History-T Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
Problems Henry faced post-Bosworth
A
- Yorkist opposition
- Needed noble support
- Needed money to fight rebellion
- Weak claim
- No experience
- No wife…no heir=weak
2
Q
How did he secure his position in the ST?
A
- Act of resumption
- Applied for papal dispensation to marry EofY
- Truce with France extended to 1489
- Truce with Scotland 1486
3
Q
Henry VII’s policy towards the nobility
A
- Size of nobility -Acts of attainder
- Patronage -Bonds + Recognisances
- Order of the Garter -Retaining
- Council -Crown lands
- Great council
4
Q
Ordinary Revenue
A
- Crown land -Profits of Justice
- Customs duties
- Feudal dues
5
Q
Extraordinary Revenue
A
- Parliamentary grants -Clerical taxes
- Tenths + Fifteenths -Feudal obligations
- Loan -The French Pension
- Benevolences - Bonds + recon.
6
Q
Court of Star Chamber
A
1487- (Act to create it)
7
Q
Henry VIII’s coronation
+ Marriage to Catherine of Aragon
A
1509
8
Q
League of Cambrai
A
1509
9
Q
Anglo-Spanish deal to attack France
A
1511
10
Q
Holy League against France
A
1511
11
Q
First French War
A
1512- 1514
12
Q
1513
A
- Capture of Therouanne
- Battle of the Spurs
- Defeat of the Scots at Flodden (death of James IV of Scotland)
- Capture of the Tournai
13
Q
Anglo-French peace treaty
A
1514
14
Q
Treaty of London
A
1518
15
Q
1520
A
- Henry met Charles V in England
- Field of Cloth of Gold
- Henry met Charles at Calais
16
Q
Second French War
A
1522- 1525
17
Q
Anglo-French treaty of the More
A
1525
18
Q
FP Henry VIII
Battle of Solway Moss (1542)
A
- 24th November 1542
- Many of Scottish army fled or surrendered.
- James V in Edinburgh at time of battle + died a fortnight after supposedly due to the distress caused.
19
Q
FP Henry VIII
3rd French Campaign (1542)
(WITHOUT Wolsey)
A
- The Siege of Boulogne
- English moved from Pale of Calais to Boulogne + laid siege to town.
- Led by Duke of Suffolk, Henry eventually joined siege.
- English dug tunnels under castle at B. =French surrendered.
20
Q
FP Henry VIII
Accession of Charles
(Spain)
(HRE)
A
- HRE + King of Spain
- Archduke of Austria
- Inherited the Hasburg Empire
- Eventually abdicated power to his brother + son before retiring to join a monastry.
- Mother= Johanna of Castille
- Father= Phillip of Burgundy
- Aunt= Catherine of Aragon
21
Q
FP Henry VIII
Battle of Flodden (1513)
(WITH Wolsey)
A
- Whilst Henry led Battle of Spurs in France…
- James IV of Scotland launched invasion on England
- English army led by Earl of Surrey = nominally led by Cath of Aragon
- Fought at Flodden Field
- James IV + most of nobles killed 10,000 Scotsmen (English Victory)
22
Q
FP Henry VIII
Reasons for FP failure
A
- Over-reliance on Wolsey to lead policy (Wolsey vs Henry)
- 3rd rate power
- Inconsistent aims/ unrealistic aims
- Alliances failed- Spain + Netherlands
- Over-estimated financial strength- Amicable grant
- Lack of Domestic support
- Domestic issues- Reformation
23
Q
FP Henry VIII
Accession of Francis I (1515)
A
- Crowned King of France- 1st January 1515
- Knighted following foreign victory
- Re-bought Tournai from Henry VIII.
24
Q
FP Henry VIII
League of cambrai (1510)
(WITH Wolsey)
A
- Formed 1508
- Alliance:Current Pope, HRE, France + England Ferdinand II of Aragon.
- Alliance against Turks to attack Republic of Venice.
- Collapsed in 1510- When Pope switched sides + Ferdinand became neutral + eventually switched too.
25
FP Henry VIII
(1513) Battle of the Spurs
(WITH Wolsey)
- OR: Battle of Guinegate/ 1st French Campaign
- 1 of first battles forming the War of the League of Cambrai.
- Offensive attack against France by Henry VIII.
- 30,000 men crossed channel to Calais, headed to Paris, captured: Tournai + Therouarine.
26
FP Henry VIII
Treaty of London (1518)
(WITH Wolsey)
- Pope Leo X had been calling for action against the Turks...
