over a mantel, door or window; over-the-mantel panel treatment

Trumeau

Patterns created by placing thin slices of wood together featuring the grain in various combinations

Veneer match

Pierced lattice effect in woof

Treillage

Stylized leaf motif; classical architecture

Acanthus leaves

Motif resembling a conventionalized fanlike arrangement of petals; used especially in ancient Greek and Roman eras

Anthemion

Anthemion in ancient Egypt

Palmette

Other word for anthemion

Honeysuckle ornament

Moorish design or scrollwork, leaves, flowers and interlaced branches; based on Assyrian Tree of Life; usually a symmetrical horizontal composition

Arabesque

Other term for Arabesque

Rinceau

Full or half male figure used instead of a column or in place of a furniture leg

Atlantes

Board placed at base of a wall and rests on the floor; usually treated with moldings

Baseboard

Decorative strip or molding that resembles a string of beads

Beading

Edge of any flat surface that has been cut at a slant to the main area

Bevel

Tortoiseshell, ivory, mother-of-pearl and metals of various colors used as inlay

Boulle

Rounding of an edge or aris

Bullnose

Form of an unrolled scroll with an oval center; conventionalized shield or ovoid form

Cartouche

Column carved in human form

Caryatid

Molding of concave form approximating a quarter circle

Cavetto

Generally made of plaster, circular, decorative molding fixed to the ceiling; often has a pendant light fitting suspended from it

Ceiling rose

Topmost molding of a dado; placed at height of a chairback to protect wall finish

Chair rail

Other term for chair rail

Dado cap

Bevel or slope made by pairing off the edge of anything originally right angled

Chamfer

Pattern consisting of alternating light and dark squares

Checkerboard

Square block used to form a junction between sides and head strip of door and window trim

Corner block

Ornament used on the sides of pinnacles, usually leaf or bud shaped; commonly seen in Gothic art

Crocket

French term meaning "five leaves"; pattern resembling five-leaved clover

Cinquefoil

Ornament sunken panel in a ceiling, vault or the lower surface of an arch, beam or other architectural feature

Coffer

Formalized bunch of leaves carved at intervals on the edge of wood mouldings prevalent during Gothic period

Crocket

Molded projection that crowns a wall or divides it horizontally

Cornice

Decorative molding at junction between a wall and ceiling of a room or the uppermost horizontal molding of a classical entablature

Crown molding

S shape curve which begins and ends horizontally

Cyma recta

Curve starts and end vertically

Cyma reversa

Lower portion of a wall; when treated differently from the surface above it; usually has a base, shaft and cap molding and often paneled or ornamented

Dado

All over or repeating pattern without definite limits

Diaper pattern

Small square projecting block in a cornice

Dentil

Ovoid shaped molding forming part of a classical capital; just under the abacus

Echinus

Classical motif; repeated and alternate dart and oval shapes

Egg and dart molding

Female head and bust used at top of a volute; also term for locking device for doors

Espagnolette

String of many kinds of material hanging in a curve between two points

Festoon

Divider with an openwork design; produced by twisting and curling wire together or the open work in porcelain

Filigree

Narrow flat molding or area; raised and sunk to separate larger moldings or areas

Fillet

Stylized three-petaled iris flower tied by an encircling band; used as heraldic bearing of the royal family of France

Fleur-de-lis

Channels in a vertical position used to embellish columns, pilasters or furniture legs; parallel concave grooves

Flutes

Greek geometric band or border motif; consisting of interlacing or interlocking lines

Fret

Other term for Fret

Meander or key pattern

Elongated ovoid forms placed in a parallel series and projecting beyond the surface they enrich

Gadroon

Pilaster that narrows toward the bottom and is capped with a topless female half figure

Gaine

Grotesque animal or human form used as water spout

Gargoyle

Prepared plaster of chalk and white lead which may be cast to make repeating ornamental forms in relief to apply to wood panels, plaster surfaces etc.

Gesso

Monster with body of a lion and head of and wings of an eagle

Griffin

Combination of a monstrous animal and human forms

Grotesque

Band or border running pattern having the appearance of overlapping or interlacing circular forms

Guilloche

Squared stone pillar tapering inward from top to bottom bearing a male head or bust usually of Hermes; used in ancient Greece as boundary marker or signpost

Herm

Panel resembling folded cloth; prevalent in Gothic period

Linenfold

Alternate name for conventional diamond-shaped motif

Lozenge

Form resembling a crescent or half moon

Lunette

Grotesque head or mask

Mascaron

Highly ornamented turning in two sections

Melon bulb

Overall pattern of stylized flowers and plants

Millefleur

Leading or prominent edge of a molding or drip

Nosing

Two opposing cyma curves whose convex sides meet at a point; forming an s but somewhat elongated compared to a cyma

Ogee or Ogive

Variety of brass made to imitate gold or bronze

Ormolu

Convex molding used in classical architecture; usually an exact quarter of a circle but in Grecian it is flatter and quirked on top

Ovolo

Using veneers cut as cross sections to resemble the irregular concentric rings in oyster shells

Oystering

Flat circle or oval containing acanthus leaves in a rosette arrangement

Patera

Boss elongated so that it hangs down from the intersection of coffers in ceilings or from tables

Pendant

Compound of paper pulp or shreds of paper mixed with paste or glue to be molded into various shapes

Papier-mache

Round or oval shaped disk often enriched by a rosette or other ornament

Patera

Horizontal molding near a ceiling which pictures can be suspended

Picture Mold/ Picture rail

Rail of narrow shelf fixed along a wall and grooved to hold plates especially for ornaments or display

Plate rail

Four lobed ornamentation

Quatrefoil

Long, semi-cylindrical, stem-like form or a grouping of such used to enrich moldings

Reeding

Ornamental motif formed by a series of leaves arranged around a central point

Rosette

X-pattern

Saltier

Semi-circular shell with ridges; common in furniture design during Queen Anne and Georgian periods in England and US; also extensively used in early Spanish Renaissance

Scallop shell

Parchment roll used as an ornament

Scroll

Broken pediment with each half shaped in the form of a reverse curve and ending in an ornament scroll; usually a finial or some sort is placed in the center

Scroll pediment

Used as marquetry in furniture panes

Seaweed

Other term for seaweed

Endive

Figure having head and breasts of a woman, wings of an eagle and body of a lion

Sphinx

Consisting of enriched interlacing flat bands and forms similar to fretwork

Strapwork

Stonework formed in the head of a Gothic window; applied to surface on door or wood panel

Tracery

Pattern resembling tree or vine; originating in ancient Assyria, borrowed by the Persians, East Indians and early English Renaissance

Tree of life pattern

Three lobed ornamentation like a clover

Trefoil

Millwork around openings

Trim

Other term for trim

Casing

Convex semi-circular molding

Torus

Ornamental motifs, patterns, or portraits centered on a large field

Vignettes

Series of breaking wave crests

Vitruvian scroll

Other term for vitruvian scroll

Wave pattern

Spiral scroll forming principal characteristics of the ionic capital

Volute

Wooden lining for interior walls, usually paneled

Wainscot

Conventionalized leaf pattern of classical origin used to enrich a cyma reversa molding

Waterleaf

Other term for waterleaf

Leaf and dart pattern

Decorative band core garland of flowers, foliage or other ornamental material

Wreath

General class of resinous polymers derived from esters, amides or other acid derivatives

Acrylic

Paint used on new plaster which is durable in contact with lime

Alkali resistant

Mechanical bonding of a coating to a rough surface

Anchoring

Metal paint designed to inhibit corrosion

Anti-corrosive paint

Paints with toxic compounds which kill any fungi attempting to feed from it; do not last the duration of the paint films life

Anti-fungus paints

Paint that contains a grit that forms a grippable surface that breaks the tension of the water

Anti-slip paint

Process of artificially ageing paint; rubbing over new paint with a darker glaze or color wash

Antiquing

Imitation of bamboo

Bambooing

Undercoat staining through the topcoat

Bleeding

Bubbles or blisters on paint film

Blistering

Milky opalescence in lacquer usually caused by lack of compatibility in the paint or being applied in cold or wet weather

