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ID Ex 2 > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

Human Endogenous retrovirus (HERV)

A
  1. COmprises ~ 8-10% of hu genome
  2. Inherited from ancient retroviruses in germline cells
  3. Most HERVs are defective and cannot produce infectious viruses
  4. HERV-K + HERV-W are active
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2
Q

Gag precursor encodes which structures?

Gag-Pol precursor codes for what?

A
  1. Matrix
  2. Capsid
  3. Protease

Pol prcursor

  1. Reverse transcriptase
  2. Integrase
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3
Q

Retrovirus life cycle (see slides)

  • Binding and entry
  • Reverse transcription
    3. Retroviral genome integration
    4. Viral Gene transcripton
    5. Virus assembly and release
    6. Virus maturation
A
  1. Env (gp120) binds CD4 T cell recepotor and chemokine co-receptors (CCR5, CXCR4)
  2. Viral reverse transcriptase: very inefficient and error-prone step
  3. Viral integrase: required for virus replication and transcription (brings new Viral DNA into nucleus)
  4. Tat transactivator
  5. Vpu is required for virus release
  6. Protease is required for virus maturation (cleaves viral protein and allows it to develop into viral enzymes)
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4
Q

AZT

A

Very similar to Thymine substrate. Can get incorporated in Viral RNA –> DNA conversion in cytosol and halt the process

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5
Q

Ritonovir

A

binds active site on protease and it cant cleave protein and prevents it form becoming mature. Life cycle is inhibited.

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6
Q

WHO category for HIV-1

A

HIV-1 is a group 1 carcinogen

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7
Q

AIDS-defining cancers of HIV/AIDS

A
  1. Kaposi sarcoma
  2. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
  3. Cervical cancer
  • more HIV infected people are dying by HIV associated cancers
  • HIV associated cancers are more aggressive and progress faster
  • accounts for less mortality than non-AIDS defining malignancies now thanx to HAART
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8
Q

Non-AIDS-defining cancers of HIV/AIDS

A

Also increased if you have HIV/AIDS, but little is known

  1. Anal cancer
  2. Hodgkins lymphoma
    ect.
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9
Q

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) effects on HIV and cancer

A

Decreases AIDS defining cancer

Increases Non-AIDS defining cancers

*but HAART should be continued during chemotherapy

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10
Q

Potential contributing factors for HIV/AIDS and cancer

A
  1. Virus co-infxns: HPV, HBV, HCV
  2. Behavior risk factors
    - tobacco
  3. DIrect effects of HIV
    - inhibit tumor suppressor genes
    - activates proto-oncogenes
    - endothelial abnormalities by HIV (pro-angiogenesis)
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11
Q

What do you have to worry about when undergoing HIV treatment?

A

Worry about drug interactions and overlapping toxicities that can contribute to adverse events. and associated cancers.

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12
Q

First retrovirus linked to hu disease

A

HTLV-1

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13
Q

Proven hu diseases that are caused by HTLV-1 ***

A
  1. Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL)
  2. HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM)
    - aka tropical spastic paraparesis
  3. Uveitis
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14
Q

Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL)

A

Hu disease caused by HTLV-1
- Can cultivate HTLV-1 from ATL cells
- Associated with immune suppression (unlike HAM)
clinically:
1. lytic bone lesions
2. hypercalcemia
3. Cutaneous lesions (due to leukemic cell infiltration)

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15
Q

4 clinical types of ATL

A
  1. Acute
  2. Lymphomatous
  3. Chronic
  4. SMoldering
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16
Q

Natural course from the infection of HTLV-1 to onset of ATL

A
  1. HTLV-1 INfection
  2. Clonal prolif by HTLV-1 Tax
    - immune evasion
  3. Malignant expansion
    - alter host genome
17
Q

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM)

A

“tropical spastic paraparesis”

  • Resembles multiple sclerosis: weakness or stiffness of legs (demyelination)
  • Higher HTLV-1 replication and stronger immune response than ATL
  • possible autoimmune destruction of neural cells by T cells
18
Q

Is the integrated proviral DNA transcribed by host RNA or DNA polymerase?

A

RNA polymerase

to yield viral mRNAs

19
Q

3 major classes of oncogenic retroviruses

A
  1. acute transforming
  2. non-acute transforming
  3. transacting
20
Q

Why do we not treat HIV pts with cancer differently than without?

A

Chemotherapeutic DDI and overlapping toxicities

1. chemo usually degrated via CYTP450

21
Q

LTR of retroviral genome fxns

A
  1. Reverse transcription
  2. Viral gene transcription
  3. Splicing
  4. Virus integration
  5. Packaging
22
Q

What virus gene is required for virus release from cell? What enzyme is required for virus maturation?

A

Vpu

Protease

ID Ex 2 (18 decks)

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