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Applied Psychology > HL6 - Health risk and health enhancing behaviours > Flashcards

HL6 - Health risk and health enhancing behaviours Flashcards

1
Q

What is stigma?

A

A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality or individual

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2
Q

What is the process of stigma?

A
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3
Q

How does stigma apply to health?

A

Health risk behaviours → Smoking, alcohol consumption, unsafe sex

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4
Q

What is health behaviour (behavioural pathogens vs behavioural immunogens) ?

A
  • Matarazzo (1984) distinguished between:
    • behavioural pathogens:
      • the health damaging/health risk behaviours such as
        excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, fatty diet.
    • behavioural immunogens:
      • the health protective/health enhancing behaviours
        such as exercise, health screening uptake, breast self-
        examination, and low-fat diets
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5
Q

How can chronic diseases impact health?

A
  • heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic diseases looming epidemics that will take the greatest toll in deaths and disability” (WHO, 2005)
  • Chronic diseases impact heavily on:
    • Burden upon patients/carers
    • Rates of death/disability
    • Use of health services
    • Healthcare expenditure
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6
Q

What are behavioural contributors to illness in Australia?

A

Can use this to see how to improve health by implementing health enhancing behaviours

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7
Q

What are the primary causes of death in Australia?

A
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Cancer
  • Dementia
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8
Q

What are the risks of smoking as a health behaviour?

A
  • Australia was the first country to introduce plain packaging, also introduced tobacco taxes
  • Increases risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, cancer
  • Prevalence - 2001 (19%) & 2019 (9.9%)
  • People who have never smoked have increased between 2001 (51%) and 2019 (63%)
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9
Q

What are the factors associated with smoking?

A
  • Location
    • Remote and very remote areas (2x more likely than major cities)
  • Indigeneity
    • Indigenous Australians (2.5x more likely than non-indigenous)
  • SES
    • Lower SES (3.6x more likely than highest SES)
  • Sexual orientation
    • ## Homosexual and bisexual more likely to smoke daily than heterosexual
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10
Q

What is the current usage of E-cigarettes like?

A
  • Lifetime & current use of e-cigarettes increased among smokers and non-smokers between 2016 and 2019
  • Although 82% of secondary school students had never tried smoking in 2017 compared to 77% in 2011 but almost 2 in 5 aged 14 had used an e-cig
    • Most common reason was curiosity through seeing it modelled by others
    • Social learning and reinforcement
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11
Q

Why might people start smoking?

A
  • Modelling (peers, siblings, parents)
  • Social pressure, social learning, and
    reinforcement
  • Weight control
  • Risk-taking or problem behaviours
  • Health cognitions (unrealistic optimism)
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12
Q

Why do people continue smoking?

A
  • Enjoyment (behaviour, taste, effects)
  • Habit
  • Physical and/or psychological addiction
  • Stress/anxiety management
  • Low self-efficacy
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13
Q

What are the recommendations for alcohol consumption?

A
  • No more than 2 units per day
  • Alcohol is the second most used psychoactive substance
  • Standard drink = 10g alcohol
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14
Q

What are the short-term risks of alcohol consumption?

A
  • Pedestrian, road and other accidents
  • Domestic and public violence
  • Crime
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15
Q

What are the long term risks of alcohol consumption?

A
  • Liver disease
  • Cancer (oral, oesophagus, larynx)
  • High blood pressure
  • Pancreatitis
  • Brain damage
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16
Q

What is the prevalence of alcohol consumption?

A

21% (2001) → 16.8% (2019)

17
Q

What are the factors associated with risky drinking?

A
  • Location
    • Remote areas (1.5x more than cities)
    • Indigeneity
      • More abstinence but more risky if they do drink
    • SES
      • Higher SES (more likely to drink in riskier quantities)
    • Sexual orientation
      • Homosexual and bisexual - more likely to drink in risky quantities
      • Why?
        • Negative reactions to disclosure of orientation
        • Experience of bisexual-negativity
18
Q

What are the recommendations for safer sex?