- Created by Wolsey as a peace settlement involving England, France, Spain, the Papacy + the Empire against the Turks (Christian powers united).
- Meant those involved couldn't launch attacks on each other, + if any of them were attacked the attackers would be dealt with. (COLLAPSES in months).
27
Rebellions Henry VII
| What was the Cornish Rebellion?
- Tax levied to defend Scottish boarder (Cornwall unhappy- not near North).
- Rebels moved to London.
- Blackheath- met by King's forces- 1000 killed.
- SAME TIME AS- threat from James IV + Warbeck.
28
Rebellion Henry VII
| What was the Warbeck Rebellion?
- Perkin Warbeck- Impersonated Richard Duke of York (prince from tower)
- Taken to Ireland
- 1492-France received by Charles VIII as a prince.
- M of Burgundy-(sent to her) + trained for Yorkist court.
- 1493- Archduke Phillip given control of BUrg.
- W. welcomed to HRE into Maximillian's court.
- Fled to Scotland + married King James' cousin.
29
Rebellions Henry VII
| Why did the Yorkshire Rebellion fail
- Bad leadership from John Egremont.
- Mild threat level- Policy based not an attempt to kill the King.
- Contained in the North.
30
Rebellions Henry VII
| What was the Yorkshire Rebellion?
- Parl. granted Henry £100,000 tax to aid defence of Brittany.
- Bad harvests in Yorkshire... they struggled to pay this.
- Resentment due to starvation = the fact that some northern countries did not have to pay as they already paid for defence against Scots. (e.g. Northumberland)
- King's envoy sent, then killed by John Egremont (leader)- Bad leadership=defeat
- J.E fled to Flanders, most rebels pardoned + only £27,000 collected.
31
Rebellions Henry VII
| Why did the Lovell rebellion fail?
- April 1486- Henry went on a tour of the North.
- Spies pursued L + the Staffords- Henry moved north to York to suppress the rebellion with large armed force.
- Jasper Tudor sent to Yorkshire promising to pardon all but L
- L was not a Yorkist claimant...rebels quickly disbanded.
- L + Staffords only minor nobles.
- Quickly dealt with.
- No foreign backing.
32
rebellions Henry VII
| What was the Lovell rebellion?
- Lovell-Friend of Richard III + councillor to him, fought at Bosworth, L + Staffords fled to sanctuary in Colchester abbey after Bos.
- April 1486- left + tried to raise rebellion.
- FAILED-...L fled to Margaret of B.
- L then returned to England to assist in the Simnel Rebellion
- Fought at Stoke + not seen again.
33
Rebellions Henry VII
| What were the rebellions that occurred during Henry VII's reign?
- Simnel Rebellion- 1486-1487
- Lovell Rebellion- 1486
- Yorkshire Rebellion- 1489
- Warbeck Rebellion- 1491-1499
- Cornwall Rebellion- 1497
34
Post-Bosworth Henry VII (1485)
| 1) Not officially crowned
- Crowned 30th October 1485
- Lavish affair-aimed to surpass that of Richard.
- Parl. not called until after the coronation.
35
Post-Bosworth Henry VII (1485)
| 2) Reward for supporters
- Avoided rewarding too much land...subjects can't become too powerful + he wouldn't lose as much of his income.
- (Uncle)Jasper Tudor-Given titles e.g. duke of bedford...
- Sir William stanley-Role of Lord Chamberlain.
36
Post-Bos. Henry VII (1485)
| 3) Two Royal households
- 18th January 1485- Married Elizabeth of York.
- Not married immediately-Didn't want to weaken claim.
- Married-off her sisters to Lancastrians-(even older sister already married- forced to get an annulment + remarry).
- Allowed other Yorkists to swear allegiance.
37
Post-Bos Henry VII (1485)
| 4) Opponents- nobility/punishments
- If too harsh-could turn against him.
- If too lenient- too weak.
- Under 1/4 of temporal lords fought against him + from those many died in battle.
- Earl of Surrey+ E. of Northumberland- Prison sentences- BUT later released.
- Pre-dated reign to before Bos.... could imprison some + could take land off others.
38
Post-Bos. Henry VII
| 5) Other Yorkist Claimants
- earl of warwick (10yrs old at time)-Richard III's nephew- sent to Tower to live (in relative comfort).
- Earl of Lincoln/John de la Pole (Allowed to swear loyalty + join council-later-).
39
Post-Bos. Henry VII (1485)
| 6) Usurper Image
- March 1486
| - Toured country + used Propaganda to glorify new reign.