Blushing

Powdery deposit being formed on a dry paint film surface; caused by painting over surfaces that haven't been sealed sufficiently or paint is deficient in binder caused by over-thinning; can also occur when using interior paints on exterior surfaces

Chalking

Splits that appear in the film of the surface coating; caused by use of excessive dryers or recoating before the undercoat is dry

Checking, cracking, crocodiling, alligatoring

Diluted layer of paint; often used in country homes

Colorwash

Imitates old peeling paint and provides a cobweb look; applied between two water based coats of differing colors

Crackle-glaze paint

Process imitating the crazing of very old varnish; achieved when applying two varnishes that dry at different rates

Craquelure

Scratching plaster to prepare the surface for the next coat

Deviling

Type of paint made by mixing pigment with glue or size; now largely superseded by emulsion paints

Distemper

Making a finish look older making it time worn and rugged

Distressing

Chemical preparation added to paint causing it to dry quickly

Drier

White fluffy surface deposit caused by salts in plaster being drawn to the surface

Efflorescence

Aka semi-gloss paint; finish between matt and gloss

Eggshell paint

Final color and gloss level; protection layer; aesthetic layer

Finishing coat

Paint or varnish lifting away from surface in flakes because of a breakdown of the adhesion; occurs when painting damp surfaces

Flaking

Method of painting on wet plaster with tempera colors; plaster absorbs the pigment and when dry, painting becomes hard and durable and a part of the plaster

Fresco

Application of gold finish; applying gold leaf or by using metallic powder

Gilding

Putty used to set glass in window frames and to fill nail holes and cracks

Glazing compound

Painted imitation of the fiber lines of wood

Graining

Swelling and standing up of the wood grain caused by absorbed water and solvents

Grain rising

Type of varnishing; used to imitate the lacquering work from east; 1660s; using heat hardened spirit based varnishes now oil

Japanning

Glossy type of paint finish; usually applied by spraying

Lacquier

Layering of numerous coats of varnish, sanding in between coats; creates smooth lustrous effect

Lacquering/ Japanning

Paint is passed through voids that surround the design

Negative stencil

First coat of paint; used to "stick" to the substrate and provide adhesion; provides a smooth, stable surface

Primer

Wrinkles occurring in paint film as it dries; happens because paint has been applied too thickly

Revelling

Solvents used to thin coatings

Thinners

General designation for fabric used as floor covering; absorb sound, reduce impact noise and provide a comfortable and safe surface

Carpet

Term carpet came from Old Italian "carpire" meaning ________

to pluck

Standard against which other carpet fibers are judged

Wool

Wool that absorbs dyes easily, colors with great clarity and uniformity, staple are lustrous and tough and color is almost white

New Zealand wool

Noted for its gloss and sheen with natural resistance to soiling; not as white as New Zealand wool

Argentinean wool

Crush resistant wool

Indian wool

Among the most luxurious and costly of wool, high abrasion resistance and durability

Iraqi wool

Scottish black face sheep bear finest of all carpet wool with staples as long as 15"

Scottish wool

Natural product that grows like a grass; strong woody fiber from leaves of agave plant; color fast and static free; used mostly in twine, rugs, floor mats and rope

Sisal (Scratch rush)

From corn husks; natural, organic, and eco-friendly as well as incredibly stain resistant

Maize

Strong, flexible hair like fiber from coconut shells; pale yellow fibers; tough, does not pill, can withstand a great deal of abrasion, highly resistant and is proven to be unfriendly to insects

Coir (coconut plush)

Softer than wool but less durable; does not resist stains and also absorbs moisture

Cotton

Softest of all natural fibers; fiber is absorbent so it may deteriorate; may fade or darken in color when exposed to sunlight and its fiber disintegrates with prolonged exposure to moisture

Jute

Most popular manmade carpet fiber used today; versatile and easy to maintain; withstands heavy foot traffic; often combined with wool for durability

Nylon

One of the first synthetic fibers to be used successfully in the production of carpet; lowest static build up; highly resistant to sunlight, stains and mildew; mostly used in bath mats and rugs

Acrylic

Aka modified acrylic; better heat retention and is flame retardant as compared to acrylic

Modacrylic

Soft and luxurious; strong, durable with high abrasion resistance; dyes well producing clear colors which resist fading; low static build up factor; more popularly used in residential carpet application

Polyester

Lightest commercial carpet fiber; fibers are solution dyed; absorbs little moisture, resists stains, cleans well and almost completely free of static build up; most resistant synthetic fiber

Poplypropylene Olefin

Synthetic fiber with brand names like Avisco, Celaire, Cromspun, Estron

Acetate

Synthetic fiber with brand name like Vicara

Azlon

Avicolor, Avicron, Avsio, Corval, Fibro, Kolorbon, Skybloom, Skyloft, Soluran, Spunvis, Staylux, Tufton

Rayons

Brand names like Rovana, Saran

Sarans

Brand names like Arnel

Triacetate

Combination of two or more fibers into a single carpet yarn

Blends

Part of carpet composed of the Pile; forms wearing surface of carpet

Face

Part of carpet where "ground" hook themselves; canvas on which yarns are woven (handtufted)

Primary Backing

To glue on the roots of the yarns onto the cotton canvas backing; to provide superior tuft lock and resilience in stretching

Latex

Aka carpet pad; bonded to primary backing in latexing stage

Secondary backing

Usual secondary backing materials

Jute | Polypropylene

Dimensionally stable and heat resistant backing; when wet, tends to shrink and can stain

Jute

More popular backing material; moisture resistant

Polypropylene

Method of manufacturing carpet which is far less expensive and faster to produce than woven carpet; process which enabled mass production

Tufting

Traditional way of making carpet on a loom; intertwining the surface pile and bracing simultaneously into an integrated whole; does not require secondary backing

Weaving

Least complex weaving method and most inexpensive; produce solid color carpets; made on looms similar to Wilton looms but without Jacquard mechanism; all the yarn in this type appears on back of carpet

Velvet

Carpet weaving process named after a town in England; constructed on a modified Jacquard loom; perforated cards control the creation of the pattern; carpet of more than one color as many as five

Wilton

Named after town in England where it was first made but was actually developed in US in the 18th century; inspired by European and Oriental patterns; each tuft is inserted separately; emulates hand weaving process; closest in versatility to a hand woven carpet

Axminster

Similar to woven carpet because pile and backing are made in single operation; uses 3 sets of needles to loop the pile backing yarn and the stitching yarns together; known for their plush piles because it has more yarn in the wear surface; has a tendency to stretch on the diagonal and is difficult to seam during installation

Knitting

Fibers punched into a web of synthetic fiber to form a homogenized layer of fiber

Needlepunched carpet

Uses an electrostatic method; dyed short ends of fiber are electro statically treated and sprayed onto an electrically charged backing sheet which has been treated with adhesive; designs are usually print-dyed

Flocked carpet

Weight of pile yarn in a given volume of carpet face; larger the density value, the more compact the pile, the less weight each individual tuft has to support which yields a firm walking surface

Pile density

Widthwise density measurement; for tufted carpets; it is the distance between the needles; measured in fractions of an inch; frequency of tufts across width

Gauge

Widthwise density measurement; for woven carpets, it is the number of ends in a 27" (685mm) width of carpet; can be divided by 27 to compare widthwise density with that of a tufted carpet

Pitch

Lengthwise density measurement; for tufted carpets, also referred to as stitches per inch, defines number of times per inch a stitch occurs

Stitch rate

Term in Axminster which refer to number of ends per inch lengthwise

Rows

Term in Wilton and velvet carpets which refer to number of ends per inch lengthwise

Wires

Length of the tuft from the primary backing to the tip; with all other factors being equal, higher height, more yarn on the wearing surface, more durable

Pile height

In woven carpet, term for pile height; height of steel blades in the 100m on which the tufts are formed; decimals of an inch

Wire height

Aka pile weight or yarn weight; weight of pile yarn; ounces per square yard of carpet; describes amount of yarn in the wear surface of the carpet

Face weight

Aka finished weight; includes the face weight and weight of backing, materials, finishes and coatings; ounces per square yard of carpet

Total weight

Expressed as count; fineness or coarseness

Yarn weight

Number of running yards in one ounce of finished yarn

Woolen count

Measurement of weight in grams of a standard 9000 meter length of yarn

Denier

Affects color, surface texture and feel underfoot; number of strands of a single yarn twisted together to form one pile yarn

