History of LA FINAL

Question 1

As a result of the Malvinas defeat 1982:

Answer 1

democracy returned to Argentina; civilians returned to power,with the triumph of Radical candidate Raul Alfonsin.

Question 2

As president for two terms 1916, 1928, Hipólito Yrigoyen headed the Radical party, which drew its strength primarily from the:

Answer 2

middle class (Argentina)

Question 3

From 1880 to 1916, _____ dominated Argentina

Answer 3

ranchers and export merchants; provided the goods Argentina exported + meat-packing industry, stimulated by the introduction of refrigerated trans-Atlantic shipping.

Question 4

Passage of the Saenz Peña Law (Argentina) in 1912 facilitated the electoral victory of the:

Answer 4

radicals; the law democratized the electoral process by providing for secret ballots and requiring all males over 18 to vote– the Radical Civic Union won the presidential election of 1916

Question 5

The “Dirty War” of the 1970s was:

Answer 5

An extralegal campaign by security forces to eliminate leftists and their sympathizers; As many as 30,000 people died- violence carried out by government security forces and the military.

Question 6

Events in Argentina in the year 1943 are important because they:

Answer 6

positioned Juan Perón to take power; In the military coup of 1943, the Grupo de Oficiales Unidos (GOU) seized power, made Juan Peron minister of labor, he used to build a power base within the working class for his rise to power.

Question 7

Among the rulers of Argentina during the 1930s was a strong preference for:

Answer 7

European-style fascism; Within the Argentine military was considerable sympathy for fascism, especially on the part of General Uriburu.

Question 8

Perón drew support from:

Answer 8

industrialists, the working class, Argentine women

Question 9

As a result of the Depression which began in 1929, in Argentina, who? came to power?:

Answer 9

the military came to power with support from most of the Argentine political spectrum except the Radicals; Argentina’s façade of constitutional rule was destroyed; Yrigoyen was removed from office; (The onset of the Great Depression of the 1930s destroyed the political fabric of Argentina, much as it brought extremist solutions to power in Germany and enhanced the strength of the Italian Fascists.)

Question 10

Perón became president of Argentina in 1946:

Answer 10

through a free election

Question 11

Francisco Madero aspired to overthrow the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz (1911) primarily to:

Answer 11

establish a limited democracy in Mexico

Question 12

In The Underdogs, what opinion did revolutionists such as Demetrio, Venancio, and Luis Cervantes have of Francisco Madero?

Answer 12

a man who despised them as inferiors and who looked out only for the interests of the elite; chapter XIII of Part One, when Luis Cervantes “now I have what I wanted, you can go back to your picks and shovels, you can resume your hand-to-mouth existence”

Question 13

Why did conflict between Madero and Zapata center on the agrarian question?

Answer 13

Madero believed that small peasant holdings would harm Mexican agricultural development; Madero had promised land reform; Zapata was obsessed with obtaining land for his people

Question 14

Besides being revolutionary leaders, Madero, Carranza, Obregón,Zapata, and Villa all had in common the fact that they

Answer 14

died violently

Question 15

What phase of the Mexican Revolution does Mariano Azuela’s The Underdogs depict?

Answer 15

the war against Huerta; Madero has been overthrown and murdered and the revolutionists are fighting to bring down the Huerta government, the federales

Question 16

From 1929 until 2000 the PNR (National Revolutionary Party) and its successive incarnations such as the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party):

Answer 16

Won all the presidential elections and essentially provided one-party rule for Mexico

Question 17

One of the crucial conspirators in Victoriano Huerta’s assassination of Francisco Madero was:

Answer 17

U.S. ambassador to Mexico Henry Lane Wilson; Convinced that Madero could not restore order and would not protect American investments

Question 18

After Victoriano Huerta was forced into exile in 1914, the revolutionaries were grouped into the following factions:

Answer 18

Villa and Zapata; Carranza and Obregón; First Villa, Zapata, Carranza, and Obregon all fought to overthrow Huerta, then they struggled to control Mexico. Villa in the North and Zapata in the south opposed Carranza and Obregon, who controlled central Mexico

Question 19

“Cuca” García was:

Answer 19

A leader in the fight for women’s rights in Mexico; United Front for Women’s Rights. She also won aseat in the national Chamber of Deputies.

Question 20

Given the tone of the novel, originally published in 1915, Azuela considered the Revolution, from the perspective of the underdogs:

Answer 20

cruel and futile; Azuela portrays the Revolution as a bloody, heartless conflict; In the end Demetrio dies,leaving the reader with no sense that his life and death have really accomplished anything.