40
Post-Bos. Henry VII (1485)
| 7) No heir
- Prince Arthur- September 1486
- Margaret
- Henry- 1491
- Mary(NOT SAME MARY)
41
Post-Bos. Henry VII
| 8) Recognition from Parl.
- Demonstrated authority by calling 1st Parl. of reign.
| - Recognised him as King in their first meeting.
42
Break with Rome Henry VIII
| What were the main reasons for the dissolution of the monasteries?
- Finance
- Patronage + greed.
- Continental influence
- 'Imperial idea'
- Removal of opponents
43
Break with Rome Henry VIII
| What were the steps of the Break with Rome?
- Act in Restraint of Annates-(MARCH 1532)
- Submission of the clergy-(MAY 1532)
- New Archbishop of Canterbury-(AUGUST 1532)
- Act in Restraint of Appeals-(APRIL 1533)
- Act of Dispensations-(1534)
- Act of Succession-(MARCH 1534)
- Act of Supremacy + Treason Law-(NOVEMBER 1534)
44
FP Henry VIII
Aims of FP Post-Wolsey
(Post 1529)
- Conquest of France (remains)
- Glory + Fame
- New alliances + opportunities
- Needs new protestant alliances
- Central in Europe
- Avoid invasion (Spain)
- Pacification of Scotland-(e.g. Battle of Solway Moss)
45
FP Henry VIII
Aims of FP 1509-1529
(WITH Wolsey)
- Remove threats from Scotland
- Avoid war with France + Spain (W)
- Conquest of France (H)
- England to be central in European affairs (W+H)
- Arbiter of Europe (peacemaker) (W)
- Glory, Fame + Territory (H)
- Alliances (W+H)
46
FP Henry VIII
1509-1511
Key events of foreign policy
- Becomes King
- Joins Christian campaign
- Joins the League of Cambrai against the Turks.
47
Govt. Henry VII
| Local Govt.
- Regional Councils
| - Justices of the Peace
48
Govt. Henry VII
| Financial Courts
-The Exchequer
=received + paid out money
=Audited accounts
=HOWEVER-slow
-The Chamber
49
Govt. Henry VII
| The Equity Courts
```
-The Court of the Star Chamber
=Legal disputes
-The Court of the Chancery
=estates + ward-ships
-The Court of Requests
=common law courts, used by lower classes.
-The Council Learned in Law
=crown lands-small, professional committee defending the King's crown land rights.
```
50
Govt. Henry VII
| Household
```
-The Royal Chamber
=the charge of meeting the King's personal needs.
-Privy Chamber
=most influential part of royal household
=attending to the King + dressing him.
-The Household Proper
=Needs of the King + court.
-The Royal Household
=consisted of around 500 men.
```
51
Govt. Henry VII
| The Advisory Councils
-The Royal Council
=inner circle of nobility + skilled individuals.
-The Privy Council
=Exclusively men + main govt. group.
-Parliament
=only met on particular occasions + agreed to any legislation requested by the King + the council.
52
Govt. Henry VII
| Common Law
- Laws derived from tradition + previous cases (precedents) rather than official legislation.
- General tudor law system used in legal courts.
53
Govt. Extra-Ordinary Finance
-Taxes that the King has to request when his ordinary finance is not enough.
=usually only requested in times of crisis or war.
=Parl. must grant these taxes in order for them to be collected.
54
Govt. Henry VII
| Ordinary Finance
Taxes that the King has an automatic right to.
55
Govt. Henry VII
| Feudal rights
-Automatic rights the king assumes upon accession.
| =In place + unquestioned since the Middles Ages.
56
Govt. Henry VII
| Feudal Dues
- Money owed to the King because he is the feudal Lord.
| - They have been in place and unquestioned since the Middle ages.
57
Govt. Henry VII/Medieval
| Govt. Structure
```
-Monarch=Personal Govt.
_Royal Council (No fixed membership or jobs) + (All other groups/councils get authority from here).
_Parl. (massively limited)
```
58
Nobility (Control)
| Wardship
When a family of nobility only has an infant heir, therefore, the King can take all profit from their estate.
59
Nobility (Control)
| Order of the Garter
England's highest order of chivalry which included the King and 25 elected knights (a ceremonial title).
60
Nobility (Control)
| Patronage
Gifts from the crown to secure loyalty.
61
Nobility (Control)
| Act of Attainder
A special law passed by Parl. which allowed someone to be declared guilty of treason without a trial.