Ply

Rarely examined; enormous impact on performance; the higher this is, the longer the tendency to hold their original appearance

Twist level

Prime visual characteristic of a carpet after color; result of pile construction, pile height, and manner with which carpet is cut

Texture

Created by cutting each loop of pile

Cut pile

Smooth cut pile; subject to shading and shoes footmarks

Cut pile plush

When the dense pile is cut closely; luxurious look and feel

Velvet plush

Texture between cut pile plush and cut pile shag; makes use of thicker yarns; has a twisted yarn; made with heat-set yarn usually in a dense, low-pile construction

Saxony plush

All cut pile surface made from yarns that have been lightly twisted and twist set by a special heating treatments that imparts a grainy appearance; has a heavier, rougher texture than cut pile plush; hides dirt well

Twist/Frieze

Multi-directional, high pile twist with an attractive; has heavily textured surfaces created by long twisting yarns

Shag

Created by weaving, tufting or knitting the pile yarn into loops; left uncut and sometimes referred to as "round wire" in woven carpets; tougher and more easily maintained than cut pile but is less versatile in color and pattern

Loop pile

Entire surface is made of uniform uncut loops which are of the same height; has pebbled surface that conceals soliage and hides footprints; recommended for heavy traffic areas and commercial installations

Level loop pile

Surface made of different pile heights. uncut loops producing sculptured patterns

Multilevel loop

Adds a degree of warmth to an all-loop pile; tufted/woven

Combination Loop and Cut Pile

In the loop surface, some of the loops are cut and some remain uncut; adds interest to colors and gives desirable pattern effect

Level type shear

Loops are sheared to different heights, forming a pattern that can be definite or irregular; produces tonal contrast

Random shear

Process of incising a design into a carpet or rug which has already been woven

Carving

Used between colors in multicolor design rug in order to accentuate and give a design some dimension

Harline carving

Process of actually weaving a design into a low level rather than shearing down or carving it into the carpet

Recessing

Process of weaving a design in a higher level

Embossing

Rounding off those parts of a carpet that have already been carved, recessed or embossed

Beveling

3 types of predyeing methods of coloring carpets

Stock Dyeing Skein or Yarn Dyeing Solution Dyeing

Most common post dyeing method of coloring carpets

Piece dyeing

Type of dyeing where the carpet ends are attached to form a large loop; submerged in dye vat

Open Beck Dyeing

Achieves a very consistent level of color; carpet is sewn together end to end forming a continuous loop placed in large circular tubes

Jet Beck Dyeing

Process whereby different colors are "printed" along the length of the yarn before it is manufactured in to carpet

Space Dyeing

Opposite of differential dyeing; yarn is treated to resist additional dyes; used for shading only

Resist Dyeing

Process of dyeing carpet in a continuous production line

Continuous Dyeing

Under heat or pressure, dyes are forced through the perforation and onto the yarns

Package Dyeing

Achieved with a random dye application or a TAK random pattern machine which disperses regulated amounts of dye on carpet that is already dyed

Random Multicolor Dyeing

Simulates intricate patterns of woven carpet at a much lower cost

Printed carpet

Employs flat templates or screens through which dyes are forced to form the finished pattern on carpet pile

Screen printing

Similar to screening; an electrostatic charge forces the pre-metallized dyes used in this process deep into the pile

Deep-dye printing

Employs embossed cylinders to deposit the design on the face of the carpet; each cylinder paints a different color

Roller printing

Utilizes rows of very closely spaced jets which spray the carpet with color as it passes by; texture often preferred

Jet printing

Separated foundation for traditional method of carpet installation

Lining/ Cushioning

Made by needlepunching natural fiber, synthetic fiber or both; tend to have a firm feel underfoot

Fiber cushion

Flat sponge, ripple (waffle) sponge, or reinforced foam rubber

Sponge rubber cushion

Include bonded, modified prime and densified prime urethane foam

Polyurethane foam cushion

Aka stretch-in installation; traditional method; pre-tacked thin strips of plywood fastened all around perimeter then carpet is stretched up to these strips and then edge attached

Tackless stripping

Usually employed with a bonded carpet; high-density foam rubber used as secondary backing and is cemented directly to the floor

Glue-down method

Most common method of commercial installation; carpet glued directly to the floor; economical and practical

Direct Glue-down

Installation method that combines underfoot comfort and stability; carpet cushion is adhered to the floor and carpet is then glued to the cushion

Double Glue-down

Flexible adhesive layer applied to the carpet backing and covered with a protective plastic film

Self-stick

Single piece of compact, woven, knitted or tufted fabric; has borders and intended as a floor covering; meant to cover only a portion of the floor area

Rugs

Earliest surviving pile carpet; 5th-4th century BC; excavated by Sergei Voinovich Rudenko in 194 from a burial mound in Altai Mountains Siberia; richly colored carpet framed by a border of griffins`

Pazyryk carpet

100 years or more

Antique

Purists believe that Oriental rugs are antique only if it dates prior to ______ before synthetic dyes were used

1856

Between 50 and 100 years old

Semi-antique or old

Value of oriental rugs based on durability

Utility value

Value of oriental rugs based on color and design

Art value

Value of oriental rugs based on rarity

Collector's value

Parallel strings upon which rows of knots are tied; strongest part of rugs

Warp

Filling yarn that are woven through warps; run across the width

Weft

Surface yarn that makes up face of the rug

Pile

Tied by looping yarn around pairs of warps and cutting off the standing end; its ends become the pile or nap

Knot

Made by wrapping several wraps at the edge of the rug with yarn to reinforce

Edge bindings

Hold knots and wefts from working off the rug's warp strings

End finishes

Formed by gathering and knotting together bundles of warp strings at both ends after the rug has been cut from the loop

Fringes

Background of the rug inside the borders

Field

Composed of decorative designs repeated in one direction around the outside of the rug

Border

Widest decorative design around the outside of rug

Main border

Narrow decorative design around outside of rug

Guard border

Round, oval or polygonal design element that occupies center of field

Medallion

Fill corners of field

Corner brackets or spandrels

Most expensive rug weaving method as two loom operations are required; woven then cut into strips to make filling for the second loom

Chenille

Type of hand woven rug weaving method where weaver pushes a hooking tool through the foundation cloth to the front of the rug then pulls yarn to the back leaving a loop

Hand hooked

Inked-on foundation cloth stretched over a loom then a manually operated hand-tufting gun pushes the yarn through the back of the cloth; when the rug is taken off the loom, a scrim and layer of latex is placed on the back; back cloth is then sewed

Hand tufted

Each knot is individually tied by hand; best kind of rug construction

Hand knotted

Asymmetric knot invented by Persians

Persian knot

Other term for Persian knot

Sehna/ Senneh

Has a symmetrical structure; short piece of thread is laid across two warps and ends are carried down outside and up between them and pulled tight

Turkish knot

Other term for Turkish knot

Ghiordes knot

Rug type that is woven without knots; constructed without a pile but colored weft yarns are woven through warps to create a pattern

Flat weave

It is widely known that almost all rugs woven in Turkey are ________.

geometric

Rugs of the tribal and primitive people of Persia

Geometric Rugs

Geometric rug woven with sharp reds, blues and off whites

Kazakh

Bright yellows, greens and reds predominate

Bachtiari

Woven rug usually in some shade of red and until recently, some in ivory

Boukara

Made by educated urban people in Oriental art and handwork; usually made of fine quality wool; intricate flowing patterns show sophisticated lifestyle

Floral rugs

Rugs made by townspeople who make their living weaving during the winter months; tend to use repetitive, stylized, conventionalized rugs

Conventional rugs

An authentic ________ rug is a handmade carpet that is either knotted with pile or woven without pile

oriental

Generally have a delicately colored all-over pattern of flowers, vines or leaves which start from a center medallion and almost completely cover the background color; soft and delicate colors blending with one another

Persian

Persian rug with entire field covered with a repeating pattern of palm leaves with rose or blue ground; sourced in Mir village

Saraband

Coarse pile weaving intricately done and stately design on claret ground Ispahan (modern) using Turkish knot

