Taxonomy and phylogeny

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

Science of classification and naming organisms

Question 2

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 2

Naming organisms

Question 3

Hierachy

Answer 3

Classifying organisms into groups

Question 4

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 4

Species has a unique name, two of them, the genus name and specific species epithet

Question 5

Scientific name

Answer 5

Genus name and specific species epithet

Question 6

Why we use scientific name

Answer 6

Clearer communication between different researchers, prevents confusion that comes with using common name

Question 7

Scientific name

Answer 7

Italicized when printed and underlined when handwritten, genus in capital letters, specific species epithet lowercase

Question 8

Taxonomic hierarchy

Answer 8

Did king Phillip come over for good sex

Question 9

Systematics

Answer 9

Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

Question 10

Domains

Answer 10

I) arches
II) bacteria
III) eukarya

Question 11

Kingdoms

Answer 11

I)Animalia
II) planetae
III) fungi

Question 12

Phylogeny

Answer 12

Is the evolutionary history of organisms

Question 13

Goal of systematics

Answer 13

Is to generate an evolutionary tree or phylogeny that relates all living and extinct species

Question 14

Taxon

Answer 14

Organisms or group of organisms. Plural taxa

Question 15

Terminal taxa

Answer 15

At side of branches, can be extinct or living, have no descendants on the tree

Question 16

Sister taxa

Answer 16

Most likely related to each other than any other taxon

Question 17

Basal taxon

Answer 17

Evolved first, found at base. Selected purposefully to be an organisms less closely related to other members of the tree to root the tree.

Question 18

Polytomy

Answer 18

Unknown pattern of divergence

Question 19

Analogy

Answer 19

Similarity due to convergent evolution

Question 20

Use of phylogeny

Answer 20

I) can provide information about similar characteristics in closely related species
II)can be used to trace viral evolution, antibiotic resistance,etc.

Question 21

Homology

Answer 21

Similarly due to shared ancestor

Question 22

How are phylogenies constructed

Answer 22

I) systematists need to distinguish if similarly is due to analogy or homology

Question 23

Homoplasies

Answer 23

Analogous structures that evolved independently

Question 24

Cladistics or phylogenetic systematics

Answer 24

Grouping of organism based on common descent

Question 25

Cladistics

Answer 25

Systematic process that groups organisms by common descent

Question 26

Monophyletic

Answer 26

Valid Clade, includes ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 27

Clade

Answer 27

Is a group of species that includes ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 28

Paraphyletic

Answer 28

Non Clade group, has clade and only some of its descendants

Question 29

Polyphyletic

Answer 29

Do not share a common ancestor included in the grouping

Question 30

Shared derived character

Answer 30

Evolutionary novelty unique to a particular Clade

Question 31

Clade names are found

Answer 31

Labels next to branching points

Question 32

Shared ancestral character

Answer 32

Originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Question 33

Outgroup

Answer 33

Species or group of species close to the ingroup

Question 34

Unique derived character

Answer 34

Only found in one taxon

Question 35

Characters shared by ingroup and outgroup

Answer 35

Ancestral characteristics

Question 36

Derived characters

Answer 36

Found in the ingroup and absent in the outgroup

Question 37

Branch lengths can tell

Answer 37

Genetic change or chronological time

Question 38

How to tell if phylogeny is right

Answer 38

Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood

Question 39

Maximum parsimony

Answer 39

Based on occam razor, it assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely.

Question 40

Occam razor

Answer 40

Principle that of two explanations that accounts all the facts the simpler explanation is more likely to be correct

Question 41

Maximum likelihood

Answer 41

Given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.

Question 42

Best trees

Answer 42

Supported by maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood

Question 43

Best hypothesis for phylogenetic trees fit the most Data

Answer 43

Morphological, fossil and molecular

Question 44

Clade

Answer 44

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants