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Immunology-Week 3 & 4 > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What kind of virus is HIV?

A

Lentivirus

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2
Q

Describe Lentiviruses

A

Retroviruses that can infect NON-dividing cells. HIV 1 and HIV 2 are human lentiviruses.

  • HIV 1 is more pathogenic than HIV 2.
  • 4 HIV groups (M, O, N, P)
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3
Q

What is the predominant form of HIV in the US?

A

HIV 1 M subtype B

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4
Q

What three enzymes must be brought by the HIV into the host cell?

A
  1. reverse transcriptase
  2. integrase
  3. protease
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5
Q

What are the 6 steps of the viral replication cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry/Fusion
  3. Uncoating
  4. DNA and protein synthesis
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
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6
Q

What are the subunits of glycoprotein on HIV envelope associated with attachment and entry/fusion?

A

gp120 & gp41

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7
Q

Describe HIV Attachment & Entry/Fusion Process

A
  1. gp120 subunit binds to CD4 receptor on helper T cell. This induces a conformation change to expose co-receptor binding site of gp120.
  2. CCR5 on helper T cell binds to the co-receptor binding site of gp120. This induces a second conformational change in the gp41 subunit.
  3. N-terminal fusion peptide gets inserted into the host cell’s membrane.
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8
Q

What are the co-receptors on T cells and what viruses uses them?

A
  1. CCR5: used by M Tropic R5 Virus
  2. CXCR4: used by T Tropic X4 Virus
  3. Both CCR5 & CXCR4: Dual/Mixed (D/M) Tropic Virus

*CCR5 is used by most virus strains, but viruses can evolve to use CXCR4 later time in infeciton.

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9
Q

True or False: In addition to CD4, a coreceptor is needed for HIV to enter the host cell.

A

True

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10
Q

What 3 processes are carried out by reverse transcriptase?

A
  1. Reverse transcription of ssRNA –> viral ssDNA
    * RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
  2. RNase H degrades ssRNA
    * RNase H
  3. Production of viral dsDNA
    * DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

** all three enzymatic activities are on the HIV RT enzyme.

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11
Q

HIV replication is a highly error-prone process due to

A

frequent mutations during reverse transcription

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12
Q

What is the function of an integrase?

A

It helps identify integration site on host DNA and executes the viral strand transfer (irreversible) in the host DNA.

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13
Q

What are the most commonly used agents against HIV?

A

reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

*competitive inhibitor of RT

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14
Q

What is the protein of HIV associated with the capsid?

A

p24

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15
Q

What is the protein of HIV associated with the matrix?

A

p17

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16
Q

What are the three major classes of structural genes of HIV?

A
  1. env (gp120, gp41)
  2. gag (p24, p17)
  3. pol (reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease)
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17
Q

What NRTIs do we have to know?

A
  1. Zidovudine
  2. Abacavir
  3. Lamivudine
  4. Emtricitabine
  5. TDF & TAF
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18
Q

What NRTI is the first ARV drug developed?

Study These Flashcards
A

Zidovudine

- thymidine analog

19
Q

What NRTI has the potential risk for the severe hypersensitivity and cardiac disease?

20
Q

What NRTI is also effective for Hep B?

Study These Flashcards
A

Lamivudine & Emtricitabine

21
Q

What NRTI is commonly used in combination pills?

22
Q

What antiretroviral agents are protease inhibitors (PI)?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Lopinavir
  2. Rotnavir

*-navir

23
Q

What antiretroviral agent is an integrase inhibitor?

24
Q

What antiretroviral agent is a co-receptor (CCR5) inhibitor?

25
What antiretroviral agent is a fusion (gp41) inhibitor?
Enfuvirtide
26
Describe Acute Retroviral Syndrome
Primary HIV infection stage that mimics mono-like illness (fever, sore throat, lymph nodes).
27
What is the specific target for HIV?
CD4+ T Cell
28
What cell is present in high numbers early and is involved in initial control of viremia?
CD8+ T Cell
29
What is the main reason that HIV can escape from the host immune control?
Error-prone RT causing mutations
30
What is the HIV gene that is associated with low viral load and slow loss of CD4 T cells when it gets deleted?
nef gene
31
What protein does HIV diagnostic testing detect for?
p24 antigen
32
What is the diagnostic testing to test HIV in infants?
HIV DNA/RNA (nucleic acid) PCR
33
What diagnostic testings are used to detect HIV antibody?
ELISA/Western Blot
34
Describe Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
An exaggerated inflammatory reaction to pathogens that occurs when the immune system begins to recover following antiretroviral therapy (ART).
35
What is Perinatal Transmission?
aka. Horizontal Transmission The transmission of disease from mom to child.
36
What is the infection caused by pathogen that doesn't normally cause infection in individual with normal immune system?
Opportunistic Infection
37
Symptoms of thrush, Kaposi sarcoma, leukoplakia, angular cheilitis, seborrheic dermatitis, Herpes zoster (shingles), and herpes simplex are red flags to be considered for what?
HIV
38
What are the common infections in HIV+ individuals with CD4 cell count > 200?
1. Tuberculosis | 2. Strep. pneumonia
39
What are the common infections in HIV+ individuals with CD4 cell count < 200 (AIDS)?
Fungi 1. Pneumocystis jiroveci 2. Candida 3. cryptococcus (enveloped)
40
What is the most common opportunistic pathogen of AIDS?
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia *shortness of breath, hypoxemia
41
What viral infections are most common in AIDS?
1. CMV --> retinitis (blindness) | 2. Human Herpes Virus (HHV 8) --> kaposi's sarcoma
42
Describe common characteristics of Herpesvirus family
1. ds DNA | 2. enveloped
43
What protozoan infections are most common in AIDS?
1. Toxoplasma gondii --> reactivation in CNS | 2. cryptosporidia --> watery diarrhea
44
What bacteria causes the most common bacterial infection in AIDS?
Mycobacterium avium complex --> affects multiple organs * related to tuberculosis

Immunology-Week 3 & 4 (11 decks)

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