Ispahan Herat

Camel's hair rug with a coarse weave in light browns, reds and blues

Hamadan

Fine pile in soft cream, rose, light blue and other pastel colors

Kerman and Kermanshah

Fine pile in dark reds and blues mixed with lighter colors

Sarouk

As thick as two or three ordinary rugs

Bijar

Delicately colored antique silk rug

Polonnaise

Close woven small rug with minute pattern

Sehna

Usually produced with a small all-over design of flowers or conventional forms arrayed in rows

Feraghan

A hand woven pile rug of coarse quality with abstract design that relies upon open fields of color and playfulness with geometry; much thicker and coarser than other Persian carpets

Gabbeh

Decorated with motifs of flowers, vines and animals; characterized by more brilliant colors and a more naturalistic style

Indian

Closely woven with a short, firm pile, predominantly red with designs including squares, diamonds, octagons and other angular motifs; woven by nomadic tribes of Boukara, Afghanistan, Belouchistan and Turkestan

Turkoman

Small rugs with contrasting, strong colors woven by nomadic tribes with geometric designs often incorporating stylized people and animals

Caucasian

Woven in both geometric and floral designs but with smaller patterns than the Persian or Indian and brightly sharper colors than the Turkoman or Caucasian

Turkish

Recognizable by their soft ground colors of yellow, rose, salmon-red beige, browns; designs are religious symbols

Chinese

Colorful hand woven rug of wool; motifs are primitive geometric patterns, stripes and borders; weave is flat

American Indian

Coarse, heavy rugs originally meant as bedspreads, hand-loomed by peasants in Spain since 15th century

Alpijarra

Portuguese hand-embroidered accent rugs made in either bright or pastel colors

Arraiolo

Name for the French town; made of wool, linen, and cotton; weave resembles needlepoint; usually has a pale cream ground with floral designs and arabesques in pastel shades of rose, blue, lavander, green and beige

Aubusson

Handmade by Americans in late 18th century consisting of many fabric scraps braided and sewn together into colorful round or oval rugs

Braided

Tibetan carpet of Kelim weave; flat woven and reversible rug

Dhurrie

Shaggy wool area rugs made in Greece in solid colors and natural off-white shade

Flokati

From Turkey, Italy, Romania, Persian Gulf States, Morocco or Hungary; hand woven rugs with all-over geometric patterns with a center motif; strong colors like deep red or blue; very durable

Kelim/Kilim/Kelem

Hand-woven; thick, shaggy pile and fringed edges; dominant geometric patterns with strong, contrasting colors like black and rust-brown, white or bright orange on red grounds

Moroccan

Tapestry-stitch embroidery worked with wool yarns on a canvas mesh backing

Needlework (Needlepoint or Gros-point)

Scandinavian rugs of hand-knotted shaggy weave with alternating short and long pile in abstract or contemporary peasant designs

Rya

Handwoven rug with with a high pile in pastel colors and floral and scroll patterns; designed for the 18th and 19th century houses and palaces ; very much in demand; command high prices

Savonnerie

Grass-like product twisted together into strands and sewn into squares; squares attached together; contemporary settings and country homes

Sisal

Variation or striation of color in a rug

Abrash

Chemical treatment added to carpet to reduce the growth of common bacteria

Antimicrobial

Carpet's ability to dissipate an electrostatic charge before it reaches a level that a person can feel

Antistatic

Fiber fuzz on level loop pile carpets

Bearding

Modern style of carpet distinguished by loop pile construction type and with small flecks of dark color on lighter shades of background colors; typically plain color mix with no pattern and are relatively cheap and durable; for heavy use

Berber

Traditional handwoven carpet of people from North Africa; used a distinct knot but are brightly colored

Berber rugs

Handmade fabric edge applied to soft floor coverings to prevent fraying

Binding

Opening and untwisting of pile yarns; very common and desired trait with tightly woven wool products

Blooming

Often a narrow width product to enhance aesthetic ; 3, 6, 9, 13"

Border carpet

Refers to the span across the weft and generally used when several sections are seamed together

Breadth

Padding used as underneath carpet or area rugs; made of felt, polyurethane foam, rubber; provide comfort and durability

Carpet cushion

Seams created by joining carpet end to end

Cross seams

Separation of the secondary backing or attached cushion

Delamination

Pattern that drops down to create a diagonal repeat

Drop match

Expected on any type of carpet in high traffic areas

Flattening

Multicolor effect provided by blending fibers of different colors prior to spinning carpet yarn

Heather

Historic "reversible" weave that is a double faced pile-less carpet of colored filling yarns; when reversed, design and colors are often opposite from the other side commonly referred to as summer/winter

Ingrain Carpet

Aligning of the pattern

Pattern match

Distance traveled within the materials to arrive at the same location on the next pattern

Pattern repeat

Carpet installation tool used to stretch carpet for installation; prevent wrinkles and ripples

Power stretcher

Carpet seam flaw due to poor layout or stretching

Puckering

Ability of carpet fibers to spring back to original shape after being crushed

Resilience

Wavy or puckering around the perimeter of a room for improper stretching angles

Scalloping

Pulling apart of a sewn seam

Seam slippage

Patterns that match straight across; of particular relevance when working with narrow width goods

Set match

Irregular light and dark patches; similar to tracking but it is not temporary

Shading

Basic term for coatings applied to the back of woven products to enhance stiffness and reduce raveling

Sizing

Chemical finish which inhibits attachment of soil

Soil retardant

Afghanistan rug originating in the decade of Soviet occupation from 1979

War rug

Deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect

Illumination and Lighting

Refers to daylight; achieved using windows, skylights or light shelves

Natural light

Light from electrical sources and is man-made; can be turned on and off

Artificial light

Also known as background lighting or ambient lighting; direct replacement of natural light; uniform level of illumination

General lighting

Lighting designed to provide a relatively high level of illumination over a small area; employs lamps at definite points where light is especially needed

Local lighting

Lighting for users to perform specific tasks; provides localized light in certain areas where work is typically done

Task lighting

Key element of creative lighting; reveals color, texture and form; pure aesthetic; creates point of interest for viewer by highlighting and painting specific objects around us

Accent lighting

Used to emphasize an object by illuminating with a strong light

Highlight

Illuminates something from behind in order to enhance depth or to separate the subject from its background

Backlight

Light coming or produced from the side

Sidelight

Diffused light that produces little contrast and poorly defined shadows on the subject

Soft light

Direct light that produces high contrast and distinct shadows on the subject

Hard light

Aka orientation or utility lighting; provides visual information for our safety and comfort; based in areas of total blackness

Information Lighting

90% to 100% of light output directed towards the ceiling and upper walls

Indirect

60% to 90% light directed upwards, 40% to 10% downwards

Semi-indirect

Provides approximately equal distribution of light upwards and downwards

Direct-indirect

60% to 90% light directed downwards, 40% to 10% upwards

Semi-direct

90% to 100% of light directed downwards

Direct

Light distributed on all sides

General

System where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the wall and attached to the ceiling to distribute light downwards over the wall

Cornice lighting

System where light sources are shielded by a ledge to distribute light upwards over the ceiling and upper wall; form of indirect lighting

Cove lighting

System where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the wall usually across the top of a window; provides light both upwards and downwards

Valance lighting

Defined as any of various devices for producing light; source of light in a fixture

Lamp

Colloquial term for lamp

Light bulb

Source of artificial light that works by incandescence; first type of modern electric lamp introduced in early 19th century

Incandescent lamp

Threadlike conductor of an electric lamp that is heated to an incandescence by the passage of an electric current

Filament

Glass housing of a lamp

Bulb

Part of bulb that connects to a lamp holder

Lamp base

Standard rounded shape for the bulbs of general service incandescent lamps

A bulb

Flame-shaped bulb for low wattage, decorative incandescent lamps

B bulb

Cone-shaped bulb for low wattage, decorative incandescent lamp

C bulb

Candle-shaped bulb for low wattage, decorative incandescent lamp

CA bulb

Reflector bulb of blown glass for incandescent and high intensity discharge lamps, having an internal reflective coating and either a clear or frosted glass front to provide the desired beam spread

R bulb

A parabolic aluminized reflector bulb cast glass for incandescent and high intensity discharge lamps having a precisely formed internal reflector and a lensed front to provide the desired beam spead

