History of Systematics

Question 1

Zoological systematics was attributed to him

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

He was the first to apply scientific induction to living beings

Answer 2

Aristotle

Question 3

Period where human reasoning is rash and pre-mature, and is applied to nature

Answer 3

Ancient Greeks

Question 4

In ancient greeks period, ______ reasoning was used.

Answer 4

deductive

Question 5

Golden Age of Greece

Answer 5

Ancient Greeks Period

Question 6

Aristotle’s student. He studied more on ?

Answer 6

Theophrastos; plants

Question 7

Weakness of Aristotle and Theophrastos?

Answer 7

incomprehensible and unclear classification scheme

Question 8

he was also able to distinguish vertebrate classes such as reptiles, mammals, and birds

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

period where use of terms, genus and species, became known

Answer 9

Ancient Greeks Period

Question 10

divided the plant world according to habit: trees, shrubs, and herbs

Answer 10

Theophrastos

Question 11

unity of a certain group

Answer 11

genus

Question 12

members of a group or genus

Answer 12

species

Question 13

genus and species were “classes” but in 20th century, ____ was now used to refer to any rank

Answer 13

taxon

Question 15

this saying is why neither Plato or Aristotle didn’t see the necessity to develop a strict dichotomous key because it was implied that these shared characteristics were already apparent and obvious for anyone

Answer 15

Tertium non datur

Question 16

there is no third option

Answer 16

Tertium non datur

Question 17

either they belong to this genus or not

Answer 17

Tertium non datur

Question 17

they grouped species together in this period based on an obvious characteristic

Answer 17

Ancient Greeks

Question 18

hierarchical arrangement (existing levels)

Answer 18

Ladder of Nature Principle of Aristotle

Question 19

Birth of Systematics

Answer 19

Renaissance

Question 20

Key features of life for animals? plants?

Answer 20

animals- circulatory system (w/ red blood or w/o)

plants- growth and reproduction

Question 21

hierarchical arrangement (existing levels)

Answer 21

Ladder of Nature Principle of Aristotle

Question 22

opened an unbiased way of looking at nature; German botanists who arranged genera alphabetically

Answer 22

Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs, Conrad Gesner

Question 23

Defined or undefined

The ladder of nature is focused on hierarchical arrangement of non-living things to living things with ______ barriers
Tertium non datur arranged species with no middle ground or _____ boundary

Answer 23

undefined barrier- ladder of nature

defined barrier- tertium non datur

Question 24

mastered floral morphology

Answer 24

Hieronymus Bock

Question 25

first who abandoned blind trust in ancient botany which resulted to botany reaching full maturity

Answer 25

Valerius Cordus

Question 26

True or False Systematics became a necessity in the renaissance period due to an increase in travel and trade from Portuguese and Spanish wc resulted to more knowledge. It was to keep pace w the great increase in knowledge (to organize, store, and retrieve information)

Answer 26

True

Question 27

True or false Technicalities were focused on the early renaissance period rather than actual observations

Answer 27

True. | Definition>Descriptions at this time

Question 28

was considered to have the first scientific attempt at classification because he first observed, noted significant character combinations, then drew conclusions

Answer 28

Andrea Cesalpino

Question 29

first to make a clear plea for classification using combination of characters

Answer 29

Pierre Magnol

Question 30

first botanical systematist

Answer 30

Andrea Cesalpino

Question 31

he used purely morphological classification and rejected all other methods

Answer 31

John Ray

Question 32

first to use the term family

Answer 32

Pierre Magnol

Question 33

he used conspicuous characters of roots, stems, seeds, and flowers

Answer 33

Pierre Magnol

Question 34

empirical rather than deductive

Answer 34

John Ray

Question 35

his aim was to provide a key; further established “genus,” the author of modern genus concept; because of him there was an increase in plant species; emphasized on names as indispensable requirement to know medicinal properties of plants

Answer 35

JOSEPTH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT

Question 36

set of easily recognizable invisible characters which help us unlock an emphasis on names (ex. fruits and flowers)

Answer 36

key

Question 37

For him, systematics was like the thread of Ariadne. Also explain why

Answer 37

Carolus Linnaeus. it offers order to botany by being a guide to scientists through problems, it also offers an acceptable system for botanists to reach the same conclusions

Question 38

used terms such as monocotyledons and dicotyledons based on his own experience

Answer 38

John Ray

Question 39

Why is Latin used as language in the binomial naming of species?

Answer 39

because it is unchanging or dead

Question 40

followed Tournefort’s definition of genus, all species with the same geometrical design (in flowers) belonged to the same genus

Answer 40

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 42

Linnaeus' 4 criteria for a genus

Answer 42

number shape size proportion

Question 43

LINNAEUS’ 5 RANKS FOR CLASSIFICATION:

Answer 43

``` Class Order Genus Species Variety ```

Question 44

Weakness of Linnaeus

Answer 44

he believed that species were unchanging or constant

Question 45

Prime achievement of Linnaeus

Answer 45

practical classification

Question 46

used comparative anatomy present independent species may have arisen from a common ancestor (bc of certain patterns occuring) gave rise to genealogical (phylogeny) element

Answer 46

Comte de Buffon

Question 47

Species, for him, are organisms that can pro-create. "species is a physical identity, the sum of all individuals that form a reproductive community"

Answer 47

Comte de Buffon

Question 48

introduced the time element in systematics

Answer 48

Comte de Buffon

Question 49

Grandfather of Numerical Taxonomy; contribution: intrinsic weighing of characters – he made an inventory of characters to use as criteria for classification a posteriori

Answer 49

Michel Adanson

Question 49

process of adanson that was the prototype of all natural systems in botany

Answer 49

intrinsic weighing of characters

Question 50

1st to search about the role of heredity

Answer 50

Michel Adanson

Question 51

idea that we had a common ancestor and there was this shared characteristic among species; Michel Adanson and Buffon was a proponent of this

Answer 51

hybridization

Question 52

knowledge gained by analyzing facts and ideas; what you know beforehand

Answer 52

a priori

Question 53

knowledge gained from experience, empirical data

Answer 53

a posteriori

Question 54

history of evolution among species in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms

Answer 54

phylogeny

Question 55

Period where scientists were already largely considering the element of time in systematics

Answer 55

Phylogenetic Systems Period

Question 56

story of certain species by looking at its ancestry

Answer 56

phylogeny

Question 57

proposed theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 57

Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin

Question 58

organisms produce more offspring that are able to survive, grow, and mature. those who are not fit for their environment are not able to reach age of maturity to reproduce

Answer 58

theory of evolution

Question 59

fittest organisms are those that are most suited to whatever environment they are born into and can now reproduce; traits that allowed them to survived will be passed on to their progeny

Answer 59

natural selection

Question 60

T or F Natural selection was the idea that compelled them to explain evolution of life

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Collected more than 100,000 insects, bird, and animal specimens that he gave to British museums Concluded that living things evolve

Answer 61

Alfred Wallace

Question 62

developed a system and divided plant kingdom into 13 divisions

Answer 62

Adolf Engler

Question 63

13th plant division

Answer 63

spermatophyta or seed-bearing plants

Question 64

Weakness of Adolf Engler

Answer 64

Weakness: how he equates simplicity to primitivity

Question 65

Proponent of the Ranalian school of thought – according to them, angiosperm arose from gymnosperm

Answer 65

Charles Bessey

Question 66

Considered seed plants as polyphyletic

Answer 66

Charles Bessey