History, planes, cavities

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Question 2

What are Hippocrates four humors?

Answer 2

Red, yellow bile, white phlegm and black bile

Question 3

On who and when was the first autopsy performed?

Answer 3

Julius Caesar, 44 BC

Question 4

What happened in 160 AD

Answer 4

Claudius Galen describes the humors:
- red = blood/inflammation
- yellow = bile/jaundice
- white = phlegm/WBCs
- black = something’s wrong

Question 5

What happened in 1235

Answer 5

First medical school to use human body dissection in Italy

Question 6

What happened in 1510

Answer 6

DaVinci does human dissection and created detailed drawings

Question 7

What happened in 1533

Answer 7

Andreas Vesalius wanted to study Galenic anatomy so he created his own anatomical map and scoured graveyards arounds Paris for bodies, including prisoners often left dangling

Question 8

What happened in 1538

Answer 8

Vesalius began drawing detailed drawings of arteries, veins, mapped nerves and lymph nodes. He also sliced through brain in horizontal sections and described various structures. He couldn’t find a black humor and discredited Galen’s theory

Question 9

What happened un 1752

Answer 9

“Murder Act” in England, medical schools could legally dissect bodies of executed murderes for research and thus the gov’t increased the number of crimes in which hanging was a punishment

Question 10

What happened in the 17th and 18th centuries?

Answer 10

To cope with cadaver shortages and the increase of medical students, body-snatching and anatomy murder were practiced

Question 11

What happened in 1793

Answer 11

Matthew Ballie published “Morbid anatomy” using only diseased states. He described lung cancers as large as an orange, of the stomach as fungous appearance and drew vivid drawings, which helped transform modern pathology

Question 12

What happened in 1832

Answer 12

“Anatomy Act” in Great Britain. Provided cheap, legal cadavers by turning over bodies of those who died in caretaker institutions to medical schools, which helped discourage body-snatching and anatomy murder

Question 13

What happened in the 19th century

Answer 13

Development of modern imaging techniques and subdisciplines

Question 14

What is gross anatomy

Answer 14

The study of structures that can be seen by the naked eye

Question 15

What is regional anatomy

Answer 15

The study of specific body regions

Question 16

What is systemic anatomy

Answer 16

The study of specific systems in the body

Question 17

What is surface anatomy

Answer 17

The study of structures at the surface of the skin

Question 18

What is histology/microscopic anatomy

Answer 18

The study of structures that cannot be seen by the naked eye

Question 19

What is embryology

Answer 19

The study of the development of body structures before birth

Question 20

How is real anatomy created on a virtual dissection table?

Answer 20

Cadavers are frozen without embalming, which preserves true colour and visualization of their anatomy. The cadavers are then cut into 0.2mm slices and high-resolution photos are taken of each slice. The slices are then stacked to recreate segmented 3D anatomy

Question 21

Medical Imaging: X-ray

Answer 21

electromagnetic waves of very short length, best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures, which appear white. good for initial diagnosis (fast, cheap and simple test) but imaging can be blurry and hard to distinguish organs

Question 22

Advanced X-ray technique: Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT)

Answer 22

takes successive X-rays around a person’s full circumference. fast, relatively cheap and provides 3D image but not good for nerves and joints.

Question 23

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer 23

detects metabolically active regions (areas with high blood flow) by injecting radioactively tagged molecules. good for brain areas and better for tumours than an X-ray

Question 24

Ultrasound imaging (sonography)

Answer 24

high-frequency sound waves echo off the body’s tissues and are used to visualize structures. cheap and safe, best for pregnant women

Question 25

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 25

produces high-quality images of soft tissues, and distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content. provides very clear detailed images of ligaments, cartilage, organs

Question 26

Integumentary system

Answer 26

skin, hair and nails. forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D and is the site of cutaneous receptors and glands

Question 27

skeletal system

Answer 27

bones, cartilage and joints. protects and supports body organs, provides framework for muscles blood cells are formed within bones and stores minerals

