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MICROPARA-LAB > HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

HIV/AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused
by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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2
Q

sexually transmitted infection

A

HIV

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3
Q

It can also be spread by contact with infected blood and from illicit injection drug use or sharing needles. It can also be spread from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.

A

HIV

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4
Q

Some people infected by HIV develop a flu-like illness within 2 to 4 weeks after the virus enters the body. This illness, known as
may last for a few weeks.

A

primary (acute) HIV infection

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5
Q

In this stage of infection, HIV is still present in the body and in white blood cells. However, many people may not have any symptoms or infections during this time.
This stage can last for many years if you’re receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Some people develop more severe disease much sooner.

A

Clinical latent infection (Chronic HIV)

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6
Q

As the virus continues to multiply and destroy your immune cells — the cells in your body that help fight off germs — you may develop mild infections or chronic signs and symptoms

A

Symptomatic HIV infection

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7
Q

➢ When AIDS occurs, your immune system has been severely damaged. You’ll be more likely to develop diseases that wouldn’t usually cause illness in a person with a healthy immune system. These are called

A

opportunistic infections or opportunistic cancers.

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8
Q

How HIV spreads
To become infected with HIV, infected blood, semen or vaginal secretions must enter your body. This can happen in several ways:

A

• By having sex.
• By sharing needles.
• From blood transfusions.
• During pregnancy or delivery or through breastfeeding

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9
Q

Risk factors
Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can be infected with HIV/AIDS. However, you’re at greatest risk of HIV/AIDS if you:

A

• Have unprotected sex
• Have an STI.
• Use illicit injection drugs.

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10
Q

Infections common to HIV/AIDS

A

• Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
• Candidiasis (thrush)
• Tuberculosis (TB)
• Cytomegalovirus
• Cryptococcal meningitis
• Toxoplasmosis

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11
Q

This fungal infection can cause severe illness. Although it’s declined significantly with current treatments for HIV/AIDS, in the U.S., PCP is still the most common cause of pneumonia in people infected with HIV.

A

• Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

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12
Q

is a common HIV-related infection. It causes inflammation and a thick, white coating on your mouth, tongue, esophagus or vagina.

A

• Candidiasis (thrush)

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13
Q

common opportunistic infection associated with HIV. Worldwide, ____ is a leading cause of death among people with AIDS. It’s less common in the U.S. thanks to the wide use of HIV medications.

A

• Tuberculosis (TB)

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14
Q

This common herpes virus is transmitted in body fluids such as saliva, blood, urine, semen and breast milk. A healthy immune system inactivates the virus, and it remains dormant in your body. If your immune system weakens, the virus resurfaces — causing damage to your eyes, digestive tract, lungs or other organs.

A

• Cytomegalovirus

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15
Q

is an inflammation of the membranes and fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord (meninges). _______ is a common central nervous system infection associated with HIV, caused by a fungus found in soil.

A

• Cryptococcal meningitis.

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16
Q

This potentially deadly infection is caused by ______ gondii, a parasite spread primarily by cats. Infected cats pass the parasites in their stools, which may then spread to other animals and humans. _________ can cause heart disease, and seizures occur when it spreads to the brain.

A

• Toxoplasmosis

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17
Q

Cancers common to HIV/AIDS

A

• Lymphoma
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• HPV-related cancers.

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18
Q

This cancer starts in the white blood cells. The most common early sign is painless swelling of the lymph nodes in your neck, armpit or groin.

A

• Lymphoma

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19
Q

A tumor of the blood vessel walls, usually appears as pink, red or purple lesions on the skin and mouth. In people with darker skin, the lesions may look dark brown or black.

can also affect the internal organs, including the digestive tract and lungs.

A

• Kaposi’s sarcoma.

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20
Q

These are cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. They include anal, oral and cervical cancer.

A

• HPV-related cancers.

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21
Q

Untreated HIV/AIDS can cause significant weight loss, often accompanied by diarrhea, chronic weakness and fever.

A

• Wasting syndrome

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22
Q

HIV can cause neurological symptoms such as confusion, forgetfulness, depression, anxiety and difficulty walking. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) can range from mild symptoms of behavioral changes and reduced mental functioning to severe dementia causing weakness and inability to function.

A

• Neurological complications.

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23
Q

HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is an inflammation of the tiny filters in your ______ that remove excess fluid and wastes from your blood and pass them to your urine. It most often affects Black or Hispanic people

A

KIDNEY DISEASE

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24
Q

is also a major complication, especially in people who also have hepatitis B or hepatitis C.

A

Liver disease

25
Q

can reduce your risk of getting HIV from sex by about 99% and from injection drug use by at least 74%, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Descovy hasn’t been studied in people who have receptive vaginal sex.

A

• Consider preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

26
Q

The combination oral drugs_______
can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection in people at very high risk.

A

emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and

emtricitabine plus tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy)

27
Q

the first injectable PrEP to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection in people at very high risk.

A

cabotegravir (Apretude)

28
Q

Using ______ means taking your medication exactly as prescribed and getting regular checkups.

A

• Use treatment as prevention (TasP)

29
Q

• Use ___________if you’ve been exposed to HIV

A

post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

30
Q

• Use ______________ If you’re living with HIV, taking HIV medication can keep your partner from becoming infected with the virus.

