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History Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

SEVEN YEARS WAR

-French Strenghts (6)

A

1) FN allies
2) forts
3) knowledge of the land
4) Canadian militia
5) tactics based on FN (guerrilla warfare)
6) fur trade (subsidized by state to support FN alliances and containment policy)

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2
Q

SEVEN YEARS WAR

-British Strengths (4)

A

1) higher population by 1760 (1.5million: 70,000)
2) naval strength
3) geography: coast
4) diverse economy: if crop failed could survive on something else

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3
Q

SEVEN YEARS WAR

-Louisbourg taken by British

A

1) 1758

2) prevented French to provide supply for colony: undermine containment policy

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4
Q

SEVEN YEARS WAR

-French Leadership (2: 1ab) (who &perspectives FN)

A

1) gov. Vandreuil (Canadian born) thought
A) alliances with FN
B) guerrilla tactics
We’re critical VS British

2) general Montcalm thought French shouldn’t rely on FN allies

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5
Q

SEVEN YEARS WAR

-French Leadership (2: 2ab)

A

1) Montcalm is the one taking decisions

2) because of him, FN allies start to
A) retreat &
B) some engage with British

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6
Q

SEVEN YEARS WAR

Plains of Abraham (6)

A

1) Sept 13th 1759
2) British start attack
3) Montcalm sent for reinforcement but attacked instead of waiting
4) 15-20 mins battle
5) fall of Quebec
6) British naval faces retreated until spring

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7
Q

SEVEN YEARS WAR

Montreal surrender

A

Sept 1760

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8
Q

SEVEN YEARS WAR

1763 (5: 2abc, 4ab)

A

1) war finally over

2) Treaty of Paris:
A) officially ended SEVEN YEARS WAR
B) determined future of territory
C) Britain won

3) British’s victory meant that Americans had access to Great- Valley lands

4) France got to keep:
A) St. Pierre et Miquelon (Newfoundland’s coast)
B) Guadalupe

5) New Metropolis: Britain

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9
Q 
PONTIAC'S WAR
Catalyst for (4: 3ab, 4ab)
A

1) 1763
2) fur trade starts moving west: causing conflicts with aboriginal

3) tension
A) British assumption of sovereignty
B) aboriginal right

4) British want to trade pelts:
A) British prices
B) no gifts (take it or leave it)

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10
Q

PONTIAC’S WAR

Outcome (8: 6abc)

A

1) May- June 1763
2) Pontiac: aboriginal chief from Ottawa
3) spontaneous rise of some tribes–> massive–> effective
4) British forts size: 9 in total
5) 2000 settlers killed by FN

6) biological warfare:
A) Delaware people
B) spread smallpox
C) Fort Pitt (ex Fort Duquense)

7) winter 1763: FN retreat to winter hunt
8) October 1763: Royal Proclamation responded to many instances of Pontiac’s War

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11
Q

ROYAL PROCLAMATION 1763

significance of Aboriginal lands (4: 2ab, 3ab)

A

1) 1st attempt to deal with aboriginal lands and rights

2) Proclamation line: separate
A) 13 colonies (east)
B) Indian Reserve (west)
With mountain physical barrier

3) described rights of Aboriginal people and their lands
A) British acknowledge of Aboriginal title
B) shaped British decisions til govt. of Canada

4) no land or settlements except by a crown agent negotiate and purchase from aboriginal owner

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12
Q

ROYAL PROCLAMATION

Date, new name & objectives) (3: 3abc

A

1) October 1763
2) Canada renamed Quebec

3) deal with:
A) Aboriginal rights and land
B) French Canadians
C) attract Americans

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13
Q

ROYAL PROCLAMATION 1763

French Canadians in Quebec (British strategy) (4: 1abc)

A

1) Assimilation policy: British would outnumber French—> French would assimilate their
A) culture,
B) language &
C) religion

2) no more French law
3) no monitoring of seigneurial system by govt.
4) Catholics couldn’t hold public office (political right)

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14
Q

ROYAL PROCLAMATION 1763

British goals for Quebec (6)