Question 28

muscular system

Answer 28

allows manipulation of env't, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat

Question 29

nervous system

Answer 29

brain, spinal cord and nerves. fast-acting control system and responds to internal & external changes

Question 30

endocrine system

Answer 30

glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use

Question 31

cardiovascular system

Answer 31

blood vessels transport blood, which carries O2, CO2, nutrients and wastes. heart pumps blood through blood vessels

Question 32

lymphatic system/immunity

Answer 32

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris in lymphatic system houses WBCs (lymphocytes) and mounts attack against foreign substances in body

Question 33

respiratory system

Answer 33

keeps blood supplied with O2, removes CO2, gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

Question 34

digestive system

Answer 34

breaks down food into absorbable units, indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

Question 35

urinary system

Answer 35

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra. eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Question 36

reproductive system

Answer 36

overall function is to produce offspring. testes produce sperm and male sex hormones. ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, mammary glands produce milk

Question 37

Superior/Inferior

Answer 37

superior is towards the head, inferior is away from the head

Question 38

Dorsal (Posterior)/Ventral (Anterior)

Answer 38

dorsal/posterior is towards the back of the body, ventral/anterior is towards the front of the body (belly)

Question 39

medial/lateral

Answer 39

medial is nearer to the midline of the body, lateral is farther from the midline of the body

Question 40

proximal/distal ***limbs only***

Answer 40

proximal is closer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk, distal is farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk

Question 41

superficial/deep

Answer 41

superficial is toward or at the body surface, deep is away from the body surface, more internal

Question 42

what is a plane

Answer 42

a plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body

Question 43

what is a section

Answer 43

a section is one of the 2 surfaces (pieces) that result when the body is cut by a plane passing through it

Question 44

sagittal plane

Answer 44

divides the body or organ into left and right sections

Question 45

midsagittal/median plane

Answer 45

produces equal halves

Question 46

parasagittal plane

Answer 46

produces unequal halves

Question 47

frontal/coronal plane

Answer 47

divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior sections

Question 48

transverse plane/cross-sectional/horizontal plane

Answer 48

divides body or organ into superior and inferior sections

Question 49

internal body cavity

Answer 49

closed to the outside and protects the organs contained within

Question 50

cranial cavity

Answer 50

dorsal, formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

Question 51

vertebral cavity

Answer 51

dorsal, formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and beginning of spinal nerves

Question 52

thoracic cavity

Answer 52

ventral, above diaphragm, encircled by ribs, sternum and vertebral column. subdivided into two pleural cavities, each surrounding a lung, the pericardial cavity, surrounding the heart and the mediastinum

Question 53

abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 53

ventral, below diaphragm, further subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities. encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis. contains digestive, urinary and reproductive structures. not a lot of bony protection here but there is for reproductive organs

Question 54

what are the organs within the ventral body cavity called and what are they covered with

Answer 54

viscera; serous

Question 55

serous membrane

Answer 55

thin membrane that lines body cavities not open to the outside

Question 56

what are the 2 layers of the serous membrane

Answer 56

- parietal layer, lines walls of cavities - visceral layer, covers organs (viscera) within the cavities

Question 57

what is serous fluid

Answer 57

fluid within the resulting space to reduce friction and allows membranes to slide past each other. without serous fluid, membrane movement would halt, leading to the production of heat due to friction which could cause organ shutdown

Question 58

what are the membranes of the ventral body cavity?

Answer 58

serosa (serous membrane) which subdivides into the parietal serosa, visceral serosa and serous fluid

Question 59

pleural and pericardial cavities

Answer 59

parietal pleura lines the chest wall, visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs, parietal pericardium lines the pericardial sac, visceral pericardium covers heart

Question 60

what is the peritoneum

Answer 60

the serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity, the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera

Question 61

where are retroperitoneal organs

Answer 61

located between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall

Question 62

what are the retroperitoneal organs

Answer 62

kidneys and adrenal glands