A
  • Regular STI checks
  • Covering potentially infectious areas
  • Preventing/reducing the transfer of bodily fluids between partners
  • Use of
    • Internal or external condoms or gloves
    • Condoms and dental dams for oral sex
    • Lubricant to reduce breakage
19
Q

How does protection reduce the risk?

A
  • Unplanned pregnancy
  • Infections - HIV, HPV, Chlamydia, herpes simplex, genital warts
20
Q

Why do people not use protection?

A
  • Social:
  • Difficulty/embarrassment in raising issue
  • Anticipated objection
  • Worry about STI implications
  • Lack of self-efficacy for correct use
  • Attitudes:
  • Reduced spontaneity
  • Unrealistically positive
20
Q

What is the prevalence and factors associated with condom-use?

A
  • 2002 (41%) - 2013 (49%)
  • Amongst women:
  • Age (less likely after 30)
  • Excessive alcohol consumption (less likely after >
    alcohol)
  • Amongst men:
  • Number of sexual partners (more likely with more
    than one partner)
21
Q

What are the recommendations for exercise?

A
  • Moderate activity at least 150-300 min/week
  • Vigorous activity at least 75-150 min/week
22
Q

What are the benefits of exercise?

A
  • Physical
    • Reduces cardiovascular disease
    • Type II diabetes
    • Cancer
  • Psychological
    • Reduces anxiety
    • Major depressive disorder
    • Stress
23
Q

What is the prevalence?

A
  • of meeting guidelines
    • 2005 (30%) → 2018 (45%)
24
Q

What are the factors associated with exercising?

A
  • Age
    • Younger
  • SES
    • Higher
  • Education
    • Higher
  • Location
    • Major cities
25
Q

Why do we exercise or not exercise?

A
  • Internal
    • Self-efficacy
    • Lack of interest
    • Enjoyment
  • External
    • Time constraints
    • Modelling from family - if part of self-perception, more likely
    • Social support
    • Number of active neighbours
26
Q

What are the recommendations for a healthy diet?

A
  • Women
    • At least 2 fruits
    • At least 5 veg
  • Male
    • 2 fruits
    • 6 veg
  • Serving size
    • Veg - 75g
    • Fruit - 150g
27
Q

What are the benefits of a healthy diet?

A
  • Reduced risk
    • Coronary heart disease
    • Stroke
    • Lung cancer
28
Q

What is the prevalence of meeting fruit and vegetable guidelines?

A

Fruit - Gone from 54% to 43%
Veg - From 14% to 9%

29
Q

What are the factors associated with F&V consumption?

A
  • SES
    • Higher (more likely to meet guidelines)
  • Age
29
Q

Why do we not eat fruit and vegetables?

A
  • Parental socialisation
    • Permissiveness; feeding practices (Vereecken, Rovner, & Maes, 2010)
  • Perceived and/or actual barriers:
  • Lack of knowledge and skills
  • Length of preparation time (Lea, Worsley & Crawford, 2005)
  • Cost and availability (e.g. rural areas) (Lee et al., 2002)
  • Misinformation:
  • Consumers reluctant to eat vegetarian diet because of
    concerns about lack of nutrients and iron (Lea & Worsley, 2001)
    -
30
Q

Why do young Australians not eat fruit and veg?

A
31
Q

What are the recommendations for HPV vaccination?

A
  • Ideally before sexually active
  • Free nationally for 12-13 year olds
32
Q

What are the benefits of HPV vaccination?

A
  • Protects against HPV types 16 and 18. Amongst other cancers attributable to HPV. Causes
    • 75% of cervical cancers
    • 85% of vulvar and vaginal cancers
    • 90% of cancers of the mouth/throat
    • 75% of penile cancer
    • 95% of anal cancers
    • 45-90% of tonsil & base of tongue cancers
  • Also protects against HPV types 6 and 11, which cause:
    • 90% of genital warts
33
Q

What is the prevalence of vaccination?

A
34
Q

What are the factors associated with uptake?

A
  • Health insurance status (may not be issue in Australia)
  • Program location (higher for school-based population)
  • Recommendation by health care professional
  • Parental concern about:
    • Safety and side-effects
    • Initiation of early sexual behaviour (? Although unlikely to be a founded concern)
35
Q
A
36
Q
A

Applied Psychology (13 decks)

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