A

treatment as prevention (TasP).

31
Q

• Most widely used HIV diagnostic tests detect antibodies produced by the person as part of their immune response to fight HIV. In most cases, people develop antibodies to HIV within 28 days of infection. During this time, people are in the so-called _________ when they have low levels of antibodies which cannot be detected by many rapid tests, but may transmit HIV to others.

A

Window period

32
Q

For children less than 18 months of age, rapid antibody testing is not sufficient to identify HIV infection – ______ must be provided as early as birth or at 6 weeks of age. New technologies are now available to perform this test at the point of care and enable same-day results, which will accelerate appropriate linkage with treatment and care.

A

virological testing

33
Q

HIV can be diagnosed through blood or saliva testing. Available tests include:

A

• Antigen/antibody tests
• Antibody tests
• Nucleic acid tests (NATs)

34
Q

__________ are produced by your immune system when it’s exposed to HIV. It can take weeks to months for antibodies to become detectable. The combination antigen/antibody tests can take 2 to 6 weeks after exposure to become positive.

A

Antibodies

35
Q

These tests usually involve drawing blood from a vein.

A

• Antigen/antibody tests.

36
Q

These tests look for antibodies to HIV in blood or saliva. Most rapid HIV tests, including self-tests done at home, are

A

• Antibody tests

37
Q

can take 3 to 12 weeks after you’re exposed to become positive.

A

Antibody tests

38
Q

These tests look for the actual virus in your blood (viral load). They also involve blood drawn from a vein. If you might have been exposed to HIV within the past few weeks, your health care provider may recommend ____. _____ will be the first test to become positive after exposure to HIV.

A

• Nucleic acid tests (NATs)

39
Q

• There is no cure for HIV infection. It is treated with _____________, which stop the virus from replicating in the body.

A

antiretroviral drugs

40
Q

• Current ___________ does not cure HIV infection but allows a person’s immune system to get stronger. This helps them to fight other infections.

A

antiretroviral therapy (ART)

41
Q

• Antiretroviral drugs given to people without HIV can prevent the disease.
• When given before possible exposures to HIV it is called

A

pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

42
Q

• Antiretroviral drugs given to people without HIV can prevent the disease.

when given after an exposure it is called

A

post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

43
Q

Tests for complications
Your health care provider might also order lab tests to check for other infections or complications, including:

A

• Tuberculosis
• Hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection
• STIs
• Liver or kidney damage
• Urinary tract infection
• Cervical and anal cancer
• Cytomegalovirus
• Toxoplasmosis

44
Q

➢ Currently, there’s no cure for HIV/AIDS. Once you have the infection, your body can’t get rid of it. However, there are many medications that can control HIV and prevent complications. These medications are called

A

antiretroviral therapy (ART).

45
Q

The classes of anti-HIV drugs include:

A

• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
• Nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
• Protease inhibitors (PIs)
• Integrase inhibitors
• Entry or fusion inhibitors

46
Q

turn off a protein needed by HIV to make copies of itself.

A

• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

47
Q

• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) turn off a protein needed by HIV to make copies of itself.
Examples include

A

efavirenz (Sustiva),
rilpivirine (Edurant) and
doravirine (Pifeltro).

48
Q

are faulty versions of the building blocks that HIV needs to make copies of itself.

A

• Nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

49
Q

• Nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are faulty versions of the building blocks that HIV needs to make copies of itself.
Examples include

A

abacavir (Ziagen), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread)
emtricitabine (Emtriva)
lamivudine (Epivir) and
zidovudine (Retrovir).

50
Q

inactivate HIV protease, another protein that HIV needs to make copies of itself.

A

• Protease inhibitors (PIs)

51
Q

• Protease inhibitors (PIs) inactivate HIV protease, another protein that HIV needs to make copies of itself.
Examples include

A

atazanavir (Reyataz)
darunavir (Prezista) and
lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra).

52
Q

work by disabling a protein called integrase, which HIV uses to insert its genetic material into CD4 T cells.

A

• Integrase inhibitors

53
Q

• Integrase inhibitors work by disabling a protein called integrase, which HIV uses to insert its genetic material into CD4 T cells.
Examples include

A

bictegravir sodium/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Biktarvy)

raltegravir (Isentress)

dolutegravir (Tivicay) and

cabotegravir (Vocabria).

54
Q

block HIV’s entry into CD4 T cells.

A

• Entry or fusion inhibitors

55
Q

• Entry or fusion inhibitors block HIV’s entry into CD4 T cells.
Examples include

A

enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
maraviroc (Selzentry).

56
Q

There’s little evidence on the effectiveness and benefits of supplements for HIV. Some examples with limited research include:

A

• Acetyl-L-carnitine.
• Whey protein and certain amino acids
• Probiotics
• Vitamins and minerals

57
Q

to treat nerve pain, numbness or weakness (neuropathy) in people with diabetes. It may also ease neuropathy linked to HIV if you’re lacking in the substance.

A

• Acetyl-L-carnitine

58
Q

Supplements that may be dangerous

A

• St. John’s wort.
• Garlic supplements.
• Red yeast rice extract

59
Q

A common depression remedy, ________ can reduce the effectiveness of several types of anti-HIV drugs by more than half.

A

St. John’s wort

MICROPARA-LAB (5 decks)

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