History of Medicinal Plants

Question 1

Where are the roots of European medicine?

Answer 1

North Africa (ancient Egypt, Nile Valley)

Question 2

What year was the EBERS PAPYRUS from?

Answer 2

1550 BCE

Question 3

What year was the EVERUS PAPYRUS discovered?

Answer 3

1873

Question 4

Who was known as the “father of medicine?

Answer 4

Hippocrates from Greece

Question 5

From what time period was Hippocrates alive?

Answer 5

460-377 BCE

Question 6

Who was known as “the father of botany”?

Answer 6

Theophrastus from Greece

Question 7

What book did Theophrastus write, and in what year?

Answer 7

Enquiry into Plants- 300 BCE

Question 8

Who wrote “On Medical Matters” in 77 CE?

Answer 8

Dioscorides from Greece

Question 9

What time period was Dioscorides alive and what did he study?

Answer 9

40-90 CE- pharmacology

Question 10

In regards to pharmacology who expanded on Dioscorides work and payed attention to administration and dosing?

Answer 10

Galen from Rome

Question 11

What time period was Galen alive?

Answer 11

129-200 AD

Question 12

In the middle ages (476-1469 CE) what major medical schools were established?

Answer 12

Salerno & University of Bologna in Italy
Montpellier & University of Paris in France
Oxford University in England

Question 13

Who translated Islamic medical texts into Latin for Salerno in the middle ages?

Answer 13

Constantine the African

Question 14

When was Constantine the African alive, and where did he study?

Answer 14

1010-1087, and studied in Africa & Baghdad.

Question 15

What time period was known as the “age of herbals”?

Answer 15

Renaissance (1470-1670)

Question 16

What are Incunabula?

Answer 16

Books printed in the early years of printing, 1450-1500.

Question 17

Who wrote De Histora Stripium in Basal, 1542?

Answer 17

Leonhart Fuchs

Question 18

What did De Histora Stipium contain?

Answer 18

Excellent and clear illustrations based on Galen and Dioscorides.

Question 19

What did Pier Andrea Mattioli write in Venice, 1544?

Answer 19

Commentari

Question 20

What did Commentari contain?

Answer 20

Translated and explained information from Dioscories.

Question 21

What did William Turner write in London, 1551? What did it contain?

Answer 21

New Herbal- describe medicinal plants in England.

Question 22

Who wrote Cruydebueok in Antwerpl, 1554? What did it contain?

Answer 22

Rembert Dodoens- 800+ accurate wood cuts

Question 23

What did Gambattista Porta write in Naples, 1558? What did it contain?

Answer 23

Phytognomonic- “Plant indicators” elaboration of Doctrine of Signatures.

Question 24

Paracelcus (Swiss, 1493-1541) strongly advocated for what?

Answer 24

Doctrine of Signatures.

Question 25

What does the Doctrine of Signatures state?

Answer 25

Plants take on the appearance of the organ/ailment they will cure.

Question 26

Name two societies Doctrine was popular in?

Answer 26

Chinese medicine and Indigenous medicine in NA.

Question 27

What doctrine of signature plant relieved liver trouble?

Answer 27

Liverwort

Question 28

What doctrine of signature plant was an antidote for snake venom?

Answer 28

snakeroot

Question 29

What doctrine of signature plant cured snakebites and inflammation?

Answer 29

Adder's Tongue

Question 30

What doctrine of signature plant cured pulmonary diseases?

Answer 30

Lungwort

Question 31

What doctrine of signature plant cured blood disorders, induced vomiting and acted as a laxative?

Answer 31

Bloodroot

Question 32

What doctrine of signature plant expelled intestinal parasites?

Answer 32

Wormwood

Question 33

What were the three classical treatments in ancient Chinese medicine?

Answer 33

Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Herbal medicines.

Question 34

In traditional Chinese medicine, what was the act of stimulation by needle or pressure of blocked Qi?