Question 21

The administration of Lázaro Cárdenas 1934 was popular with many Mexicans because it:

Answer 21

redistributed significant amounts of land;
expropriated and nationalized foreign petroleum holdings; during the Depression, C won lasting fame for his attempts to improve the lower class’s social and economic conditions.

Question 22

One result of the revolutionary spirit in Mexico was indigenism, which meant what?

Answer 22

The last Aztec ruler Cuauhtémoc was portrayed as a heroic, larger than life figure; The country’s Spanish cultural heritage was downplayed; The government and Mexican intellectuals emphasized and even exaggerated the contributions made by Indians

Question 23

In The Underdogs, War Paint is a:

Answer 23

camp follower and sometimes female soldier

Question 24

Despite its revolutionary heritage, by the 1970s Mexico had become an example of “social corporatism,” which meant what?

Answer 24

It depended on high international export prices AND on low-cost foreign loans to stimulate economic growth

Question 25

During the 1920's, the chief source of conflict between the United States and Mexico centered on:

Answer 25

retroactive application of the Mexican state's claim to subsoil rights; What chiefly worried the U.S.in the 1920s was the possibility that Mexico might apply the provisions of the Constitution of 1917 to seize foreign petroleum holdings and other subsoil rights. This, of course, happened during the Cardenas government (1934-40).

Question 26

Partly because of tensions provoked by the Great Depression of the 1930s and pressure for socio-economic reforms:

Answer 26

the Chilean left formed the Popular Front

Question 27

Through his presidency, Allende (1970) faced a crucial weakness, that the:

Answer 27

UP did not control a majority of seats in the Chilean congress and thus could not enact all of his program; opponents/Christian Democrats blocked many of his initiatives.

Question 28

Prior to 1965, the Chilean Communist Party:

Answer 28

emerged primarily as a Chilean reaction to domestic social and economic problems; tensions between the working class and the oligarchy-middle class-military alliance.

Question 29

What did the Pinochet dictatorship do when it came to power in 1973?

Answer 29

followed free-market economic policies; plunged Chile into years of bloody torture and disappearances; produced periods of striking economic growth

Question 30

From the late 1800s to 1970, Chile's economic prosperity depended largely on export of:

Answer 30

copper and nitrates

Question 31

By the 1960s _____ had become a priority for the major political parties except the Conservatives.

Answer 31

land reform AND regaining control of the copper industry from foreign companies

Question 32

The military reform movement (in Chile) of 1924 ended in:

Answer 32

military dictatorship; Frustrated by the oligarchy-dominated parliament's failure to enact reforms favored by the middle class and convinced that the parliament neglected the military, the Chilean armed forces seized power in 1924 and forced the congress to pass reforms proposed by President Arturo Alessandri.

Question 33

One problem Chile faced because of its reliance upon the export of raw materials was:

Answer 33

the government took for itself most of the profits from such exports AND it had little control over the world price of such exports

Question 34

The Chilean middle class supported the oligarchy which dominated Chilean politics because:

Answer 34

the oligarchy provided jobs for the middle class in the ever-expanding government bureaucracy

Question 35

In the presidential election of 1970, which Salvador Allende of Popular Unity (UP) won, was there principal difference between UP and the Christian Democrats?

Answer 35

No. Both the Christian Democrats and the UP advocated land reform and nationalization of the copper industry. Votes were split and he barely won. Once Allende took power,however, divisions between the UP and Christian Democrats began to intensify.

Question 36

Tropicalía, a new musical movement in Brazil, emerged during the 1960s and

Answer 36

Threatened Brazilian families and religion, according to the military AND Challenged the military dictatorship through songs such as“Caminhando.”

Question 37

Political life of the first Brazilian Republic was dominated by which regions:

Answer 37

the states of Paulo and Minas Gerais

Question 38

As part of the tenente movement (in Brazil), the Prestes Column:

Answer 38

marched through the Brazilian interior in 1924, trying unsuccessfully to revolutionize the country

Question 39

The phenomenon of the coronéis refers to:

Answer 39

political bosses who dominated at the local or provincial level; to some extent they were like provincial caudillos, although their power was often more economic than political and military.