A

1) make Quebec more attractive for American colonists
2) make an Anglophone colony
3) make Protestant colony (Anglican Church official)
4) make a colony based on British laws
5) make land available for incoming settlers
6) when colony was ready, Assembly would be elected to attract American colonist

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15
Q

ROYAL PROCLAMATION 1763

Outcome (2: 2abc)

A

1) French catholic didn’t convert

2) colonist didn’t want to move north:
A) wanted to move west
B) not attractive weather
C) didn’t want to share land with former enemies

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16
Q

ROYAL PROCLAMATION 1763

Assembly in Quebec (2: 2ab)

A

1) formed by English men—> wouldn’t work

2) instead:
A) appointed governor & council
B) allow French to sit in court

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17
Q

ROYAL PROCLAMATION 1763
Catholic Church (3)
(relation with British govt)

A

1) not financed by govt.
2) weak position—> lacking support
3) not receiving tithe—> govt wouldn’t force habitants to pay it

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18
Q

QUEBEC ACT 1774

What? (2: 1abc)

A

1) enlarged Quebec’s boundaries:
A) southwest into Ohio territory
B) eastward to Labrador
C) north

2) change the policy for Quebec

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19
Q

QUEBEC ACT 1774
enlarged Quebec’s boundaries (3: 3ab)
why? and exports? & FN

A

1) try to regulate fur trade
2) Quebec relied on trade (3/4 pelt’s exports)

3) intended not to take Aboriginal land:
A) Aboriginal title still active
B) but wanted Quebec to look for trade in that area

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20
Q

QUEBEC ACT 1774

Change of policy (6)

A

1) British criminal law
2) French civil law re-established
3) seigneurial system formally recognized and monitored by British govt.
4) Catholics required to pay tithe by British authorities
5) Catholics could hold public office
6) government: appointed governor & council

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21
Q

QUEBEC ACT 1774
Why? (3)
governor Carlton intentions

A

1) British arbitrary moving boundaries assuming ultimately sovereignty
2) British changes in policy to get loyalty of Catholic-French in Quebec

3) governor Carlton:
A) tried to get important people to British side (seigneurs and Catholic Church) to control masses
B) wrong!!! Habitants were always independent

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22
Q 
QUEBEC ACT 1774
Beneficial for (2)
A

1) seigneurs appointed in council

2) Catholic Church

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23
Q

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Reasons (3: 3ab)

A

1) increasing tensions 1763- 1773
2) taxes: duties on imports

3) excessive British control:
A) local autonomy in doubt
B) resentment towards Britain

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24
Q

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Boston Tea Party (4)

A

1) December 1773
2) ships from British Indian Tea Company thrown to Boston harbour
3) 10 thousand pounds in tea
4) reaction to taxes and control

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25
Q 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
British measurements (5: 5abc)
A

1) Spring 1774
2) British measurements: Intolerable Acts
3) cut down power of local assembly and more power to appointed executive
4) closed Boston port until cost of tea would b paid

5) same time: Quebec Act being passed:
A) intolerable act
B) resented Catholic Church empowerment
C) govt system in Quebec (deprive Assembly)—> though that could set a trend for 13 colonies

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26
Q

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Patriots

A

1) organized continental meetings
2) propaganda to Quebec: failed
3) encouraged “Britain as a tyrant” in Quebec
4) British troops from Quebec sent to Boston by Carleton to assist VS Patriots

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27
Q 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
fall 1775 (4: 2ab)
A

1) Carlton fears Quebec would b invaded by Americas as strategy

2) few militia came from :
A) district of Montreal
B) district of Quebec

3) Americans invaded Quebec concerned that British would take it as base—> couldn’t take it thu
4) Americans traded in Montreal and were well-received by habitants

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28
Q 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Habitants perspective (2)
A

1) not enthusiast by British nor Americans

2) pragmatic neutralism

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29
Q

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

1776 (3)

A

1) British forces arrived to Quebec and Americans left
2) British merchants (controlled western trade) were British allies for economic reasons
3) Americans won their independence with French assistance

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30
Q

AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Second Treaty of Paris 1783 (3: 2ab)
(What, aboriginals, Canada)

