History Of Ot

Question 1

History of Occupational Therapy

Answer 1

•Relatively new as a profession, but timeless as an ideal
Centennial Anniversary is 2017!

• Rooted in historical events; world events, personalities, social movements
• Evolving over time

Question 2

ANCIENT HISTORY

Answer 2

Curative value of occupations recognized by Early Egyptians, Greeks, and Chinese Cultures

Question 3

1700s – Beginnings of Moral Treatment

Answer 3

•1792 – Phillipe Pinel advocates use of exercise and occupations vs. restraints for the insane

• In England, William Tuke establishes the 1st ‘Asylum’ (refuge)
• Activities & occupations are used to promote self-control & habit training

•Physicians in Spain note that charity pts who work recover faster than idle wealthy pts

Question 4

Moral Treatment

Answer 4

• Kindness and occupation
• Part of a larger social reform movement that included prison reform, working conditions, rights of children
• Based on the belief that the insane were still ‘creatures of reason’
• Compassion rather than cruelty
• One of the ‘Big 3’ advances in medicine in the 19th century… but…
• Fell out of favor by the late 1800’s.

Question 5

CIVIL WAR - 1800s: THE “DARK AGES”

Answer 5

•New theories about illness - mental illness seen as incurable

• Rapid Social Changes in US:
• Resources allocated to civil war effort
• Overcrowding of institutions / shift to custodial model
• Influx of immigrants
• Social Darwinism
• Industrialization of society
• Crowded cities, industrial accidents

Question 6

LATE 1800s - EARLY 1900s:

Progressive Era / BIRTH OF OT

Answer 6

• Social Activism
• Re-emergence of concepts of moral treatment
• Mental Hygiene Movement
• Efforts to improve conditions in institutions

•Arts & Crafts Movement ; curative occupations

Question 7

LATE 1800s - EARLY 1900s:

Scientific Revolution / BIRTH OF OT

Answer 7

• New advances in science / medicine
• New advances in psychotherapy
• Being recognition of mind-body unity

Question 8

Birth of OT

Answer 8

• Recognition that systematic application of occupation, based on scientific reasoning, had therapeutic benefits.
• 1st meeting of NSPOT , March 1917, Clifton Springs, NY
• NSPOT later became AOTA

Question 9

Early 1920’s

Answer 9

•1922 First official journal “Archives of OT”

• 1920’s
• significant medical advances,
• better conditions in hospitals,
• behaviorism developing,
• continuing interest in arts & crafts

Question 10

WWI: DEVELOPMENT PERIOD

Answer 10

• Army psychiatrist requested occupational workers to work with wounded soldiers
• Scrub Women/Reconstruction Aides used crafts to motivate and reactivate the minds and bodies of wounded & shell-shocked soldiers
• Returned from war to find great demand for their services in hospitals

Question 11

1929 - 1940:

THE DEPRESSION YEARS

Answer 11

•Growth of profession slowed by depression

• AOTA linked with AMA for support & credibility/ AMA oversees accreditation of educational programs
• OT considered female profession

•Federal Government first entered health care, affecting funding and regulation of care

Question 12

1942 - 1960:

THE REHABILITATION MOVEMENT

Answer 12

• Increased need for therapists due to WWII
• Medical advances = more people with disabilities
• Awareness of people with disabilities
• OT involved with ADLs, rehab
• Movement away from mental health to physical disabilities
• Beginning of specialization in OT
• Emergence of COTAs
• OT in need of theoretical framework to support new treatment approaches

Question 13

1960s - 1980s:

Technological & Social Revolution

Answer 13

• Turbulent era
• Viet Nam War, Civil Rights movement
• Medical advances
• Triage, advances in critical care including NICU, SCI, TBI
• Greater focus on phys dysfunction, less focus on occupation
• Medicare and Medicaid Legislation (1965)
• State licensure (1975 – MD)
• 1970s -1980s - Deinstitutionalization
• Theorists : Reilly, Ayres, Fidler, Mosey, Yerxa

Question 14

1990s: HEALTH CARE REFORM

Answer 14

• Early 1990s - OT shortage
• Aging population
• Increase in violence/ awareness & cost
• AIDS
• ADA, IDEA
• Late 1990s: Republican congress, Medicare Fraud, OT market saturated, PPS, job shortages
• Clark, Kielhofner

Question 15

2000- Present

Answer 15

• Occupational Science
• Ongoing Federal and State legislation reform
• Cost containment
• Increasing quality
• Measureable outcomes
• Global and cultural influence on conceptual models of practice (Kawa model)
• Research, Evidenced Based Practice
• Baum, Wilcock, Townsend