Question 40

The Estado Novo (New State-in Brazil) decreed by Vargas in 1937

Answer 40

Provided progressive labor legislation, especially for industrial workers; Used a strong central government to foster industrialization; Resembled Italian fascism

Question 41

The Brazilian monarchy fell in 1889, a year after the abolition of slavery, because:

Answer 41

northeastern planters had depended upon the emperor to defend slavery and now had no reason to support the monarchy

Question 42

One consequence of the construction of Brasília in 1956 was to:

Answer 42

tie the interior of Brazil with the coastal areas; Juscelino Kubitschek's aim in building Brasilia was to open the interior of the country to development

Question 43

A Brazilian equivalent to Argentina's Juan Perón would be:

Answer 43

Getúlio Varga; Both were populist presidents, appealing to the working class for political support; came from outside the traditional power elite; economic nationalists; heavy fascist overtones

Question 44

During World War II, Brazil:

Answer 44

secured funding for the Volta Redonda steel mill from U.S. aid

Question 45

The goals of Bolivia's 1952 social revolution included:

Answer 45

break up the great estates and redistribute land among the peasantry AND nationalize the tin mines

Question 46

The main achievement of Peru's Alberto Fujimori’s presidency 1990-2000),____________________, was offset by the massive corruption carried out by his government.

Answer 46

Defeating the Shining Path movement

Question 47

Peru solved its financial problems following the War of the Pacific through the Grace Contract in 1886 with British investors, which gave foreigners control of the Peruvian railroads but also:

Answer 47

led to improved economic performance, especially in mining

Question 48

The Shining Path movement:

Answer 48

led by Abimael Guzman, was a Marxist guerrilla movement 80s-90s, alienated Peruvians, and gave President Alberto Fujimori the pretext for violent repression of all who opposed his neoliberal policies

Question 49

Probably the foremost Peruvian intellectual of his day, José Carlos Mariátegui:

Answer 49

looked to the Inca Empire AND Marxism as a guide to Peru's national development (1920s)

Question 50

Once the Peruvian military seized power in 1968, its leftist agrarian reforms failed over the long run to produce the desired social and economic transformation because:

Answer 50

many peasants were left out of the land redistribution; lots of land was distributed but temporary workers did not receive, and since many of the reformers came from the urban middle class, it was only natural for their policies to focus on the problems of the cities and industrialization rather than the countryside.

Question 51

Keen and Haynes believe that the real solution to Peru's many problems must begin with:

Answer 51

massive agrarian reform

Question 52

The basic aims of the Peruvian revolution of 1968 and that of Bolivia in 1952 were:

Answer 52

generally the same; Both the Bolivian and Peruvian revolutions aimed to carry out agrarian reform and to nationalize the economies.

Question 53

As indigenism became more prevalent during the twentieth century, Peruvians all over the country increasingly believed that:

Answer 53

the social and economic power of the gamonales must be broken; Jose Carlos Mariategui and Luis E. Valcarcel, combined Marxist thought with an idealized view of the Inca Empire in a search for solutions, advocated agrarian reform

Question 54

As the Cuban problems intensified in the 1970s, Castro's chief means of relieving pressure on the regime was to:

Answer 54

to allow the discontented to emigrate to the U.S.

Question 55

The Platt Amendment of 1901 was:

Answer 55

an amendment to the Cuban constitution that permitted the U.S. government to intervene in Cuba to guarantee stability

Question 56

The Bay of Pigs invasion (1961):

Answer 56

was planned and executed by the U.S AND probably led to the Missile Crisis

Question 57

The principal achievements of the Cuban revolution (1959) are in the areas of:

Answer 57

health care and literacy

Question 58

Many of pre-Revolutionary Cuba's economic difficulties stemmed from

Answer 58

its monoculture of sugar; world sugar production increased, driving profits down. While much Cuban labor was unskilled, there was little opportunity for workers aside from the sugar industry

Question 59

Fulgencio Batista, the dictator overthrown by Castro's revolution in 1959:

Answer 59

was a soldier from modest origins AND initially abided by the constitutional requirement that a president could not succeed himself

Question 60

In his speech "History Will Absolve Me":

Answer 60

Castro justified his opposition to Batista

Question 61

Probably the decisive turn in U.S. relations with Castro occurred when he:

Answer 61

nationalized American oil refineries when they refused to process Soviet petroleum

Question 62

Herbert Matthew's interview with Castro was important because:

Answer 62

it gave legitimacy and importance to Castro's struggle against Batista

Question 63

By the 1970s, the Cuban economy

Answer 63

depended heavily upon Soviet aid for survival | AND still depended on sugar monoculture

Question 64

When the United Fruit Company complained about the agrarian reform carried out by the government of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala, the U.S.responded by

Answer 64

supporting an invasion which overthrew Arbenz and led to the execution of thousands of his supporters

Question 65

The Sandinista government of Nicaragua (1979-90):

Answer 65

included ministers who were Marxists and others who were Catholic clergy

Question 66

The dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza García in Nicaragua (1967, 74)

Answer 66

depended upon the family's control of the National Guard AND was a loyal U.S. ally

