History of microbiology (midterm)

Question 1

What is Antony van Leeuwenhoek credited with?

Answer 1

First to observe live microorganisms in water, mud, and saliva (father of microbiology) – 1600s.

Question 2

Who is credited with first observing live microorganisms in water, mud, and saliva?

Answer 2

Antony von Leeuwenhoek

Question 3

To which time period does Antony von Leeuwenhoek belong?

Answer 3

1600s

Question 4

When were live microorganisms first observed in water, mud, and saliva?

Answer 4

1600s

Question 5

What is John Hunter credited with?

Answer 5

A leading authority on venereal diseases, although he falsely believed syphilis and gonorrhea to be caused by a single pathogen – 1700s.

Question 6

Who was considered a leading authority on venereal diseases?

Answer 6

John Hunter

Question 7

To which time period does John Hunter belong?

Answer 7

1700s

Question 8

Which of John Hunter’s beliefs has been falsified?

Answer 8

The belief that syphilis and gonorrhea are caused by a single pathogen.

Question 9

What is Edward Jenner credited with?

Answer 9

Pioneering the principle of immunization and creating the world’s first vaccine, the smallpox vaccine – late 1700s–early 1800s.

Question 10

Who created the first vaccine?

Answer 10

Edward Jenner

Question 11

What disease was the first vaccine created against?

Answer 11

Smallpox

Question 12

To which time period does Edward Jenner belong?

Answer 12

Late 1700s–early 1800s

Question 13

In which time period was the first vaccine created?

Answer 13

Late 1700s–early 1800s

Question 14

What is John Snow credited with?

Answer 14

Locating the source of a cholera outbreak in London and identifying it as waterborne (father of modern epidemiology) – 1800s

Question 15

To which time period does John Snow belong?

Answer 15

1800s

Question 16

Who discovered that cholera is a waterborne disease?

Answer 16

John Snow

Question 17

What is Ignaz Semmelweis credited with?

Answer 17

Pioneering antiseptic procedures and establishing the importance of handwashing in preventing puerperal sepsis (savior of mothers) – 1800s

Question 18

To which time period does Ignaz Semmelweis belong?

Answer 18

1800s

Question 19

Which scientist discovered the importance of antiseptic procedures in preventing puerperal fever?

Answer 19

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 20

What disease was discovered to be preventable with proper handwashing?

Answer 20

Puerperal sepsis/fever

Question 21

In which time period was puerperal sepsis discovered to be preventable with proper handwashing?

Answer 21

1800s

Question 22

What is Louis Pasteur credited with?

Answer 22

1. Discovering alcohol fermentation in microorganisms
2. Inventing pasteurization of milk and wine
3. Creating the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax
   1800s

Question 23

To which time period does Louis Pasteur belong?

Answer 23

1800s

Question 24

Who created the first vaccine for rabies?

Answer 24

Louis Pasteur

Question 25

Who created the first vaccine for anthrax?

Answer 25

Louis Pasteur

Question 26

What is Robert Koch credited with?

Answer 26

Developing microbiological media and streak plates; laying Koch's postulates for the germ theory – 1800s

Question 27

To which time period does Robert Koch belong?

Answer 27

1800s

Question 28

What are Koch's postulates?

Answer 28

1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease 2. The organism must be grown in a pure culture from the diseased host 3. Inoculation of the microorganism in a susceptible host must produce the disease 4. The same microorganism must be isolated from the experimentally infected host

Question 29

In which time period were Koch's postulates laid?

Answer 29

1800s

Question 30

Who was the first scientist to provide suitable evidence for the germ theory?

Answer 30

Robert Koch ## Footnote Louis Pasteur speculated on the role of microorganisms in disease, but his views were not commonly believed during his time due to insufficient empirical evidence

Question 31

What is Alexander Fleming credited with?

Answer 31

Discovery of the first broadly effective antibiotic, penicillin G – 1928

Question 32

When was penicillin G discovered?

Answer 32

1928

Question 33

Who discovered penicillin G?

Answer 33

Alexander Fleming

Question 34

Which microorganism was penicillin G isolated from?

Answer 34

*Penicillium rubens* (a mold)

Question 35

What is Kary Mullis credited with?

Answer 35

The invention of PCR – 1986

Question 36

Who invented PCR?

Answer 36

Kary Mullis

Question 37

When was PCR invented?

Answer 37

1986

Question 38

What is Harald zur Hausen credited with?

Answer 38

Discovering the role of papilloma viruses in cervical cancer

Question 39

Who established the role of papilloma viruses in cervical cancer?

Answer 39

Harald zur Hausen