HIV/AIDS Flashcards
(46 cards)
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
retrovirus that destroys CD4+ T cells
HIV1 and HIV2
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
*HIV progresses into AIDS
how is HIV transmitted?
- sexual: semen, vaginal secretions
- parenteral: blood
- mother to child: pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding
risk factors for development of HIV
-men having sex with men
-IV drug use
-heterosexual contact
-mother-to-child (perinatal)
-blood transfusions
+ unknowns!
(black, South Africa)
why doesn’t everyone who is exposed develop an active HIV infection?
-duration + frequency of contact
-volume, virulence, concentration of virus
-host immune fxn
-genetic protective factors
CCR5
protein on CD4+ cells
defective CCR5 can block entry of HIV
with sexual transmission, what increases the risk of developing HIV?
-unprotected ANAL sex (higher risk of bleeding)
-receiver of semen
-multiple partners
-STIs
-uncircumcised
-alcohol and drug use
-uses sex in trade for drugs and $$
with parenteral transmission, what increases the risk of developing HIV?
-sharing of needle between IDUs
-blood
-health care exposure to blood, body fluids, needles/sharps
*puncture high risk
*splash of blood less of a risk
mother to child HIV transmission
pregnancy, delivery, breastfeeding
increased risk when mom doesn’t know she has HIV and isn’t being treated
C-section common, unless low viral levels, possible vaginal delivery
HIV mom should be treated, then baby once born
non-movable white stripes of the side of tongue
oral hair leuoplakia
what are white stripes/patches that can be scraped off, bleed, that can be painful?
thrush
antiretrovirals
HAART (ART): highly active (antiretroviral therapy)
why do we use HAART instead of mono therapy?
reduce risk of drug-resistant HIV
goals/benefits of HAART
-delay or reverse loss of immune fxn
-decrease AIDS-related complications
-prolong life
drawbacks of HAART
-expensive
-long-term SE
-serious drug interactions
-must be taken for life
who should receive ART?
anyone with HIV & all pregnant HIV+ women
*still infectious when taking therapy
*pt must be motivated to adhere to med
pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
*truvada (NRTI) - taken before exposure for high risk pt’s
*can reduce risk of HIV transmission by > 90%
-determine barriers
-obtain sexual and drug use history
-teach condom use
when and why do you need to follow up with a HCP for PrEP?
follow up every 90 days for HIV testing, screening for acute infections, and assessing risk behaviors
*possibly prescribe other meds
post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
-recommendations based on exposure and barriers
-treatments for non-occupation and HCP
-ART for 28 days
-HIV testing at 6 and 12 weeks after exposure
how does HIV work?
- HIV targets CD4+ T helper cell and binds to it
- HIV on CD4+ cell then fuses with cell membrane and enters host cell
- once inside, viral RNA –> viral DNA (transcriptase)
- viral DNA is inserted into the infected cell’s genetic material (integrase) and hijacks cell
- (protease) releases particles within the virus that attack, replicate and release more HIV
HIV1
has a very high mutation rate
more resistant to drugs
HIV invades CD4+ cells and becomes part of that cell DNA. what does this mean regarding the infection status of the infected person?
individual infected for life
virus proliferates in infected cells and shed virus particles. where is the virus present?
virus is present in the blood and bodily fluids
proliferates RAPIDLY
body forms anti-HIV antibody. what is important to know about this antibody?
antibody is a marker of infection BUT is NOT protective