A

1) ended American Revolution War

2) Britain sold out Aboriginal people by given land to Americans in order to
A) ensure good trading relationships
B) like them

3) revolution was really important for Canada—> established in part by American Revolution

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31
Q

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

British North America (1)

A

Remainder of British empire in America aft American Revolution

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32
Q

AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Loyalist (5: 1abcd, 4ab)
Who & where

A

1) mixed people who supported British cause
A) former American colonists
B) middle class (most): farmers, artisans, merchants
C) elite class (few)
D) black loyalist: black slaves

3) scattered across Britain, West Indies & British North America

4) 45,000 moved to BNA:
A) 35,000 to Nova Scotia (doubled population)
B) 10,000 to Quebec (west of Ottawa river—> areas never colonized before)

5) most if the loyalist were Anglophone Protestants

33
Q

AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Loyalist in Quebec
Impacts (3: 3abc)

A

1) Affected Aboriginal settlements
2) some aspects of the Quebec govt didn’t suit them (Quebec Act)

3) Asked British govt for:
A) elected assembly
B) Protestant church
C) free land (no seigneurial system)

34
Q

CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791

When, why, what (4: 3ab)

A

1) 1791
2) attempt to establish institutions for Quebec

3) split Quebec in two colonies:
A) lower Canada–> French-speaking
B) upper Canada–> English-speaking loyalist (majority)

4) new government structure

35
Q

CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791
New govt structure (2: 2abcde)
What?

A

1) applied to both colonies—> each one had its own

2) structure:
   A) Britain
   B) Governor (appointed)
   C) executive council (appointed)
   D) legislative council (appointed)
   E) legislative assembly (elected)
36
Q

CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791
New govt structure:
Governor (4)

A

1) answers to Britain
2) veto power: last word before Britain
3) power to dismiss the Assembly & call new election
4) controlled “patronage” appointments of executive & legislative council

37
Q 
CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791
New govt structure:
Executive Council (2)
A

1) could be replace

2) Advisory role

38
Q 
CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791
New govt structure:
Legislative Council (2)
A

1) lifetime appointment

2) legislative role: consider & introduce laws

39
Q 
CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791
New govt structure:
Legislative Assembly (3)
A

1) legislative role: propose laws for council
2) approve of colonial’s revenue (only imposed taxes)
3) chosen by property owners (common because of land availability in BNA)—> right to vote: FRANCHISE

40
Q

CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791

Why? (2: 2ab)

A

1) divide Anglo-Protestants from French-Catholics—> reach stability

2) maintain control:
A) political &
B) economical
–> Britain always at the top of the structure

41
Q

CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791

Context (4)

A

1) Britain recovering from American revolution
2) 1789: French Revolution –> avoid revolution in remaining colonies
3) gave too much power to Americans and they rebelled–> avoid that
4) mercantilism ideology ruled

42
Q

UPPER CANADA

Upper Canada & Royal Proclamation 1763 (3: 1abcd, 2ab)

A

1) Anishinabeg (Mississauga):
A) people from who Britain bought land through a treaty process
B) small communities scattered
C) dependant on trade
D) transfer land later resented by Anishinabeg

2) perceptions of land ownership:
A) Britain: transfer of land through laws
B) FN: creator’s right

3) Gunshot treaty: all land from where one could hear a gunshot would b included in the transfer

43
Q 
UPPER CANADA
Land distribution (5)
A

1) loyalist: 100-200 acres
2) captains: 3000 acres
3) field officers: 5000 acres
4) councillors: 6000 acres
5) create a social hierarchy

44
Q 
UPPER CANADA
Land policies (4: 1ab)
A

1) 1/7 of the land of each township for crown (governor and council):
A) for governmental use
B) could sell it and get revenues : assembly didn’t have power of that $$)

2) 1/7 of the land of each township for clergy (Protestants: Anglican favoured)
3) land policies not favourable for popular class
4) land policies would tend to create conflict q

45
Q

UPPER CANADA

Settlers

A

1) 8,000 - 10,000 loyalist

2) late loyalist:
A) US frontier farmers assimilated in British ways
B) came for economical reasons, not political
C) 1811: 60,000 (80%)