PAR bulb

Ellipsoidal reflector bulb for incandescent lamps having a precisely formed internal reflector that collects light and redirects it into a dispersed pattern at some distance in front of the light source

ER bulb

A-bulb having a hemispherical reflective silver bowl opposite the lamp base to decrease glare

A/SB bulb

Globe-shaped bulb for incandescent lamps, having low brightness for exposed use

G bulb

Pear-shaped bulb for large incandescent lamps

PS bulb

Straight sided bulb for low wattage decorative incandescent lamps

S bulb

Disadvantages of incandescent lamp

- Low efficacy - Shorter life - Sensitive and critical to voltage changes or fluctuations - high maintenance cost - produces more heat than light

Aka quartz or quartz-iodine lamps; uses halogen gas cycle to prevent rapid depreciation of the lamp filament and darkening of the transparent envelop

Tungsten-Halogen

Broad-beamed, intensity bulb; used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or stage lighting

Floodlight

Type of floodlight that looks like average incandescent bulb labeled as R or BR; for indoor use only

Soft glass

Type of floodlight labeled as PAR; made using an aluminized reflector that is parabolic in shape; can be used indoors or outdoors; only halogen bulb style covered with glass thick enough to withstand harsh weather conditions

Heavy glass

Double ended and commonly used as security lighting; when handling, it should not touch bare skin because natural oils of human skin can reduce the life of the bulb

J type bulb

Low voltage bulb commonly found under counters, in desk lamps or as accent light; come in capsule shape with 2 pins at base; shouldn't come in bare contact with skin

JC type bulb

Commonly used in under-counter lighting, desk lamps, accent lights or pendant light; similar to JC type but use higher voltage; 3 diff sizes- G6.35, G8, G9

JCD type

Generally used in food service industry; have halogen filament enclosed in glass and surrounded by overall glass jacket

JDD type

Small reflector floodlights commonly used in range hoods or as track lighting

JDR type

Multifaceted reflector bulb for tungsten-halogen lamps with highly polished reflectors arranged in discrete segments; originally used for slide projectors; can be used for residential and retail lighting

MR bulb

Comprises a cylindrical glass tube, sealed at both ends containing a mixture of an inert gas usually argon and mercury; requires a ballast

Fluorescent lamp

Emission of radiation especially of visible light by a substance when exposed to external radiation

Fluorescence

Emit light when energized by radiation

Phosphor

Fluorescent light known as T-bulb; tubular in form

Standard

Fluorescent light T12, T8, T5, T4 where the number indicates ___________ with units of _______ of an inch

bulb's diameter | eights

Fluorescent light that does not require a starter, have single pin bases; comes in diameters 3/4", 1" and 1 1/2" and in lengths 42" to 96"

Slim-line

Fluorescent light that is doughnut shaped for circular luminaires

Circline

Fluorescent light that is U-shaped and used for square or rectangular luminaires

U-bent

Fluorescent light that requires a starter which preheats the cathodes so that less voltage is required to strike an arc; 2-5 second delay in the start of lamp

Pre-heat/ Switch-start/ Starter-start lamp

Pre-heat lamp where the starter can be eliminated

Trigger-start ballast

Fluorescent light where when the lamp is first switched on, a sufficient voltage is applied between the electrodes to strike the arc without preheating them; start as soon as current is turned on

Instant start

Fluorescent light that is most widely used; use low-resistance electrodes which can be heated continuously with low current loses; only fluorescent lamps that can be electrically dimmed or flashed; start quickly; require no external starters and smaller ballast

Rapid start

Control device or an auxiliary for fluorescent lamp located in the metal base; serves to supply the high voltage necessary to start the arc and limiting the current in the arc after it is formed

Choke coil or ballast

Self contained in a small tubular jacket inserted in the fixture body and is a replaceable part; ordinarily closed but when the lamp is turned on, the starter opens a second or so after the current starts to flow and then stays open until lamp is turned off again

Automatic switch or starter

Type of lamp designed to fit into roughly the same space as an incandescent lamp but with advantages of fluorescent lamp; longer rated life and use less energy; costs more

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Most popular type of CFL which can be used anywhere that a traditional incandescent light bulb works

Spiral

CFL that is basically an A-shaped bulb; gives a good approximation of more traditional lighting because it's nearly impossible to tell that it's a CFL at first glance

Incandescent shaped

CFL meant to be on display such as in a bathroom vanity fixture or a pendant light; great choice for more retro look

Globe

Some of the first CFL bulbs; come in quad tubes, twin tubes and F types

Tube

CFL shaped like an incandescent candle light bulb; smaller, sleeker and more appropriate for decorative lighting tasks

Candle shaped

Basically spiral CFLs on the inside with a durable cover on top that is sealed to withstand wind, rain and snow; designed for long life in outdoor conditions

Post

CFL used in place of incandescent floodlights because they provide directional light; can be used in recessed or track lighting

Reflector

Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp emitting a glow when a high voltage is applied across two electrons in gas filled glass tube

Neon vapor lamp

Discharge lamp having cathodes that emits electrons without having to be heated

Cold cathode lamp

CCFL with tube diameter less than 15mm

Neon lamp

Members of electric discharge family of light sources; light produced when a high-pressure electric arc is passed through a gas vapor; used when high levels of light over large areas are required; gymnasiums, large public areas, warehouses, movie theater etc.

High-Intensity discharge lamps

Contains mercury vapor in a clear quartz arc tube; blue-green color; suitable only for limited industrial areas, general outdoor applications and street lighting

Mercury vapor lamp

In addition to mercury, the arc tube contains metallic vapors such as indium iodide, thallium iodide or sodium iodide; increased light output, improved color rendition without use of phosphors and small source size

Metal halide lamps

Arc tube made of high density polycrystalline alumina and contains a mixture of primarily sodium

High Pressure Sodium Lamps

Type of lighting that utilizes light-emitting diodes (LEDs); light emitted from a solid object; creates visible light with reduced heat generation

Solid-state lighting

Complete lighting unit

Luminaire/ lighting fixture

Surface for reflecting light heat; controlling the distribution of light emitted by a lamp

Reflector

Piece of transparent material; used to focus, disperse or collimate the emitted light; designed to control the light being emitted and direct it

Lens

Any of a variety of translucent materials for filtering glare and distributing the light; purpose is to create a lit environment with minimal shadows

Diffuser

Grid type of optical assembly used to control light distribution

Louver

Most common type of light fixture offering the greatest variety of designs; tends to flatten shadows and look obtrusive when used as the sole light source

Suspended ceiling lights

Decorative lighting usually having branched supports for a number of lamps

Chandelier

Lighting fixture suspended by a flexible cord by which it can be raised or lowered

Droplight

Like a droplight but is fixed and suspended by a cord, wire or chains

Pendant

Wall mounted light fixture that diffuses light into room, usually through translucent housing

Wall lights

Decorative wall bracket for candles or other lights

Sconce

Used to bathe a wall in an even stream of light usually ceiling mounted, recessed into the ceiling or mounted on a lighting track

Wall washers

Ceiling mounted lighting that is not recessed, provides general lighting

Ceiling lights

Provides directional light in a downward stream

Downlights

Rectangular light fixture that fits into a modular dropped ceiling grid

Troffer lights

Type of troffer light that uses prismatic lens; the lenses take glare off; uneven light distribution

Prismatic

Type of troffer light to address the uneven distribution of light of prismatic fixture; popular for ability to reduce brightness and glare

Parabolic louvered

Type of fixture that sens light upward

Uplights

Flexible, adjustable luminaire that directs light a controlled beam; most effective for accent lighting and track; originally for commercial use

Spotlights

Light fixtures that are freestanding

Floor lamps

Gives a soft glow; general and accent light; can be used as bedside reading light

Table lamp

Essential to provide task lighting; gives a concentrated directional light to a specific area

Desk lamp

Right flexible tape with exposed low voltage light source

Strip lighting

Used to illuminate spaces with high ceilings usually above 20 ft in height; powerful light source which can brighten up a large area

High-bay light

Usually designed for visual impact rather than the way they distribute light; provide aesthetic stimulation and amusement

