History of life on earth

Question 1

Earth and its moon formed

Answer 1

4.6bya ago

Question 2

Stages through which simple cells were formed

Answer 2

I)abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
II)joining organic molecules to form macromolecules
III)packaging of macromolecules into protocells
IV)origin of self replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible

Question 3

Micro evolution

Answer 3

How populations change over time

Question 4

Macro evolution

Answer 4

Large scale changes in large taxonomic groups over long periods of time

Question 5

Relative dating

Answer 5

Comparing sedimentary strata to find the relative ages of fossil with the assumption those deeper in the sedimentary rock are older than those more shallow In sedimentary rock

Question 6

Radiometric dating

Answer 6

Finding the absolute ages of fossils by measuring radioactive isotopes and decay products

Question 7

Half life

Answer 7

Time required for parent isotope to decay

Question 8

Radiocarbon dating

Answer 8

Most common radio metric dating, measures the carbon isotope 14c and its decay products

Question 9

Geologic time scale

Answer 9

Is a system of chronological dating used to describe the timing and relationship of events in geologic history

Question 10

Geologic time scale

Answer 10

Eons, eras,periods, epochs, ages
(Oldest to newest)

Question 11

Major events in life history

Answer 11

I)first life on earth
II)oxygen revolution
III)origin of first eukaryotes
IV) origin of first multicellular organisms

Question 12

Stromatolites

Answer 12

Oldest known fossils, they are rocked formed by the accumulation of sedimentary rocks on microbial mats

Question 13

Microbial mats

Answer 13

Multilayered sheets of prokaryotes

Question 14

Stromatolites

Answer 14

Date back to 3.5 bya

Question 15

First life On earth

Answer 15

Prokaryotes most likely bacteria

Question 16

Oxygen revolution

Answer 16

2.4 to 2 bya

Question 17

Oldest known eukaryotic fossils

Answer 17

Protists, date back to 2.1 bya

Question 18

Endosymbiosis

Answer 18

Process where prokaryotic cell is engulfed by the host cell (and over time the engulfed cell becomes a dependent part of the host cell)

Question 19

Primary endosymbiosis

Answer 19

Engulfed prokaryote developes into a cell structure within a eukaryotic cell

Question 20

Secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 20

Product of endosymbiosis is engulfed and retained by another free living eukaryote

Question 21

Evidence for endosymbiosis

Answer 21

I)inner structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts looks like the plasma membrane of prokaryotes

Question 22

Evidence for endosymbiosis

Answer 22

II)mitochondria and chloroplasts can transcribe and translate their own DNA regardless of the cell they’re In

Question 23

Evidence for endosymbiosis

Answer 23

III) division and DNA structure in mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar if some prokaryotes

Question 24

Evidence for endosymbiosis

Answer 24

IV)Their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotes than eukaryotes

Question 25

Origin of first multicellular organisms

Answer 25

Algae, which dates back to 1.2 bya

Question 26

Ediacaran biota

Answer 26

Assemblage of larger and more diverse soft bodied organisms that lived in the ediacaran period from 635 to 541 mya

Question 27

Cambrian explosion

Answer 27

Period where animal fossils most resembling most modern animal phyla started suddenly appearing about 541 mya ( number of animals diversified rapidly)

Question 28

Hypothesis for Cambrian explosion

Answer 28

I)predator-prey relationships

Question 29

Hypothesis for Cambrian explosion

Answer 29

II)rise in atmospheric oxygen level led to increased metabolic rate and body size.

Question 30

Hypothesis for Cambrian explosion

Answer 30

III) evolution of hox gene complexes (regulate development of animal body) resulted in developmental flexibility

Question 31

Hox gene complexes

Answer 31

Regulate development of animal body

Question 32

Fungi and plants colonization

Answer 32

500 mya

Question 33

Plate tectonics

Answer 33

Earth’s crust is composed of plates rotating on earth’s mantle which are capable of slow, large scale movements.

Question 34

Mass extinction

Answer 34

When rate of extinction does not occur at a normal constant rate, but occurs dramatically

Question 35

Mass extinction is the result of

Answer 35

Disruptive global environmental changes

Question 36

End permian

Answer 36

Largest mass extinction,81% marine species lost and 70% terrestrial vertebrates

Question 37

End cretaceous

Answer 37

Most well known mass extinction, 65 mya wiped out non avian reptiles

Question 38

Consequences of mass extinctions

Answer 38

I) can alter ecological communities and the niches available to them

Question 39

Consequences of mass extinction

Answer 39

II) can take 5-100 million years for diversity to recover

Question 40

Consequences of mass extinctions

Answer 40

III) can change the type of organisms found in ecological communities

Question 41

Adaptive radiation

Answer 41

Rapid evolution of diversely adapted species from a single common ancestor within a relatively short time span.

Question 42

Adaptive radiation may follow

Answer 42

I) mass extinctions
II)the evolution of novel characteristics
III)colonization of new geographic areas

Question 43

What evolutionary process occurs after a mass extinction

Answer 43

Adaptive radiation