46
Q

UPPER CANADA

Eve of War of 1812 (6: 3ab)

A

1) farming colony
2) population mostly American (late loyalists) (4:1)

3) under British law only Anglican priests could perform marriages
A) problem: late loyalist mainly Methodist & other religions
B) created tension

4) assembly: felt it had little power in public affairs
5) settlers’ grievances
6) social hierarchy

47
Q

UPPER CANADA
War of 1812
What, reasons & FN (3: 2abc, 3abcd)

A

1) US declared war to Britain

2) reasons:
A) Manifest Destiny: desire to expand into western frontier
B) maritime disputes–> British boarding American vessels to look for naval deserters (British arrogance)
C) FN resistance seen as British behind it

3) FN resistant to West expansion: Ohio valley native people under Tecumseh (Shawnee chief) supported British to win back control of their homeland
A) British provided military equipment
B) british encouraged enmity
C) resentment from Americans
D) promised Indian settlements in American territory

48
Q

UPPER CANADA
War of 1812
Why UP, FN importance, end of war (4: 1ab, 3ab, 4abc)

A

1) Americans choose upper Canada because:
A) Canadas represented easiest target
B) many Americans immigrants in UP thought to b helpful for US army

2) FN alliances proved to b critical in the first year

3) December 1814:
A) British recognized they didn’t push in & take American
territory
B) Americans realized they couldn’t take UP & w/o it the rest would “fall”

4) treaty of Ghent
A) permanent peace attempt
B) 1814
C) sold out Aboriginal

50
Q

UPPER CANADA
War of 1812
Outcome: agreements (3: 2abc, 3abcd)

A

1) spent $$$ & lost lives

2) Rush-Bagot Agreement
A)1817:
B) restricted # of vessels allowed in the Great Lakes to prevent formation of armies

3) Anglo-American convention
A) 1818
B) established boundary lines more precisely
C) Americans purchased Louisiana from France 1803
D) 49t parallel—> boundary up to Rocky Mountains, west of that was joint ownership

51
Q

UPPER CANADA
War of 1812
Outcome: FN, UP politics, immigration (3: 3ab)

A

1) betrayal of Aboriginal allies: increasing marginalized disadvantage Aboriginal people
2) rancour in Upper Canada politics: increasing conflicts due to polarization–> rebellions of those who wanted reform

3) immigrants to UP:
A) Britain closed door to American immigrants
B) opened for to British immigrants because of European war
& not enough loyal (apathetic attitude)

52
Q

BRITISH IMMIGRATION

Trends (during, after European wars) (2: 2ab)

A

1) during European wars: Britain wanted population there

2) after European wars: Britain promoted BNA migrations
A) soldiers going back
B) industrialization

53
Q

BRITISH IMMIGRATION

Who were the immigrants? (3)

A

1) Irish
2) English
3) Scotts

54
Q

BRITISH IMMIGRATION
Push factors (4: 1abcdef)
(Irish, overall, destination)

A

1) Irish:
A) potato famine (1846-1847)
B) small pieces of farm land
C) living in the edge
D) poor Catholics (majority 1830-1840’s)
E) Protestants (majority 1820-1830’s)
F) middle class emigrated to improve life

2) cost of land became higher
3) employment opportunities dropped

4) many intended to go to US (NY), but would arrive to Quebec cause it was cheaper:
- –> British authorities: less regulations in shipping vessels

55
Q 
BRITISH IMMIGRATION
Pull factors (3)
A

1) land: up to early 1820’s govt giving away land
2) improve existence
3) jobs

56
Q

BRITISH IMMIGRATION
Push factors
(Timber trade) (6)

A

1) vital in trading in BNA
2) timber vessels would encourage people to go to BNA
3) unpleasant trip
4) diseases would spread
5) high mortality rate
6) trip about 6 weeks long

57
Q

BRITISH IMMIGRATION
Impact on population (3: 1ab, 2ab, 3ab)
(1812, 1851, majorities)