Visual Oddities

Intensity of light per unit area; man-made lighting

Illumination

Essential to provide task lighting giving a concentrated directional light to a specific area

Electric Illumination

Light emanating from the object being viewed

Brightness

Difference in brightness between an object and its background

Contrast

Excessive luminance ration in the field of vision; strong, steady, dazzling light or reflection

Glare

Annoying brightness of light in the normal field of vision

Direct glare

Excessive brightness, either binding, disabling or discomforting from reflective surfaces

Indirect glare

Control of shadows cast by light; degree to which light is shadowless

Diffuseness

Amount of illumination or luminous flux per unit area; can be measured and easily handled; number of light fixtures required for certain area

Quantity of light

Distribution of brightness in the lighting installation

Quality of light

Basic method by which light is measured; equal to amount a candle throws on an object at a distance of one foot

Foot candle

SI derived unit of illuminance; measures intensity of light hitting the surface

Lux

Measures brightness of the light source; SI derived unit of luminous flux

Lumens

Amount of energy it takes to produce a certain amount of light; the higher, the brighter and uses more power

Watts

Way to describe the light appearance provided by a light bulb; measured in Kelvin (K)

Color temperature

Color temperature 2000K to 3000K

Warm white

Color temperature 3100K to 4500K

Cool white/ bright white

Color temperature above 4500K

Daylight

Lamp invented by a Swiss named Argand in 1783; has round wick with provision for the introduction of air inside the wick as well as around the outside

Argand lamp

Oil lamp with swinging tubular arms; generally furnished with an Argand burner; used in early 19th century

Astral lamp

Process by which eye adjusts to a change in light level

Adaptation

General light, often indirect or entering a room from an adjacent space

Ambient light

Opaque or translucent element used to shield a lamp from view or to absorb unwanted light

Baffle

Unshielded light source

Bare lamp

Glare so intense that you cannot see for a short period of time

Blinding glare

Any artificial light source, concealed behind a decorative facing which allows the light to diffuse over its edges and through it if facing is translucent

Concealed light

An optical filter that selectively reflects some wavelengths while transmitting others

Dichroic mirror

One that appears scattered either in reflection or transmission

Diffuse reflection

Device used to regulate the intensity of light from a lamp

Dimmer

Light focused and forced to travel in a particular direction

Directional light

Glare that reduces visibility and visual performance

Disabling glare

Annoying glare that does not reduce visibility and visual performance

Discomfort glare

Recessed or semi-recessed lighting unit with a rotating spherical element that may be turned to project light in any direction

Eyeball

Way of transmitting light through long flexible glass or plastic fibers using principle of total intern refraction

Fiber optics

Device to change, in transmission, the quality of light affecting the magnitude and/or spectral make-up

Filter

Emission of light, only during the absorption of radiation

Fluorescence

Density of light on a surface

Illuminance

Lighting unit which by means of lenses and mirrors, concentrates light in a limited angle and intensifies it

Projector

Describe devices that block, diffuse or redirect light such as a louver or lampshade

Shielding

Term applied to any stray light outside the main concentration of the beam

Spill light

Glare where reflection reduces contrast and prevents detail being discerned

Veiling reflection

Usually the horizontal surface at which a task is performed and at which light levels are specified and measured

Work plane

3D art of fashioning figures of wood, clay, plastics, metal, stones etc.; carved, cut or molded

Sculpture

Process in art of sculpting where material is added again and again to build up the form as in clay

Additive process

Process in art of sculpting where removal or subtracting of materials to create form as in carving

Subtractive process

Process where artist subtracts or cuts away superfluous material until desired form is reached; resulting image is hard, weighty and compact

Carving

Process in art of sculpting consisting of addition to or building up of form; materials are soft and yielding and can be easily shaped, enabling rapid execution

Modeling

Process in art of sculpting where liquid material is usually poured into a mold which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, then allowed to solidify

Casting

Oldest surviving casting is _________ from 3200 BC

Copper frog

Lost-wax process

Cire perdue

Process in art of sculpting which originated from collage- painting technique devised by Picasso and Braque

Construction and Assemblage

Raised form of sculpture that projects from a background

Relief sculpture

Aka bas relief or basso-relievo; projecting figure is closer to the surface and no part is entirely detached from background

Low-relief

Aka haut relief or alto-relievo; figure may almost be detached from surface

Half-relief

Aka relievo sticciato; lowest degree or relief in which the projection barely exceeds the thickness of sheet of paper

Crushed relief

Aka cavo-relievo; relief in reverse in which all the carving lies within a hollowed-out area below the surface plane

Hollow plane

Freestanding sculpture and is often on a pedestal or base; meant to be seen from many directions and angles

Sculpture in the round

Representational sculpture depicting a specific entity, usually a person, event, animal or object

Statue

Representation of a person from chest up

Bust

Typically showing a significant person on horseback

Equestrian statue

Sculpture constructed from found objects; typically does not disguise the original objects used

Assemblage

Mere 11.5cm high and had bulbous proportions; painted red to resemble blood signifying life; primitive sculpture

Venus of Wilendorf

Human-headed winged lion from 883-859 BC; excavated in Nimrud

Lamassu

Egyptian sculpture in which design is made prominent by raising it from the background

Bas relief

Egyptian sculpture where the inside of the outline is the one that is carved out

Incised

Decrees that the body of the figure in the round must not be twisted in any way; face must look ahead and each side must be exactly like the ther

Law of Frontality

Clay mold technique mainly for frontal figures; front facing ahead, flat and triangular in outline and possesses long formless bodies

Daedalic style

Only sign of life in archaic sculpture

Archaic smile

Monumental archaic sculpture in male form

Kouros

Monumental archaic sculpture in female form

Kore

Sculptural pose where weight mainly rests on one leg

Contrapposto

One of the important sculptors who revised the ideal proportions of High Classical works by making heads of his statues smaller in relation to body; broke with frontal traditional and conceived his statue in the round

Lyssipus

Great monument of the Late Classical period similar to Great Pyramids because it was the burial place for an ancient King and was also one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

Sculptor famous for the boldness of which he fixed moments of violent action in bronze; e.g. Discobolus the discus thrower

Myron

Greatest name in Greek sculpture; designed and directed Parthenon and statues of gods which initiated Greek Classical Style of Art

Phidias

One of the most admired sculptors of the Classical Period; aim was to depict people as they were; used scale of proportions

Polycleitus

Scale of proportions which states that the palm of the hand is 4x the breadth of the finger, length of foot is 4x breadth of the palm, breadth of shoulders is 4x breadth of head and height of figure 7x length of head

Canon

Pose during late Hellenic period exhibiting exaggerated contrapposto, a sensuous, even erotic, modeling of the body and a serene countenance with an unmistakable gaze

Praxitelian curve

Golden Age of Roman sculpture was during the reign of _________

Harden

Technique introduced by Romans; undercutting with a drill around the figure rather than modelling them in rounded form

Negative relief

Ancient writing table with two hinged leaves and waxed inner sides

Diptych

Byzantine period was period of ________- rejection of images

Iconography

Two prominent sculptors during Gothic period (father and son)

Nicola Pisano | Giovanni Pisano

Renaissance sculptor who gave a practical and theoretical lead to painters and sculptors; gave them principles of style

Leon Battista Alberti

Developed Renaissance sculpture from its previous Gothic styles; most notable of his works was the Gates of Paradise in the Baptistry of Florence

Lorenzo Gihberti

Said to be the greatest sculptor of Early Renaissance; maser stonecutter

Donatello

First major work of Renaissance sculpture and at the time of its creation, was the first free-standing nude stature since ancient times; by Donatello

David

Influential sculptor, goldsmith and painter; created a version of David which was underage and modestly clad/clothed

Andrea del Verrochio

Said to be the towering genius in sculpture; carved first monumental sculptures of Renaissance era, Pieta and David

Michelangelo

Artist of genius known to have terrible character; carried out works inspired by drawings of Leonardo, Michelangelo, Rafaello among others

Bienvenido Cellini

Created his own personal style around an elegant and carefully studied formalism with refined and dynamically balanced figures; Mannerist sculptor

Giambologna (Giovanni de Bologna)

