Polytypic Species and Infra-species

Question 1

those who support establishing a system for infraspecific categories

Answer 1

splitters

Question 2

stated that species does not essentially differ from the term variety
any recognizable variety are as good as a separate species

Answer 2

Darwin

Question 3

categories below the species level

Answer 3

infraspecies

Question 3

often used for members that are in different geographical locations and shows a specific variation

Answer 3

var.

Question 4

refer to a population that a taxonomist considers to differ sufficiently from previously named population of species

Answer 4

subspecies

Question 5

those who believe that system is unnecessary and there’s no need to establish subspecies concept

Answer 5

lumpers

Question 7

often used for members that are in different geographical locations and shows a specific variation

Answer 7

var.

Question 8

recognition of subspecies (with Ernst Hartet and Walter Rothschild)

Answer 8

Karl Jordan

Question 9

proposed the Formenkreis theory

Answer 9

Otto Kleinschmidt

Question 10

created the catalog of American birds

prefixed subspecies by “var.” in his collection of birds

Answer 10

Elliot Coues

Question 12

proposed the term Rassenkreis (circle of races) and Artenkreis (circle of species)

Answer 12

Bernhard Rensch

Question 13

equivalent to species composed of races or subspecies

incipient species and will soon be totally replaced by the geographical species

Answer 13

Rassenkreis

Question 14

dropped the use of “var.” in his descriptions of organisms

Answer 14

Robert Ridgeway

Question 14

consists of multiple Rassenkreis

species that are able to overcome the incipient stage of being Rassenkreis and become geographically distinct

Answer 14

Artenkreis

Question 15

proposed or translated the terms of Rassenkreis into: subspecies, semispecies, and superspecies

Answer 15

Mayr

Question 16

Promoted subspecies and trinomial nomenclature on geographically distinct populations
Includes variations according to the locality of distribution
However, it doesn’t lead to a speciation
Was later rejected by taxonomists

Answer 16

Formenkreis theory

Question 18

polytypic species

Answer 18

subspecies

Question 19

incipient species undergoing speciation; described to be interbreeding with their ancestor but are having characteristics different from the ancestor

Answer 19

semispecies

Question 20

artenkreis; have undergone speciation

Answer 20

superspecies

Question 21

attacked on “subspecies” or the trinomial concept; “as more studies would be provided, the concept of having subspecies will soon disappear as these variations are not enough support to provide such concept

Answer 21

Brown & Wilson

Question 21

a population that a taxonomist considers to differ sufficiently from previously named population of a species; replaced variety

Answer 21

Subspecies (ssp.)

Question 22

species that are not subdivided into subspecies

Answer 22

monotypic species

Question 23

species w members of a population that look different from each other; species that contain 2 or more subspecies

Answer 23

polytypic species

Question 24

doesn’t necessarily require changes in the genetic composition; variation that is is fixed at birth, incorporated in their genetic material

Answer 24

Non-genetic Variation

Question 25

Variation within population

Answer 25

Intrapopulation Variation

Question 26

variation depending on time; ex. age variation

Answer 26

Temporal Variation

Question 27

variation wherein in different stages in their life they would assume different characteristics; common in insects

Answer 27

age variation

Question 28

seasonal variations of the same individual; many physical appearances depending on season

Answer 28

seasonal polyphenism

Question 29

Mainly due to environmental factors: ex. density dependent (if they’re alone or with a colony)

Answer 29

Ecological Variation

Question 30

high or low density | in solitary; in colony

Answer 30

low density; high density

Question 31

the causes in the differences in the morphology are not genetic, it would depend on the “social status” or caste polymorphism of your organism (ex. honey bee, ants) variation depends on the role they perform

Answer 31

social variation

Question 32

appearance depends on where it is feeding on

Answer 32

Host-dependent

Question 33

variation depends on their function or work

Answer 33

Allometric

Question 34

phenotypic plasticity | ex. short if it's in its natural habitat, taller if not

Answer 34

Ecotypic variation

Question 35

some arthropods with wolbachia become parthenogenetic (manipulative behavioral changes)

Answer 35

Endosymbiont-induced

Question 36

mostly parasite-induced; ex. parasite causes a trauma changing the morphology/appearance of the organism

Answer 36

Traumatic variation

Question 37

changes in morphology due to differences in genetic composition

Answer 37

Genetic Variation

Question 38

morphology is dependent on sex (ex. in some insects, male would look more colorful bc they have to attract females for mating)

Answer 38

Sexual dimorphism

Question 39

aka Diplo-haplontic life cycle variation depending on diploid/haploid stage (n of chromosomes) exhibited by bryophytes (ferns and mosses)

Answer 39

Alternation of generation or Reproductive different | generation

Question 40

variation caused by multiple alleles that are present in locus/loci in a certain chromosome

Answer 40

Polymorphism

Question 41

changes in morphology due to differences in genetic composition

Answer 41

Genetic Variation

Question 42

multi-loci control of genes, more variation; highly affected by environmental factors (ex. exposure to sunlight) ex. skin color, height, eye color

