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Psych 101 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills, or responses that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.

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2
Q

What are the 3 principle of learning?

A
  • based on experience
  • produces changes in the organism
  • changes are relatively permament
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3
Q

What is habituation?

A
  • a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
  • occurs in even simplest organisms
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4
Q

What is sensitizing?

A

when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response

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5
Q

What are 2 fundamental laws of behaviour?

A
  1. Motivation: selection of actions
  2. Learning & memory: the ability to use information that’s not currently present
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6
Q

What are the 3 ways we learn?

A
  • Through association
  • Through consequences
  • Through acquisition of info that guides behaviour: observational
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7
Q

What is Classical conditioning?

A

pairing a neutral stimulus with a meaningful event or stimulus

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8
Q

What are the 3 ingredients of classical conditioning?

A
  • Unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that leads to a response w/o prior learning
  • Unconditioned response: automatic, reflexive response w/o prior learning
  • Neutral stimulus: stimulus that doesn’t innately provoke a response
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9
Q

What is eye blink conditioning?

A
  • tone followed by puff of air administered to one eye (US)
  • puff of air causes eye to blink (UR)
  • Eventually tone alone causes eye blink (CR)
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10
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
  • form of learning that uses reinforcement and punishment
  • reinforcement: increases likelihood of behaviour
  • punishment: reduces likelihood of a behaviour
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11
Q

What are the cognitive components of operant conditioning?

A
  • organisms behave as though they have clear expectations about the outcomes of their actions & adjust actions accordingly
  • associative mechanisms that underlie operant conditioning have their roots in evolutionary biology
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12
Q

What is acquisition?

A
  • Linking a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus
  • Neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
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13
Q

What is extinction?

A

gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behaviour decreasing or disappearing

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14
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response

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15
Q

What is generalization?

A

Tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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16
Q

Who illustrated the concept of generalization?

A

Pavlov: attached vibrators to various parts of dogs body

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17
Q

What is associative bias?

A

We have innate preference for forming associations that can override statistical correlations
eg. tone + taste paired with poison > taste provokes CR
tone+taste paired with shock> tone provokes CR

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18
Q

What is discrimination?

A

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

19
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A
  • created by Pavlov and explained by Watson
  • learning through association of 2 stimuli to create a response
  • demonstrated learning process can be studied objectively
  • applies to all species
20
Q

Who applied Pavlov’s concept to their study?

A

Watson in his study of Little Albert

21
Q

What is Thorndike’s law of effect?

A

behaviours that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated, and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated.

22
Q

How do drug overdoses occur with classical conditioning?

A
  • When drug is injected, the entire setting functions as the CS, and the addict’s brain reacts to the heroin by secreting neurotransmitters that counteract its effects.
  • Over time, protective physiological response becomes part of CR occurs in the presence of the CS but prior to the actual administration of the drug
  • If the drug is consumed in a new
    setting, much of the conditioned tolerance will disappear and the addict will be more likely to overdose
23
Q

What is Hebb’s rule?

A

the act of sending a NT to a neuron strengthens the bond between the 2, making it easier for them to transmit to each other next time

24
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

a process whereby repeated communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

25
Q

What happens after long-time potentiation in the neuron?

A

the receptor sites increase to allow for easier communication

26
Q

What is post-synaptic depolarization?

A
  • excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) occurs when sodium channels open in response to a stimulus.
  • electrochemical gradient drives sodium to rush into the cell.
  • When sodium brings positive charge into cell > cell’s membrane potential becomes more positive, or depolarizes
27
Q

What is shaping in operant conditioning?

A

Gradually guiding toward closer and
closer approximations of the desired
behaviour

28
Q

What is a reinforcement schedule?

A

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

29
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

reinforcing desired response every time it occurs

30
Q

What is partial/intermittent reinforcement?

A
  • reinforcing a response only some of the time
  • results in slower acquisition of response & greater resistance to extinction than continuous
31
Q

What are the 4 types of Intermittent reinforcement schedules?

A
  • Fixed ratio
  • Variable ratio
  • Fixed interval
  • Variable interval
32
Q

What is fixed interval ratio?

A

reinforcement every nth behaviour

33
Q

What is Variable ratio?

A

reinforcement after random number of behaviours

34
Q

What is Fixed interval?

A

reinforcement for behaviour after fixed time

35
Q

What is Variable Interval?

A

reinforcement for behaviour after a random amount of time

36
Q

What are the 2 ways of reinforcing?

A
  • connection to reward (primary/conditioned)
  • connection to timing (immediate/delayed)
37
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

change in behaviour probability by presenting a reinforcer

38
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

change behaviour probability by stopping or reducing a stimulus

39
Q

What are some limits on operant conditioning?

A
  • Nature limits species’ capacity for operant
    conditioning
  • Biological constraints predispose organisms
    to learn associations that are naturally
    adaptive
  • Instinctive drift occurs as animals revert
    to biologically predisposed patterns
40
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

-frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing actions or observing another doing so
- may enable imitation and empathy

41
Q

What are prosocial effects of observational learning and mirror neurons?

A
  • behaviour modelling enhances learning of comm, sales, service in new employees
  • modelling nonviolent behaviour prompts similar behaviour in others
42
Q

What are antisocial effects of observational learning and mirror neurons?

A
  • abusive parents may have aggressive kids
  • watching media may influence kids
  • violence-viewing effect
43
Q

What kinds of learning techniques have low/high utility according to research?

A

low: highlighting, underlining and rereading
high: practice tests, distributed practice

44
Q

What is latent learning?

A

something that is learned but not manifested as behavioural change until sometime in the future

Psych 101 (8 decks)

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