Work: Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini

Said to be the greatest of the Rococo sculptors; worked mostly in terra-cotta; work: arc de triomphe du carrousel relief; had apparent unwillingness to be seriously monumental

Clodion (Claude Michel)

Belonged to first generation of artists born in 18th century; active under Louis XV; became director of sculpture at Sevres porcelain factory; forte was gentle erotic figures such as the Bather

Etienne Maurice Falconet

Said to be the greatest Italian sculptor of modern times; famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh; e.g. Cupid and Psyche

Antonio Canova

Works inspired by the antique; so famous in his day that a special museum was built in Copenhagen as a memorial to him; first internationally acclaimed Danish artist

Bertel Thorvaldesen

Foremostly a French painter; most famous works consisted of ballet dancers, women bathing and racehorses; aimed to catch action of the moment; disliked painting directly from nature

Hillaire Germaine Edgar Degas

Known as towering sculptor of 19th century; centered on anatomy; reveal inner life of human being through gestures and attitudes of body

Auguste Rodin

Revolutionized art of sculpture when he began creating his constructions fashioned by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture

Pablo Picasso

Revolutionary mode of sculpture- truth to materials; aimed to give viewer pure joy

Constantin Brancusi

Widely known by 1930s; won Sculpture Prize in 1948 at Venice; English sculptor known for scale abstract bronzes

Henry Moore

Created a personal mythology; works were found shocking; traditional anatomies savaged or decomposed in places

Germaine Richier

Worked on human figure from life then from memory

Albert Giacommetti

Conceived as a sculpture, as a colossal monolith encrusted with extraordinary wealth of sculptured forms

The Kandarya Mahadeva Temple

Terracotta army was from what Chinese dynasty?

Han Dynasty

Deep relief done in plaster or stucco introduced by Islam/ Moorish sculpture

Yesseria

Motif; serpentine writing of lines that represent Arabic tree of life

Arabesque

Father of Philippine sculpture; created oblation in UP; Bonifacio monument in Caloocan

Guillermo Tolentino

First modern Filipino sculptor; Father of Modern Philippine sculpture; stylization bordering on the abstract

Napoleon Abueva

Said to be one of Asia's most progressive and original sculptors; started as jewelry designer but now specializes in embossed copper, constructed and welded brass; People power monument

Eduardo Castrillo

Used blowtorch to weld strips of metal together; best known for tikbalang series; GOMBURZA in front of Manila cathedral

Solomon Saprid

Foremost glass sculptor of Philippines

Ramon Orlina

Best known for her Benevolent Force Exhibition

Impy Pilapil

Fine-grained stone with smooth milk-white surface for ornaments and statuary; slightly translucent

Alabaster

Framework of metal wire or tubing used in fashioning a work in clay, wax or plaster of Paris

Armature

Small terracotta sketch of a sculpture, Italian

Bozzetto

Mechanical process of finishing metal surface

Chasing

Type of dark-colored, hard stone much used in Egyptian sculpture

Diorite

Small moulded statuette

Figurine

Form of incised relief; design sunk below surface

Intaglio

Small scale model for finished sculpture used to visualise and test shapes and ideas

Maquette

Oil-based clay for modelling sculptures

Plasticene

Inorganic, non-metallic solid made up of either metal or non-metal compounds that have been shaped and hardened by heating to high temperatures; hard, corrosion-resistant and brittle

Ceramics

Greek word meaning pottery

Keramicos

Greek word meaning potter's clay

Keramos

Process of forming vessels and other artifacts with clay and other ceramic materials fired at high temperatures to give them a hard, durable form

Pottery

Stage wherein ware is formed but hasn't gone under firing; very brittle and fragile but can be handled with care; most plastic form

Clay state or Greenware

Refers to a specific sage during the drying of the object; clay is still visibly damp but has dried enough to be able to be handled without deformation; where trimming and handle attachment is done

Leather hard

Greenware pottery that has dried as much as possible before it has gone through it first firing; when held, feels to be at room temperature; extremely brittle and will break apart very easily

Bone dry

Means "half-baked"; when ware has undergone a preliminary low range firing; any pottery that has been fired without a ceramic glaze

Biscuit state/ Bisque

Nonporous ware even without glazing

Vitreous wares

Unglazed white porcelain that is treated as a final product, with a matte appearance and texture to the touch; mainly for sculptural and decorative objects

Bisquit Porcelain/ Bisque Porcelain

19th century type of bisquit

Parian ware

Mixture of chemicals, mostly silica, clay, a melting agent, water, colorants and a suspension agent; may be applied by dusting the unfired composition or by spraying, dipping, trailing or brushing on a thin slurry

Glaze

Glaze firing is more formally known ____________.

Glost firing

Chinese potters used two kinds of glazes

One composed of feldspar and another produced by fusing silica or sand by means of a flux, generally of lead oxide

4 traditional glazes

- Salt - Lead - Tin - Feldspathic glaze

Traditional glaze, high firing and usually used on stoneware; where common salt is introduced to the kiln during the firing process; now process is obsolete

Salt glaze

Ash from the combustion of plant matter has been used as flux

Ash glaze

Low-high firing depending on the alkaline flux, such as borax, potash or soda ash; although frequently transparent, this can produce brilliant colors using low temperature firing

Alkaline glaze

Another traditional type of glaze used for low-firing on earthenware; shiny and transparent after firing; gives a smooth glass like finish that allows bright colors and decorative patterns to show through

Lead glaze

Basically lead glaze with added tin oxide, making it white, shin and opaque; provides background for brightly painted decoration; used on earthenware

Tin glaze

Tin-glazed pottery from Muslim Spain

Hispano Mauresque

Tin-glazed pottery from Renaissance Italy

Maiolica or majolica

Tin-glazed pottery from Netherlands

Delftware

Tin-glazed pottery from England

English Delftware

Tin-glazed pottery from France

Faience

High-firing glaze which uses feldspars as base, more often than not, Petuntse

Feldspathic Glaze

Oxides used to create colored glazes

Coloring

Color of tin oxide

White

Color of cobalt oxide

Grayish blue to pure sapphire

Color of cupric oxide

Distinctive series of blue

Color of cupric oxide with excess carbon monoxide

Bluish red or reduced copper

Color of cuprous oxide

Series of green

Color of ferric iron oxide

- Pale yellow to black | - Most important being a slightly orange red known as Iron Red

Color of ferrous iron oxide

Green best seen on Chinese Celadon ware

Color of manganese oxide

Varying from bright red purple to a dark purplish brown, almost black

Color of Chinese wares

Aubergine Purple

Color of antimony oxide

Yellow

Soft pottery; probably the oldest and most universal; natural clays fired at temperatures from 900° to 1200° C or 1652° to 2192° F; porous and permeable to liquids; opaque and color varies from pale tan to red and brown; has a tendency to chip and break

Earthenware

Clays containing higher percentage of sand when fired from 1200° to 1280° C or 2191° to 2336° F; body is extremely hard, vitrified and impermeable to water; naturally non-porous

Stoneware

Chinese invention that appeared when feldspathic material in a fusible state that was incorporated in a stoneware composition; aristocrat of the potter's wheel using kaolin as base plus decayed granite and fired at very high temperatures

Porcelain

Less decayed, more fusible feldspathic material; also used in Chinese porcelain; forms white cement that binds together the particles of less fusible kaolin

Petuntse or china stone

Common name for porcelain

China

Early vitreous wares produced by Chinese before they developed their white vitreous ware (true porcelain) later admired by Europeans

Protoporcelain

Fired between 2390° to 2570° F; best kind of porcelain; usually called "true porcelain"; made of kaolin with feldspathic glaze

Hard porcelain

Fired below 2300° F which is really imitation porcelain; more translucent, not as white in color nor does it have clear ringing tone of porcelain

Soft porcelain

Mixture of white clay and a ground glassy substance; glaze added on second firing

Soft paste

White hard translucent ceramic ware, usually glazed; invented mid-18th century by English potters; harder ware that gained whiteness, translucency and stability through inclusion of calcium phosphate in the form of calcined ox bones; opaque but not as hard as porcelain; somewhere between soft paste and hard paste in whiteness and tone

Bone China

Thick semi-solid fluid composed of clay, water and other minerals such as quartz, feldspar and mica into which ware was dipped

