hlth 322 midterm 2 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Environmental justice (who is affected)
A
minority and low SES populations (know why)
- latino populations face language barriers which compound problems and limits understanding of government proposals and educational campaigns
2
Q
animal feeding operations
A
agricultural enterprises where animals are kept and raised in confined situations
3
Q
aspects of HHRA by the US EPA ATSDR
A
EPA: largely via the cercla process but also others regulatory
ATSDR: non regulatory, issues recommendations, which are usually folloed advises regulatory agencies on human health aspects of hazardous waste sites and spills
4
Q
Pre steps of the US EPA’s human health risk assessment process
A
- who/what/where is at risk
- what is the environmental hazard of concern
- where do these environmental hazards come from
- how does exposure occur
- what does the body do with the hazard and how is it impacted by factors like age, sex, race
-what are the health effects
-how long does it take for the hazard to cause a toxic effect
5
Q
steps of US EPA human health risk assessment
A
- Hazard identification: can exposure to the chemical cause adverse health effects?
- Dose response: how does the probability or severity of health effects change as the dose increases
-exposure assessment: the magnitude, frequency and duration of exposrue to the hazard
-predict the frequency and severity of health effects in exposed human populations
6
Q
exposure pathways
A
how the exposure gets form its source to humans
7
Q
exposure routes
A
how the exposure gets into the body
8
Q
APPLETREE
A
ATSDR’s partnership to promote localized efforts to reduce environmental exposure: evaluating and responding to environmental public health issues in utah
9
Q
air pollution
A
man made industrial emissions form manufacturing and power generating stations: reactant chemicals, air toxins, fine particles
- natural emissions from forest fires, volcanic eruptions, massive dust storms, toxic gases fine particles
10
Q
criteria air pollutants and NAAQS
A
ozone
nitrogen oxides
sulfur oxides
carbon monoxide
particulate matter
lead
11
Q
inversion and air pollution
A
inversions occur air higher in the atmosphere is warmer that air closer to the earth’s surface trapping the cooler air below
-occur during the winter months when normal atmospheric conditions become inverted
12
Q
man mad sources of pollution
A
industrial emissions from manufacturing and power generating stations
13
Q
natural sources of pollution
A
emmisions from forest fires, volcanic eruptions, massive dust storms
14
Q
biological hazards case study
A
unexpected transplant scenario: know general summary of the case and how we can prevent this from reoccurring
15
Q
transmission of sin nombre virus/hantavirus
A
disease: HPS is rare but potentially fatal pulmonary disease transmitted to man by rodents. also descrived as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
-transmission: a zoonotic disease cuased by inhalaltion of virus from dried rodent urine, feces, or saliva
- common exposure results from cleaning out barns, sheds, or homes infested with the rodent house
16
Q
activities that increase risk of hantavirus infections
A
domestic: increasing numbers of host rodents in human dwellings, deeping wild rodents as pests or research subjects
occupational: occupying or cleaning previously vacant cabins or other dwellings actively infested with rodents, cleaning barns and other outbuildings, hand plowing or planting
17
Q
Prevention and control of hantavirus infections
A
keep home clean to discourage rodents
seal potential rodent entryways
there is no vaccine available
wear gloves, launder clothing when finished, double bag waste for disposal
18
Q
spread of dengue fever and dengue hemmorrhagic fever
A
transmitted through infected mosquitoes, DF?DHF currently spreading globally, due to population movement, commerce, travel, climate change
19
Q
clime change and incidence of vector diseases
A
expected impact of global climate change of mosquite boen diseases
-global climate change expected to result in vector movement into northern latitudes
20
Q
prevention of dengue virus infection
A
community based mosquito control, education, improved publich health infrastructure
-no effective immunization available
21
Q
control mosquitoes outside home
A
once a week empty scrub, turn over, cover or throw out items that hold water
- tightly cover water storage containers
-use larvicides to kill young mosquitoes in containers of water that cannot be emptied and will no be used for drinking
22
Q
control mosquitoes inside the. home
A
use window and door screens
-use air conditioning when possible
- empty scrub, turn over or those out items that hold water,
use indoor insect fogger or indoor insect spray
23
Q
wearing insect repellent
A
use repellent with deet, picaridin, ir3535 or oil of lemon eucalyptus or paramenthane
-always follow product label instructions
-do not spray repellent on the skin under clothing
