Microbiology and immunology > Cytokines (midterm) > Flashcards

Cytokines (midterm) Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What are the type I interferons?

A
  • IFN-α
  • IFN-β
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2
Q

What are the type II interferons?

A
  • IFN-γ
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3
Q

What cells secrete type I interferons?

A
  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in response to viruses
  • Conventional dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, endothelial cells as a consequence of TLR3/TLR4 activation
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4
Q

What is the function of type I interferons?

A
  • Sequestration of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs
    The antiviral state:
  • Increased cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells/NK cells
  • Upregulation of MHC-I proteins
  • Decreased RNA translation
  • Increased activity of RNAases
  • Increased activity of GTPases
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5
Q

Which cytokines are responsible for the antiviral state?

A

Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β)

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6
Q

What cells secrete type II interferons?

A
  • NK cells
  • CD4+ TH1 cells
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7
Q

What is the function of type II interferons?

A
  • Classical (M1) activation of macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens
  • Class-switching of B cells to IgG
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8
Q

Which cytokines are responsible for classical (M1) activation of intracellular pathogens?

A

Type II interferons (IFN-γ)

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9
Q

Which cytokines are responsible for class-switching to IgG?

A

Type II interferons (IFN-γ)

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10
Q

Which cells secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?

A
  • NK cells
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Not epithelia or neutrophils
    (All via the action of TLRs, NLRs, or RLRs)

The fact that TNF is not produced by epithelia or neutrophils is the main difference between TNF and IL-1

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11
Q

What are the functions of TNF?

A
  • Increasing NK cell cytotoxicity
    Local inflammatory effects:
  • Increasing expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells
  • Stimulation phagocytes to release cytokines and chemokines for inflammation and leukocyte chemotaxis
    Systemic protective effects:
  • Fever
  • Stimulating leukocyte production in the bone marrow
    Systemic pathologic effects:
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Formation of thrombi in blood vessels
  • Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle
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12
Q

Which cytokines are responsible for induction of fever?

A
  • TNF
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
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13
Q

Which cytokine increases the cytotoxicity of NK cells?

A

TNF

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14
Q

Which cytokines are responsible for increased production of acute phase proteins?

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
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15
Q

Which cytokines increase expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells?

A
  • TNF
  • IL-1
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16
Q

To which family of cytokines does BAFF (BLyS) belong?

A

Tumor necrosis factors

(Not sure if this is required)

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17
Q

What is the function of BAFF (BLyS)?

A

Preventing activated B cell death

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18
Q

What is the function of Bcl-2?

(Not a cytokine)

A

An anti-apoptotic protein in B cells
Damage to the BCL2 gene is implicated in chronic B lymphocytic leukemia

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19
Q

Which cells secrete IL-17?

A

CD4+ TH17 cells

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20
Q

What is the function of IL-17?

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A

Leads to recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils (via release of other cytokines)

21
Q

What cells secrete IL-12?

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A
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
22
Q

What is the function of IL-12?

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A

Activation of NK cells

23
Q

What is the receptor through which NK cells are activated?

24
Q

What is the receptor through which basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells are activated?

25
What cells secrete IL-15?
* Macrophages * Dendritic cells
26
What is the function of IL-15?
Activation of NK cells
27
What cells secrete IL-4?
CD4+ TH2 cells
28
What is the function of IL-4?
* M2 activation of macrophages * Class-switching to IgE
29
What cells secrete IL-13?
CD4+ TH2 cells
30
What is the function of IL-13?
M2 activation of macrophages
31
What cells secrete IL-13?
CD4+ TH2 cells
32
What is the function of IL-13?
M2 activation of macrophages
33
What cells secrete IL-18?
* Macrophages * Dendritic cells * Neutrophils * Some epithelial cells (Via action of the NLRP class of NLRs)
34
What is the function of IL-18?
Pro-inflammatory mediator
35
What cells secrete IL-1?
* Macrophages * Dendritic cells * **Neutrophils** * **Epithelial cells** (Via the combined action of NLRs and TLRs)
36
What are the functions of IL-1?
**Local inflammatory effects:** * Increasing expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells * Stimulation phagocytes to release cytokines and chemokines for inflammation and leukocyte chemotaxis **Systemic protective effects:** * Fever * Production of acute phase proteins * Stimulating leukocyte production in the bone marrow **Systemic pathologic effects:** * Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle
37
What cells produce IL-6?
* Macrophages * Dendritic cells * Neutrophils * Epithelial cells
38
What is the function of IL-6?
* Promotes formation of TH17 cells **Systemic protective effects:** * Fever * Production of acute phase proteins * Stimulating leukocyte production in the bone marrow
39
What is the function of IL-8?
CXCL8—promotes chemotaxis and phagocytosis
40
What cells secrete IL-8?
* Macrophages * Epithelial cells * Endothelial cells * Airway smooth muscle cells
41
What is the ligand of CXCR5?
CXCL13
42
What cells secrete CXCL13?
Follicular dendritic cells
43
What is the receptor for CXCL13?
CXCR5
44
What is the ligand for CCR19/CCR21?
CCL7
45
What is the receptor for CCL7?
CCR19/CCR21
46
Where does the gradient of CXCL13 lead?
Secondary follicles (B cell zones)
47
Where does the gradient of CCL7 lead?
Marginal zone of T cell zone
48
What is the function of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
Class-switching to IgA
Microbiology and immunology
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