History Order

Question 1

What major event marked a turning point in human understanding of the universe during the Renaissance?

Answer 1

The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution fundamentally changed the perception of the universe and human existence.

Question 2

What was the central insight of the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 2

Heliocentrism

Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun.

Question 3

Who published ‘On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres’ in 1543?

Answer 3

Nicholas Copernicus

Copernicus proposed that the sun, rather than the Earth, was at the center of the universe.

Question 4

What was the Catholic Church’s reaction to Copernicus’s heliocentric theory?

Answer 4

Negative

The Church condemned the heliocentric theory as heretical.

Question 5

Which Danish astronomer spotted a new star in 1572?

Answer 5

Tycho Brahe

Brahe’s observations provided evidence that the universe was not unchanging.

Question 6

What did Johannes Kepler’s laws of planetary motion reveal?

Answer 6

Orbits of planets are elliptical

This contradicted the earlier belief in perfectly circular orbits.

Question 7

What significant tool did Galileo Galilei improve to enhance astronomical observation?

Answer 7

Telescope

Galileo’s improvements allowed for significant advancements in understanding the universe.

Question 8

What was Galileo’s famous phrase that emphasized the importance of doubt in science?

Answer 8

I think therefore I am

This phrase highlights the role of reason and doubt in the pursuit of knowledge.

Question 9

What is inductive reasoning as established by Francis Bacon?

Answer 9

Drawing conclusions from specific, reliable facts

Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific observations.

Question 10

What did René Descartes prioritize in the scientific method?

Answer 10

Doubt

Descartes emphasized that questioning and skepticism are vital for discovering truth.

Question 11

What major work did Isaac Newton publish in 1687?

Answer 11

Principia Mathematica

This work laid down the laws of motion and gravitation.

Question 12

What did William Harvey discover about the heart?

Answer 12

The heart is a pump

Harvey’s work was foundational in understanding the circulatory system.

Question 13

What was one of the first scientific inquiries that arose from contact with the wider world?

Answer 13

Study of new species of plants

The exploration led to the examination of various plants and their medicinal properties.

Question 14

What medicinal substance was derived from the quina-quina bark?

Answer 14

Quinine

Quinine became a crucial treatment for malaria, aiding European expansion.

Question 15

True or False: The Scientific Revolution led to a general belief that human life would steadily improve over time.

Answer 15

True

The Scientific Revolution contributed to the modern expectation of improving living conditions.

Question 16

What is quina-quina?

Answer 16

A healing bark that was turned into quinine, a malaria medication

Quinine allowed Europeans to expand their empires more deeply into Africa and South America.

Question 17

How did European advances in medicine depend on other cultures?

Answer 17

By gathering scientific and medical knowledge from other people

This is exemplified by Doctor da Orta and the Jesuits in Peru.

Question 18

What developed in Europe around heliocentrism?

Answer 18

Scientific networks

These networks were similar to those during the Renaissance.

Question 19

Who were some key figures in the correspondence about scientific findings?

Answer 19

Erasmus, Galileo, and various scientists across Europe

They wrote to each other and published books about their discoveries.

Question 20

What was the ‘republic of letters’?

Answer 20

A concept associated with the Royal Society of London

It facilitated communication and verification of scientific discoveries.

Question 21

What topics were scientists discussing during the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 21

Comets, windmills, pumps, and blood vessels

Discussions took place amid warfare, the little ice age, and famine.

Question 22

What role did governments play in the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 22

They provided stipends and labeled scientists as ‘Court Mathematicians’

This added prestige to scientists and royal courts.

Question 23

When was the royal Academy of Sciences established?

Answer 23

1666

It was started by Louis XIV of France.

Question 24

What were Theaters of anatomy?

Answer 24

Places where dissections and physiological demonstrations occurred

They received official sponsorship during the Scientific Revolution.

Question 25

What change occurred in the perception of astronomy during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Answer 25

Religious scriptures were taken out of the workings of astronomy ## Footnote This shift allowed for the establishment of universal laws by figures like Newton.

Question 26

What significant belief developed alongside faith in God during the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 26

Faith in rational powers and the scientific method ## Footnote This duality shaped the worldview of many individuals.

Question 27

Who was the first person to observe the moon’s cratered surface?

Answer 27

Galileo ## Footnote This observation was a significant milestone in astronomy.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: By the time of Newton, _______ laws for the operation of the solar system were established.

Answer 28

universal

Question 29

True or False: The scientific discoveries during the Scientific Revolution were only shared within Europe.

Answer 29

False ## Footnote Theories about vision and atomism reached as far as the Ottoman Empire and Japan.