Answer 34

Acupuncture

Question 35

In traditional Chinese medicine what was the act of burning moxa (mugwort, Artemesia vulgaris) in proximity to affected energy points to encourage healing?

Answer 35

Moxibustion

Question 36

In traditional Chinese medicine what was a combination of herbal remedies called?

Answer 36

Herbal medicine

Question 37

What is the emphasis of the body and psych as a whole called?

Answer 37

Holistic medicine

Question 38

Traditional Chinese medicine can be traced back to which two emperors?

Answer 38

Yellow Emperor Huangdi and Fire Emperor Shennong

Question 39

How many years ago did the supposed Yellow Emperor and Fire Emperor live?

Answer 39

4500-4700 years ago

Question 40

Which Chinese emperor created the canon of internal medicine?

Answer 40

Yellow Emperor (Huangdi Neijing)

Question 41

Which Chinese emperor created the classic of herbal medicine?

Answer 41

Fire Emperor (Shennong Ben Coa Jing)

Question 42

At what time does evidence suggest the canon of internal medicine and classic of herbal medicine was written?

Answer 42

During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE)

Question 43

How did the Yellow Emperor's canon offer a "compromise" in Chinese medicine?

Answer 43

Bridged the two major school systems (Confusian and Taoist) to form a single form of medical philosophy and practice.

Question 44

Who was the "hippochrates" of China?

Answer 44

Zhang Zhongjing

Question 45

What did Zhang Zhongjing write?

Answer 45

Treatise on Cold, Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases (Shanghan Zabing Lun)

Question 46

When did Chinese medicine flourish?

Answer 46

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Question 47

Li Shizhen wrote what in 1580? What did it entail?

Answer 47

Compendium of Materia Medica. Over 1800 medicinal plants.

Question 48

In Islamic medicine what were the earliest medicinal clay tablets called?

Answer 48

Sumerian

Question 49

When was the earliest Sumerian found?

Answer 49

2200 BCE

Question 50

Which cultures did Islamic medicine stem from?

Answer 50

Mesopotamia, India, Persia, Greece, North Africa, along with travellers

Question 51

Which North African man wrote “Treatise on Simple Drugs” and “Provisions for the Traveller and the Nourishment of the Settled”?

Answer 51

Ibn al-Jazzar (979 AD)

Question 52

Where did the Islamic empire expand from?

Answer 52

North Africa to the Iberian Peninsula

Question 53

Who wrote “Canon of Medicine” in Islamic medicine?

Answer 53

Ibn Sina or Avicenna (980-1037)

Question 54

What levels did Ayurvedic (Indian Hindu) medicine treat?

Answer 54

Ministerial (herb for each ailment) and Sovereign (herbal potions for all illness).

Question 55

What were the 3 treatment stages of Ayurvedic Medicine?

Answer 55

Cleaning (shofar), palliation (shaman), rejuvenation (rasayana)

Question 56

What occurs in cleansing (shodan)?

Answer 56

Purging, blood cleansing, nasal cleaning

Question 57

What occurs in palliation (shaman)?

Answer 57

Taking of herbs, fasting, chanting, yoga, mediation, sunning

Question 58

What occurs during rejuvenation (rasayana)?

Answer 58

Use of herbal tonics to revitalize metabolism.

Question 59

What did the Rigveda (1700-1100 BCE) entail?

Answer 59

Ancient repository of human knowledge, many praises and hymns.

Question 60

What book was the foundation of medicine in Hindu India in 1000 BCE? How many sections were there?

Answer 60

Ayurveda- 8 sections.

Question 61

What are the two works of Ayurveda?

Answer 61

Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita

Question 62

What time period did the Greek and Indian civilizations meet?

Answer 62

Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE)

Question 63

What was a big change to Ayurvedic medicine in India?

Answer 63

Buddhism- saw surgery as violence, but added to herbal lore.

Question 64

Which 3 nations invaded India pushing out Ayurvedic medicine?

Answer 64

Greek, Scythians, Muslim