-if also using sunscreen apply that before insect repellent
24
Q
transmission of SARS_COV-2
A
a novel coronavirus likely from bats, has been identified as the cause of the reparatory illness covid-19
-spread person to person via respiratory droplets
25
contact tracing
when a person become ill, epi identify everyone who the ill person had contact with during the incubation period
- epi monitor identified contacts of ill person for incubation period to see if contact become ill
26
definition of cross connection
a household hazard that can contaminate drinking water by back flowing into your home's drinking water
ex: hose submerged in a swimming pool, laundry sink, or car wash bucket, in ground irrigation systems
27
know treatment steps of wastewater
1. bar screen: filters out solids
2. grit chamber: filters out sand and gravel
3. primary clarifier: creates scum, and sludge to be scraped off
4. trickle tower: pulls out pathogens, bacteria
5. snail trap: removes snails
6. aeration tank: takes pathogens and bacteria out of water
7. secondary clarifier: removes sludge
8: digester: left with husks of bacteria
9: sand filter/ polister: removes insects
10. disinfection: UV damages bacterial DNA and inhibits reproduction
28
where does provo drinking water come from
springs, deep wells that draw from aquifers
29
how likely are provos water sources to be contaminated
mildly likely, might become contaminated because of natural occurences like erosion
30
what kind of plan is in place to ensure provo's maintenance of clean drinking water
drinking water source protection plan, monitors potential sources of contamination
31
village drill: what problem were students trying to solve
how can water located beneath the earths surface be accessed
32
advantages of village drill compared to motorized drills
human powered
cheaper
can be taken apart and reassembled
can be transported
33
what is a watershed
area that drains to a common waterway such as stream, lake, aquifer, estuary, ocean
34
what are watersheds defined by
hydrology, represent most logical basis for managing water resources
35
storm water
rain water or snowmelt washing over ground surfaces such as farmlands and industrial areas into nearby streams
36
municipal wastewater
consists primarily of domestic wastes from households and industrial wastewater from manufacturing and commercial activities
37
industrial wastewater
results from processes such as steel or chemical manufacturing
38
consumer wastewater
form homes, offices, businesses, schoola and contains a wide variety of biological and chemical pollutants from toilets, sinks, kitchen etc
39
animal feeding operations
livestock raising operations such as hog, cattle and poultry farms that confine and concentrate animal populations and their wastes
40
acid mine drainage
environmental impact from past and current mining activities
41
sanitary sewer overflows
raw sewage spills into environment before reaching treatment plant; from heavy stromwater or from broken or clogged sewer lines, resulting in health risks, property damage and water quality impacts
42
combined sewer overflows
can be mixtures of sewage, industrial wastewater, and storm water discharged prior to reaching a treatment plan
43
exposure symptoms to sewage
respiratory dysfunction, fatigue, headache, infection, inreased cancer incidience
44
stragegies for prevent of exposure to sewage
adequate training, immunizations, use of PPE that protects skins, mucus membranes and respiratory system
45
major sources of drinking water
rivers, lakes, reserviors
46
rural sources of water
wells (aquifers: natural underground reservoirs
47
drinking water treatment plant process
coagulation: to agglomerate particles
sedimentation: to remove coagulated particles
filtration: through sand, gravel, charcoal
disinfection: to kill bacteria
storage: to allow disinfection to proceed
distribution: to homes and businesses
48
definition of flouridation
recognized by the CDC of 10 notable public health acheivments of the 20th century
most cost effective equitable and safe means to provide protection from tooth decay in community
49
definition of flourosis
intake of excessive amounts of flouride during formative years of a childs enamel
50
who is affected by environmental justice
minority and low SES populations
- latino face language barriers which compound problems and limits understanding of government proposals and educational campaigns
51
know general summary/idea of radium girls
52
humidty monitoring
be able to draw a 24 hour line graph of percent relative humidity data and identify and explain trends in the data
53
moab tour solutions
know what the video is about
54
fifteen years after 9/11
illnesses compound for first responders: asthma, ptsd, sensitivty to light, neuropathy, cancer
55
Ionizing radiation
high energy EM that can strip away electrons, leaving charged particles (ions) such as x, alpha, beta, and gamma rays
56
non ionizing radiation
low energy EM that does not produce ions, such as infrared, microwaves and radio waves
57
