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Psych 101 > History of psychology > Flashcards

History of psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Define psychology

A

scientific study of mind and behaviour

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2
Q

What is the mind?

A

set of private events that happen inside a person- perceptions, memories, thoughts and feelings that have no actual physical presence

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3
Q

What does behaviour mean?

A

refers to a set of public events- the things we do and say that can potentially be observed by others

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4
Q

What is philosophical dualism?

A
  • embraced by Descartes in 16th and 17th
  • view that mind and body are fundamentally different things
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5
Q

How did Thomas Hobbes define the mind ?

A
  • mind and brain aren’t fundamentally different things
  • the mind is what the brain does
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6
Q

Define philosophical materialism

A

view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena

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7
Q

What is philosophical realism?

A
  • coined by John Locke
  • view that our perceptions of the physical world are a faithful copy of information from the world that enters our brains through our sensory apparatus
  • your eye is a camera that sends a picture of the world to your brain
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8
Q

What did Immanuel Kant think of philosophical realism?

A

suggested our perceptions of the world are less like photos that provide an image of the world and more like paintings that provide an interpretation of the world.

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9
Q

Define philosophical idealism

A
  • view that our perceptions of the physical world are our brain’s best interpretation of the info that enters through our sensory apparatus
  • not just reflecting the info that entered your eye but interpreting it> what your brain believes the object looks like
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10
Q

Define philosophical empiricism

A
  • view that all knowledge is acquired through experience
  • a new born baby is a tabula rasa ( blank slate) Locke
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10
Q

Define philosophical nativism

A
  • view that some knowledge is innate rather than acquired
  • humans must be born with some basic knowledge of the world
  • few pre-programmed bits of knowledge about basic concepts: space, time, causality and number
  • Kant
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11
Q

Which philosopher was right: empiricism or nativism?

A
  • research suggests that some of what we know is indeed hardwired into our brains
  • newborns seem to have some basic knowledge of laws of physics and math
  • nature vs nurture
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12
Q

Define reaction time

A

the amount of time between the onset of a stimulus and a person’s response to that stimulus

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13
Q

Define structuralism

A

approach to psychology that attempted to isolate and analyze the mind’s basic elements

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14
Q

Who pioneered Systemic Observation aka introspection?

A

Edward Titchener

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15
Q

Define introspection

A

analysis of subjective experience by trained observers

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16
Q

Define functionalism

A

approach to psychology that emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes

17
Q

What is natural selection and who coined the term?

A
  • Charles darwin: On the origin of species by means of natural selection
  • process by which the specific attributes that promote an organisms survival and reproduction become more prevalent in the pop over time
18
Q

Define hsyteria

A

loss of function that has no obvious physical origin

19
Q

What is Freud’s concept of the unconscious?

A
  • part of the mind that contains info of which people aren’t aware
20
Q

What is freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

A

general theory that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviours
- believed the only way to confront our unconscious was through psychoanalysis

21
Q

Define Freud’s psychoanalysis

A

therapy that aims to give people insights into the contents of their unconscious minds

22
Q

Define behaviourism

A

an approach to sociology that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behaviour

23
Q

What is the principle of reinforcement and who coined it ?

A
  • Skinner experiment 1977:
  • any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and any behaviour that isn’t rewarded won’t be repeated
  • skinner believed free will was an illusion and that behavior is nothing more than the sum of its consequences: people do what they are rewarded for doing and their sense of choice is a dangerous fiction
24
Q

What was Max Wertheimer interested in? (19th century Germany)

A
  • how people perceive motion
  • in one of his experiments he showed participants 2 lights that flashed quickly on a screen one after the other > discovered illusory motion
25
Q

What is Wertheimer’s illusory motion?

A
  • idea that because the mind has theories about how the world works, and uses these theories to make sense of incoming sensory data
    e.g. “when an object is in one location and then instantly appears in a different one, it probably moved”
26
Q

What did Wertheimer call his approach?

A

Gestalt psychology: approach to psychology that emphasizes the way in which the mind creates perceptual experience

27
Q

What did Jean Piaget learn about children and gestalt psych?

A
  • the mind has theories about how the world works
  • because small children have not yet learned these theories they view the world in a fundamentally different way than adults
  • led him to create developmental psych
28
Q

Define developmental psych

A

study of how psychological phenomena change over the life span

29
Q

Who gave birth to social psychology?

A

Kurt Lewin, 1930s
- believed that behavior is not a function off the environment but of the persons subjective construal of the environment.
- responses don’t depend on stimuli (behaviorists) but how people think about those stimuli

30
Q

Define social psych

A

study of the causes and consequences of sociality

31
Q

What shift happened in psych in the late 1900s ?

A

the cognitive revolution
- rise of cognitive psych

32
Q

define cognitive psych

A

study of human information processing

33
Q

What is the psychological study that believes the human mind has been shaped by natural selection?

A

evolutionary psychology

34
Q

What shift happened in the early 2000s?

A
  • the rise of neuroscience
  • the study of the healthy, living brains using technology
35
Q

what is an fMRI ?

A
  • functional magnetic resonance imaging
  • maps show the amount of blood different parts of a human’s brain at different points in time
  • neural activity requires oxygen and blood supplies it> it tells us which areas of the brain were processing the most information at any particular time
36
Q

What 2 new areas of psych did the advent of the fMRI give birth to?

A
  • cognitive neuroscience: study of the relationship btw brain and the mind
  • behavioral neuroscience: study of the relationship btw the brain and behavior
37
Q

Define culture

A

refers to the values, traditions, and beliefs that are shared by a particular group of people (sexual orientation, age, religion, occupation)

38
Q

When did modern anthropology get its start?

A
  • 19th century
  • scholars began to develop theories about the psychological differences between people of different nations
39
Q

define cultural psych

A

study of how culture influences mental life

40
Q

Give an example of cultural psychology

A
  • when Americans and Japanese are shown the same picture Americans saw more diffs inn the foregrounds and Japanese saw more diffs in the background
  • Americans live in an independent and individualistic society
  • Japanese live in interdependent society with many role prescriptions that require to attend to relations and context
  • cultural diffs influence the kinds of visual information to which they naturally attend

Psych 101 (8 decks)

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