A

1) 1812
A) Upper Canada—> 70,000
B) Nova Scotia—> 70,000

2) 1851
A) Upper Canada—> 952,000
B) Nova Scotia—> 277,000

3) majorities:
A) 1812: American
B) 1830: British

57
Q

GROWING POLITICAL TENSIONS IN UPPER CANADA: 1820’s & 1830’s

Causes (3: 1ab, 2ab, 3ab)

A

1) resentment of Anglican Church:
A) favouritism of star church
B) clergy reserves (1/7 of land)

2) land held vacant
A) no land for settlement
B) vast land for church & crown

3) political structure
A) limited nature of democracy
B) more power of representatives

58
Q

GROWING POLITICAL TENSIONS IN UPPER CANADA: 1820’s & 1830’s

Complaints 1830’s (3: 2ab)

A

1) political reform

2) land policy reform:
A) 1826: Canada company got crown lands
B)no more free land grants: for purchase only

3) privileges of Anglican Church (clergy reserves)

59
Q

GROWING POLITICAL TENSIONS IN UPPER CANADA: 1820’s & 1830’s

Polarization (3)

A

1) increasing polarization in politics
2) conservative elements (elite) argued that any ask for reform was an act of treason & criticism VS British Crown
3) reform politicians: asked/ demanded reforms

60
Q

GROWING POLITICAL TENSIONS IN UPPER CANADA: 1820’s & 1830’s

Rebellions 1837-1838

A

Upper Canada was a British colony with a population mainly British ( not American anymore)

61
Q

LOWER CANADA

Constitutional Act 1791 & Quebec Act 1774 (3: 3abc)

A

1) Quebec Act still in effect (in Upper Canada NO)
2) government structure same as Upper Canada: Constitutional Act 1791

3) eastern townships:
A) large area held for speculative purposes
B) north of US border
C) for people who didn’t want to be in seigneurial system (loyalist & late loyalists)

62
Q 
LOWER CANADA 1891-1820
Demographic change (5: 4ab, 5ab)
A

1) rapid natural increase
2) influx of immigrants
3) some loyalists & late loyalists that accounted for increment of English %

4) A) 1790: 161,000
B) 1841: 650,000

5) English minority
A) 1790: 10%
B) 1815: 15%—> late loyalists (land holders, 50% seigneurial lands)

63
Q

LOWER CANADA 1891-1820
Seigneurial land (4: 2ab)
(Seigneurs, limits, soil, govt)

A

1) seigneurs took advantage of habitants due to demand

2) limited land
A) north by Canadian Shield (rocky land)
B) south by eastern townships

3) good soil already taken
4) British govt didn’t oversee the system

64
Q

LOWER CANADA 1891-1820
Economic development
Where did the money to by land came from?? (4: 2abc, 3abc, 4abcd)
( where, fur, wheat, timber)

A

1) Britain

2) fur trade:
A) declined
B) contacts in England (French- speaking didn’t)
C) English patronage for English merchants
j
3) wheat
A) 1790’s: wheat trade began to open up
B) buying it at UP & shipping it through Montreal to England at war
C) 1805: wheat export ended–> land in short supply
–> land depleted
–> no new agriculture techniques

4) timber
A) 1807: timber trade
B) sent to England that was at war & Napoleon had blocked the Baltic supplier
C) preventing tariffs
D) after 1821 timber stride disappeared

65
Q

LOWER CANADA 1891-1820
Habitants population (5: 5ab)
(Characteristics, 1815 situation)

A

1) remained biggest
2) family labour
3) subsistence agriculture
4) 1790’s: some produced wheat surplus & put it in the market

5) 1815
A) standard of living decreasing
B) land became harder to acquire

66
Q 
LOWER CANADA 1891-1820
Political structure (4: 4abcd)
A

1) governor (appointed, English)
2) executive council (appointed, English)
3) legislative council (appointed, English)

4) legislative assembly (elected, 80% French)
A) middle class
B) mixed professionals: drs, lawyers, notaries
C) wealthier from habitant community
D) local perspective

67
Q

LOWER CANADA 1891-1820

Political structure: international perspective (3)

A

1) appointed levels
2) benefiting from trade with Britain
3) facilitating trade with Britain