material that can stop alpha ray
sheet of paper
58
material that can stop beta ray
layer of clothing, few millimeters of a substance like aluminum
59
material used to stop a gamma ray
stopped by several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead
60
material that can stop an x ray
several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead
61
definition of nuclear power
uses nuclear fission to generate heat to produce steam to spin turbines to power generations that produce electricity
62
advantage relative to conventional power sources of nuclear power
generates no atmospheric pollutants
63
environmental challenges of reactors for nuclear power
-create risks for nuclear accidents
- produce high level radioactive waste
-create risks from waste transport and storage
64
yucca mountain repository
proposed state of the art high level nuclear waste repository in nevada, waste must be buried to allow for radioactive decay, which will take thousands of years. optimum side due to geographic location and low risk for rain penetration and seismic activity
buried 1,000 ft below the surface and 1,000 ft above water level
65
uranium mill tailing
Whether covered by dirt to mitigate the pollution, or left uncovered, these tailings piles present a threat to the regional plant, animal, and human communities
In 2005 in the face of a new surge in the uranium market — the navajo nation banned uranium mining and processing on the 17 million acres of tribal land, as well as on lands owned by navajo families
Doe also proposed pumping and treating the contaminated groundwater that flows into the colorado river, to protect endangered fish
From 1978-1998 the federal government’s uranium mill tailings remedial action (umtra) project removed and secured nearly 40 million cubic yards of low-level radioactive uranium reduction mill tailings waste from abandoned mine sites in 11 states and 4 indian reservations – enough to cover 2,300 football fields with 10 feet of radioactive sand
66
municipal solid waste
yard trimmings, metal, glass, plastics, food, paper
67
household hazardous wastes
paints, cleaners, oils, batteries, pesticides
68
industrial wastes
anything that comes from industrial sites
69
medical waste
blood, blood products, sharps, xray fluid
70
methods that can be effectively manage municipal solid wastes
reduce
reuse
recycle
71
benefits of recycling
saves energy
creates jobs
supplies valuable raw materials to industry
reduces need for extraction of raw materials
stimulates need for noew landfills
conserves resources for future generationsc
72
costs of recycling
construction of facility and recycling equipment
purchase of trucks
hiring and training workers
maintaining vehicles and equipment
compliance with federal, state and local regulation
73
composting
controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food, yard waste into humus
74
benefits of composting
keeps organic wastes out of landfills
provides nutrients to soil
reduces need for fertilizers and pesticides
inceases beneficial soil organisms
suppresses certain plan diseases
75
factors affecting indoor environmetal quality
insect and animal pollutants
molds and bacteria
chemical from ets
off gassing from building materials and furnishings
combustion gases from stoves, heaters, fireplace etc
76
air exchange rate
rate at which outdoor air replaces indoor air is descrived as AER. when AER is low, pollutant levels can increase
77
bed bug pollution
occur around or near areas where people sleep
78
how to identify bed bud infestation
bite marks on face, neck, arms, hands or any other body part while sleeping
take as long as 14 days to develop
bed bugs exoskeleton after molting
79
mold pollution
associated with water damage and moisture accumulation, indoor mold is currenlty most important ieq issue in industrialized nations
80
mold sources
substrates with uncontrolled moisture that intitiates the mold cycle
81
mold amplification
results from increased water activity (> 24 hrs) due to catastrophe, chronic conditions, or neglect. follows water migration, deteriorates building materials, affects indoor air quality
82
mold cycle
spore germination
vegetative growth
amplification
dissmeination
83
mold health effects
allergy: water damage molds are recognized as potent allergens
toxicity: many molds can produce mycotoxins which may lead to neruological and hemorrahgic symptoms
infection: immunocompromised persons are at risk for opportunistic mold infections
84
mold prevention and control
attention must be given to:
-design
- construction
- operation
-maintenance (cleaning)
ensure adequate control of water intrusion and mositur accumulation in additon to rapid and professional water damage restoration when incidents do occur
85
radon pollution
colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that is a decay product of radium-226 which a decay product of thorium-232 and urnaium-238 occurs naturall in soil and rock
86
half life of raton
3.82 days and emits an alpha particle as it decays
87
how does radon enter the home