Answer 42

Continuous variation

Question 43

give rise to genetic difference among many members of a population alters individual's genetic composition

Answer 43

mutation and recombination

Question 45

most familiar classification scheme; established 250 years ago (1758) – by Carolus Linnaeus – one category includes less inclusive groups (which also contains less inclusive groups)

Answer 45

Hierarchical classification

Question 46

variation caused by the multiple alleles (ex. black & white; kinky & straight) that are present in one locus in a certain chromosome

Answer 46

Discontinuous variation

Question 46

foundation for evolution

Answer 46

genetic variation

Question 47

a branching diagram, or tree, depicting the relationships among group of organisms

Answer 47

Cladogram/evolutionary trees/dendrogram/branching trees

Question 48

required that every organism have a two-part scientific name (“binomen”)

Answer 48

Binomial Nomenclature

Question 49

represents the oldest (earliest) ancestors

Answer 49

Base

Question 50

groups at every taxonomic level; includes an ancestor and all its descendants

Answer 50

Monophyletic

Question 51

a group comprising species that arose from two or more different immediate ancestors does not include common ancestor in the group

Answer 51

Polyphyletic

Question 53

morphological feature/character that share descent from a common ancestor features having common ancestry ex. hands of chimpanzees and humans

Answer 53

Homologues

Question 54

a group whose member species are all descendants of a common ancestor, but does not contain all the species descended from that ancestor includes common ancestor

Answer 54

Paraphyletic

Question 54

the recurrence of similarity and evolution | features that simply look alike but is not necessary of same ancestry or function

Answer 54

Homoplasy

Question 55

phenomenon wherein similar-appearing structures may evolve in entirely unrelated groups of organisms in quite different ways 2 formerly dissimilar traits become similar

Answer 55

Convergent evolution

Question 56

indicates successively more recent divisions of evolutionary lineages

Answer 56

Higher branches:

Question 57

attributes, or features, of organisms or groups of organisms (taxa) that biologists rely on to indicate their relatedness to other similar organisms (or other taxa) and to distinguish them from other groups.

Answer 57

Character

Question 59

result of “distant” or “underlying” homology occurs when two or more species (or lineages) change similarly so that, despite evolutionary activity, they remain similar in some ways, or become more similar over time

Answer 59

Parallel Evolution

Question 60

result of “distant” or “underlying” homology occurs when two or more species (or lineages) change similarly so that, despite evolutionary activity, they remain similar in some ways, or become more similar over time

Answer 60

Parallel Evolution

Question 60

occurs when two or more lineages (or characters) | evolve independently to become less similar

Answer 60

Divergent Evolution / Divergence

Question 61

a feature reverts back to a previous, ancestral condition

Answer 61

Evolutionary reversal

Question 61

monophyletic group or branch of a tree, which may undergo very little or a great deal of diversification – a group of species related by direct descent

Answer 61

Clade

Question 63

multiple divergences from a common ancestor that result in more than two descendant lineages.

Answer 63

Radiations

Question 64

group of species (or higher taxa) defined by somewhat more abstract measures – a group defined by a particular level of functional or morphological complexity – can be polyphyletic, paraphyletic, or monophyletic (thus, it can also be a clade)

Answer 64

Grade

Question 65

attributes of species that are relatively “old” and have been retained from some remote ancestor – also referred to as “ancestral characters” or “primitive character states”

Answer 65

Plesiomorphic character states

Question 67

direction of evolutionary change

Answer 67

Polarity

Question 68

attributes of species that are relatively recent origin | -also referred to as “derived (advanced) character states”

Answer 68

Apomorphic character states

Question 68

signature or novel character; the character originated from the ancestor as an evolutionary novelty unique characteristics of a lineage

Answer 68

Autapomorphic character

Question 69

– a derived character shared by the most recent common ancestor and by 2 or more descendants of that ancestor – define clades, that is, they determine which species (or other groups) are most closely related to each other shared change condition

Answer 69

Synapomorphic character

Question 70

shared ancestral trait

Answer 70

Symplesiomorphic character

Question 71

reflects overall similarity alone, regardless of that similarity reflects common ancestry or not

Answer 71

Phenetics (Numerical Taxonomy)

Question 72

decides which characters are most likely to hold the greatest amount of phylogenetic info. – focuses on homology ⟶ homologous characters are used to deduce general relationships (extent to which various species differ/ resemble each other) – often leads to the formation of paraphyletic groups (e.g. Class Aves excluded from Class Reptilia)

Answer 72

Evolutionary Systematics (Classical Taxonomy)

Question 73

make use of highly sophisticated computer programs – focuses on synapomorphic characters (shared characters derived from a common ancestor in which the characters originated) – focuses only in homologous characters that are NOT present in any earlier ancestors; only evolutionary novelties are used

Answer 73

Cladistics (Phylogenetic Systematics)