68
Q

LOWER CANADA 1891-1820
Political conflict 1810 (2: 1abc, 2ab)
English VS Parti canadien

A

1) governor Craig:
A) dismissed Assembly & called re-election
B) charged Bedord with sedition
C) replaced

VS

2) parti canadien
A) leader: Bedord
B) ministerial & responsible govt–> democratic

69
Q

LOWER CANADA 1891-1820
Catholic Church (7: 4ab, 5ab, 6ab)
(Status-before war 1812-, priests #, war 1812 effect, legislative council)

A

1) not official state church
2) under Quebec act assurance
3) not seen as reliable by British govt

4) weak position
A) with British govt
B) not enough priests to influence

5) priests:
A) 1780: 1/ 750 parishioners
B) 1830: 1/ 1800 parishioners

6) war 1812
A) church preached loyalty VS Americans
B) convinced British that church was trustworthy

7) bishops got positions in legislative council

70
Q

LOWER CANADA 1820-1837

Crisis (3)

A

1) desire to develop a democratic govt
2) conflict over exploitation of colony economy
3) colonial identity

71
Q 
LOWER CANADA 1820-1837
Agricultural problems (3)
A

1) shortage of land related to population growth
2) exactions by seigneurs going up
3) crop failure 1830’s

72
Q

LOWER CANADA 1820-1837
Cholera epidemics (4)
Date, who, #, why

A

1) 1832 & 1834
2) brought by immigrants
3) 74,000 died in Quebec City
4) habitants started to believe that British as sending disease & poor Irish to eradicate French population

73
Q 
LOWER CANADA 1820-1837
Political conflicts (3: 1abc, 2abc, 3abcde)
1822 union proposal, canals & 1826
A

1) 1822 union proposal
A) UP+ LC= 1 govt
B) make French a minority
C) nothing came out of proposal

2) canals
A) built to improve shipping
B) goes against local economy impulsed by legislative Assembly
C) legislative council gets frustrated by legislative assembly

3) 1826
A) parti canadien renamed “parti patriote”
B) Loyal to LC
C) open to all ethnicities
D) becoming nationalistic
E) intended health & well- being of LC

74
Q

LOWER CANADA 1820-1837

Political conflicts: British American land company (BALC)

A

1) 1834: 1.5 million acres from crown reserve(eastern townships) sold to BALC
2) money from sale not under Legislative Assembly domain

75
Q

LOWER CANADA 1820-1837

Political conflicts: 92 resolutions (2: 2abcde)

A

1) parti canadien demands that eastern townships land should be put under seigneurial system —> denied!!

2) 1834: appeal of “92 resolutions” sent to Britain
A) suggestions to improve life in LC
B) ministerial responsibility
C) govt should take advice of legislative assembly
D) legislative assembly should have full financial control
E) reform to Eastern townships

76
Q

LOWER CANADA 1820-1837
Political conflicts: Russell Resolutions (4)
When, what, collateral, outcome

A

1) 1837
2) answer to “92 resolutions”—> denied!!!!
3) full financial control to executive council
4) RESULT: rebellions

77
Q

LOWER CANADA

Rebellions 1837/1838

A

1) boycott of English goods by parti canadien
2) mobilized the people thru critics, rallies, etc (summer 1837)
3) Louis-Joseph Papineau

4) chirivari
A) gathering of locals
B) target: loyalists agents who wouldn’t quit govt jobs
C) not violent: make noise, throw rocks, use masks (no kill/attack)

5) late 1837
A) chirivari as political tool: instead of fee, quit govt job
B) colonial govt banned rallies
C) justice of peace–> officials who defied govt and got fired

6) fall 1837: two layers of govt
A) official colonial govt
B) justice of peace: enacting democrats
C) Britain felt threaten

78
Q

UPPER CANADA

War of 1812: response of UP’s settlers to American invasion

A

1) population defeatist, indifferent
2) 11,000 poorly trained colonists active in militia
3) most UC appears to oppose the idea of breaking links with GB
4) a minority supported American side

79
Q

Upper Canada & Lower Canada

similarities

A

1) government structure

2) social hierarchy

From Flashcardlet (13 decks)

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