Slip

Slip which uses less clay

Engobe

Ware that has been dipped in slip

Slip ware

Ware where slip creates patterns or images

Slipware

Means "sealed earth"; comes from name of Roman pottery that was mass produced around 1st century AD; have glossy surface slips; decorated with impressed or stamped forms; coated with slip used by Greek potters for hundreds of years

Terra sigillata

Art of transferring designs from specially prepared paper to a wood or glass or metal surface; special design-bearing sheet is first applied to a piece of ware; upon removal of said paper, the design or decoration on the sheet is transferred to the body and subsequent firing makes it permanent

Decalcomania

Printing process based on principle that oil and water do not mix; systematically treats the surface so the image areas will accept oily ink, while non image or blank areas are treated to repel ink

Lithographed

Term from Italian graffiare meaning to scratch; designs are drawn with a pointed tool that scratches through the slip to reveal the body

Sgrafitto

Colored decoration applied over a fired transparent glaze then fired third time to set the decoration at lower temperature

Overglaze

Commonly used in tin-glaze earthenware, colored decoration applied over a dried but unfired opaque glaze

In-glaze

Colored decoration applied to an unglazed body covered with a transparent glaze

Underglaze

Colors that can withstand high heat of glost firing

Grand feu colors

Greek figures painted black on red background

Black figure ware

Greek figures painted red on black background

Red figure ware

Greek figures painted red or black on white background

White ground ware

Early ware from 12th century onwards with a coarse body covered with a white slip formed the class known as what?

Mezzo-maiolica

Lightly decorated white wares made in Faenza

Bianchi di Faenza

Claims the discovery and introduction of the ware for Pesaro; affixes 1492 as introduction of Majlica ware

Passeri

Goldsmith and sculptor; one who raised production of majolica from craft to high art in Italy

Lucca della Robia

Known to have perfected luster technique; frequently hired to embellish work of other workshops and signs the pieces himself

Master Giorgio Andreoli

Grand duke of Tuscany which produced an inferior type of soft-paste porcelain in his Florence workshop during the 16th century

Francesco de Medici

Established a porcelain factory in Venice; factory produced hard-paste porcelain usually teapots in chinoiserie style only operational for 7 years

Francesco Vezzi

Principal feature is its admirable imitation of majolica and successful reproduction of the bas-reliefs of Lucca della Robbia in porcelain; principal mark is two triangles crossed forming a sixpointed star

Doccia ware

Stylized floral pattern known at Doccia factory

Tulipano

Factory that developed a formula for a distinctive soft-paste porcelain characterized by pronounced creamy color and an unusually gloss clear glaze

Capo dii Monte

Capo dii Monte was founded by who?

Charles III

Type of improvisional street theater

Commedia dell'arte

Identifiable by typical costume of loose tunic, tall conical hat and black mask with a prominent hooked nose

Pulcinella

Produced by 32 factories in Delft from 17th to 19th centuries; entirely hand painted

Delftware

Formed the basis of one of British airways' ethnic tailfins

Delftblue pottery

Most widely used and applied to 17 aircrafts of British airways

Delftblue daybreak

Type of delftware with very broad style of paintings with motifs so simplified; pieces were used to decorate farm stables in the summer season when they were used for social gatherings

Peasant delft

Produced fine white hard paste porcelain closely resembling Dresden china body; factory discontinued in 1810

Amstel

Manufactory started by the Ljincker family in 1776 in Hague, Holland

Hague

Tin-enameled earthenwares

Faience potteries

Favorite earth in construction potteries; successfully applied in the Oiron or Henri II ware

Terre de pipe

Aka Henri II ware and Saint-Porchaire ware; said to be the very first high-quality French pottery; paste used is true pipe clay, very fine and very white with a thin lead-glaze that is transparent and of a yellowish gold tint; use of inlays of clay in a different colored cla

Fayence d'Oiron

Demascening of metal work

Niello

Worked for 16 years to imitate white-glazed pottery; Palissy ware; appointed as royal potter to Catherine de Medici

Bernard Palissy

Owned by the Poterat family

Rouen faience factory

Firs hard paste porcelain was made in ______ region due to the fact that Kaolin was discovered in France about 1768, close to it

Limoges

Lead-glazed earthenware popular in 16th and 17th centuries with many vessels imitating metal jugs and tankards

Hafner ware

Highest eminence which German pottery reached; 1500-1620

Poterie deluxe

Discovered the materials required to produce a white, translucent, high-fired porcelain body

Johann Friedrich Bottger

Who founded the second factory in Europe to produce hard paste porcelain in Vienna

Claudius du Paquier

Heavy earthenware usually decorated with crude patterns in green-blue, yellow, white and lustreware

Hispano-Moresque wares

An important factory making fayence at Alcora (Valencia) founded in 1726-7 by ____________?

Count of Aranda

Aka Hispano Mauresque; wares with Arabic inscriptions, beautifully executed arabesques and stylized animal forms

Luster earthenware

Term generally applied to tin-glazed and enameled earthenware; consists of glazed floor and wall tiles decorated with flower and abstract motifs showing fusion of Renaissance and Moorish motifs

Maiolica

Form of Portuguese and Spanish painted tin-glazed ceramic tiles with a generally bluish hue

Azulejos

Continuation of Capo di Monte factory of Italy when King Charles VII transferred it from Naples to Madrid in 1759; Rococo spirit

Buen Retiro/ El Retiro

From the collector's point of view, history of English porcelain begins with _______ in 1744 and ends with _____________

Bow factory | Rockingham factory

Engaged in making imitation delft

Bristol ware

First called New Canton; where first soft-paste porcelain in England was made from a white clay (kaolin) brought from North Carolina

Bow ware

Bow eventually became part of the _____ factory

Derby

Includes well-known "goat and bee" cream jugs; began making very softpaste porcelain about 1745

Chelsea ware

White, fine and soft and biscuit; its finest work is regarded as that done in the ____________ period and __________ period

Chelsea Derby | Crown Derby

Founded by Robert Browne, produced soft-paste porcelain similar to Chelsea ware and Bow ware; most were imitation porcelain and decoration from Chinese originals

Lowestoft

Discovered by John Sadler about 1754; method of transferring a design to paper from an engraved copper plate coated with pigment and from the paper to the pottery which was then fired overglaze producing crude and impermanent lines; same method used by Robert Hancock

Transfer printed pottery

Generic term applying to products of many potteries in stoke-on trent, hanley, cobridge, etruria, burstem, fenton, tunstall, longport, shelton, lane end and some other lesser known places- pottery district; free from outside influences; exclusive border patterns

Staffordshire

From name of its creator, Josiah Wedgewood

Wedgwood ware

Considered to be the finest pottery that England has ever produced

Old Wedgwood

Fine, hard, unglazed white bisque by Wedgwood about 1775

Jasperware

All light-colored English earthenware from about 1750 to present time; perfected by Wedgwood by use of Cornwall clay and adopted as standard earthenware of Stafforshire

Cream ware

Original cream colored earthenware named for Queen Charlotte, wife of George III

Queen's ware

Solid black stoneware of great hardness, unglazed which takes its name from a black Egyptian rock

Basalt ware

Earthenware made either solid or in surface decoration to resemble the veining of agate or other natural stones

Agate ware

Term derived from the tortoise-shell ware made by Thomas Whieldon and applied to ware of a mottled, cloudy or splashed character

Whiledon ware/ cloud ware

Josiah Spode; underglaze blue-printed cream ware of excellent quality, stone china, black and jasper ware

Spode ware

Invented a superior kind of "bone china" which combines best qualities of both soft paste and hard paste porcelain which later became the English standard

Josiah Spode Jr.

Slip decorated pottery by Thomas Toft; coarse reddish clay and crude decoration; glaze before firing and after slip was placed= yellowish tone

Toft ware

Produced in Pennsylvania by the Germans during the middle of 18th century; slip with crude scratchings

Sgraffito ware

Chinese ceramics; mostly handmade; patterns are geometric some symmetrical others contrasting light and dark; brush paintings design

Yangshao wares

Named after a placed in Shantung province; lacquer black shard of at times eggshell thinness; undecorated and almost metallic

Lungshan pottery

Materials of Decoration Flashcards

(1562 cards)