Question 67

The Sandinista electoral defeat and transfer of power to the National Opposition Union, headed by Violeta Chamorro in 1990, resulted primarily from:

Answer 67

the prolonged war with the U.S.-backed contras and the dismal economic conditions

Question 68

Since 1954, Guatemala has essentially been governed by:

Answer 68

the military

Question 69

The history of twentieth-century Nicaragua can only be understood in light of

Answer 69

the U.S. occupation of Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933, with one brief interruption

Question 70

The Salvadoran oligarchy's opposition to reform was dramatized by (2 events):

Answer 70

reaction to the peasant uprising of 1932 AND the murder of Archbishop Romero

Question 71

To support industrialization, Guatemala, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Honduras:

Answer 71

formed the Central American Common Market in 1961

Question 72

Agrarian reform seems unlikely to solve the socio-economic tensions in El Salvador because the:

Answer 72

country's high population density means there is not enough land to meet the needs

Question 73

In 1992 Rigoberta Menchu:

Answer 73

Received the Nobel Peace Prize for her advocacy of Mayan rights

Question 74

Between 1981-1987, the Venezuelan poverty rate rose from 22% to 54% of the population because:

Answer 74

petroleum prices dropped; Venezuela prospered during the 1970s because OPEC managed to hike the price of petroleum on the world market; But during the 1980s, OPEC could not sustain the high prices.

Question 75

Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, the popular mayor of Bogotá, championed (assassinated in 1948):

Answer 75

democracy AND state economic intervention to regulate capitalism AND agrarian reform; a populist who used the government to reform the economy.

Question 76

For Colombia, the twentieth century began with the:

Answer 76

U.S.-backed Panamanian declaration of independence from Colombia in 1903

Question 77

he chief advocate of middle-class reform in Venezuela during this century was:

Answer 77

Rómulo Betancourt; The driving force behind the establishing of Accion Democratica; Betancourt provided the ideological impetus for middle-class initiatives; Influenced by Marx and Peruvian Raul Haya de la Torre,

Question 78

The spark that caused La Violencia in Colombia was the:

Answer 78

assassination of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán by a mentally disturbed in 1948

Question 79

One of the potential economic drawbacks of breaking up the great estates through land reform is:

Answer 79

The creation of minifundia; peasants received about 2.2 hectares each, aparcel of land too small to fully employ those who owned it. Thus,family members either had to sit idle during parts of the year or find work elsewhere to support themselves

Question 80

Since 1949, the Colombian government has:

Answer 80

faced the challenge of leftist guerrilla warfare

Question 81

Colombia has had difficulty eliminating the cocaine industry because:

Answer 81

government officials in many cases are allies of the drug barons AND its economy is dependent upon drug income

Question 82

Over the course of his Columbian political career, Rómulo Betancourt appeared to:

Answer 82

become increasingly less radical when he returned to the presidency in the election of December 1958, probably a reaction against events in Cuba,

Question 83

President Carter tried to make _____ a cornerstone of his Latin American policy.

Answer 83

human rights

Question 84

In comparing U.S. and British policies toward Latin America during the nineteenth century, the:

Answer 84

Americans were generally less diplomatically and economically engaged; As the foremost industrial and naval power in the Atlantic during the 1800s, Britain sought military influence, investment opportunities,markets for its manufactures, and customers for its export goods in Latin America. Meanwhile, the U.S. lagged behind in building its industrial base.

Question 85

During the administration of _____, the U.S. agreed to surrender control of the canal to Panama in 2000.

Answer 85

Jimmy Carter

Question 86

The American treaty with Panama in 1903 regarding the canal:

Answer 86

gave the U.S. sovereignty over part of Panamanian territory

Question 87

Between 1945 and 1990, the Cold War:

Answer 87

became U.S. justification for intervention in Latin America

Question 88

During the 1980's, U.S. policy toward Latin America:

Answer 88

led to the invasion of Grenada and Panama; sought better relations with the military dictatorships of Chile and Argentina; aggressively backed regimes fighting leftist insurgencies

Question 89

PRIOR to the late-nineteenth century, the Monroe Doctrine (1893) was:

Answer 89

little used AND most importantly used as a basis for opposing Emperor Maximilian

Question 90

The Good Neighbor Policy of 1933 purported to end:

Answer 90

American policing of Latin America; the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine; Gun-Boat Diplomacy

Question 91

President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress in 1961:

Answer 91

aimed to achieve the capitalist development of Latin America; was most successful in strengthening the Latin American military; was a direct response to the Cuban Revolution

Question 92

The Roosevelt Corollary (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine:

Answer 92

asserted the U.S. right to maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere AND justified American interventionism