through slab and foundation cracks and attach to airborne particles or water mists and are inhaled
88
what does the EPA estimate radon causes
21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in us
89
definition of half life and radiation concentrations
amount of time it takes for an element to decay to half of its starting amount
90
sources of respirable particles
fireplaces, stoves, kerosene heaters, smoking as well as organic dust
91
health effects of respirable particles
eye, nose, throat irritation and increased risk for respiratory infections, bronchitis, asthma and lung cancer
92
steps to reduce respirable particles indoors
proper venting of furnaces to outdoors
have a professional routinely clean and tune central heating system
homeowner preform routine maintenance such as chaning filters
93
transmission of Sin nombre virus/ hantavirus
a zoonotic disease caused by inhalation of virus form dried rodent urine feces or saliva
94
activities that increase risk of hantavirus
-domestic: increasing numbers of rodents in human dwellings, keeping wild rodents as pets or research subjects
-occupational: occupying or cleaning previously vacant cabins or other dwellings actively infested with rodents, cleaning barns and other outbuildings, hand plowing or planting
-Recreational: disturbing excreta or rodent nests around the home or workplace, or while hiking or camping
95
prevention and control of hantavirus infections
keep home to discourage rodent
-seal potential rodent entryways
- ventiliating and disinfecting prior to cleaning, wear latex or vinyl gloves, luander clothing when finished
96
public health role in disasters
-contain or remove sources of contamination or evacuate populace to prevent exposures
- conduct appropriiate envrionmental sampling and analysis to quantify risk and monitor profress of remediation
- protect worker health and safety by ensuring availability and use of protective measures
-provide regular advisories to public and the medical community
97
fine dust hazard
consist of calcium sulfate and culcium carbonate from crushed building materials
98
WTC
exposure hazards for workers and public immediately after disaster, and for weeks later as settled dusts were resuspended by work activities or weather
99
Pm2.5
dusts induced lung inflammation and hyper responsiveness when high doses were given to mice direclty into their airways
100
health effects of fine dust hazards
gypsum and calcite irritate the mucus membranes of eye, nose, throat and upper airways, caco3 dust causes coughing, sneezing and nasal irritation
101
acute health effects of fine dust hazards
respiratory illness, the major health effect from acute exposures to fine particulate wtc dust appears to be a type of asthma termed “reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (rads)”. some developed persistent cough and gastric reflux
102
chronic health effects of fine dust hazard
74 emergency responders from ohio task force one working at ground zero, 37 became ill: 3 were hospitalized with pneumonia, 8 showed extreme weight loss, 2 were diagnosed with asthma and 1 with bronchitis, with the remainder experiencing a variety of other respiratory disorders and rashes. some cancers
103
federal response to world trade center disaster
With environmental data showing a lack of “immediate health risks” epa announced a cleanup plan in conjunction with nyc, fema, osha, and ny state.
Lower manhattan residents had option of having their units:
Tested for asbestos
Cleaned & then re-tested by professional cleaners on contract with the government
Residents could also request a free hepa vacuum cleaner through the program
NIOSH was the federal agency that administered the WTC health program for emergency responders, survivors, and resident.
104
9/11 health and compensation act
in 2010 congress passed 9/11 health and compensation act to provide medical monitoring and treatment benefits to eligible WTC responders and city residents (claimants not to exceed 25,000).
105
precautionary principle definition
make sure a chemical or technological innovation is safe before it is used
- proof of safety is responsibility of developer or manufacurer
106
advantages of PP
protects individuals, calls for people to use common sense, suggests actions should be undertaken to prevent further harm to an increasing number of individuals
107
disadvantages of PP
has economic consequences, limits industrial production and time and causes loss of
108
lead in puetro rico case study
lead was brought into the home from workers by their shoes
have different uniforms
clean before going into home
clean home
109
cbpr
a collaborative process that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each brings. CBPR begins with a research topic of importance to the community with the aim of combining knowledge and action for social change to improve community health and eliminate health disparities.”
110
Human pressure on the environment
population
technology
consumption per person
111
sustainable development
Development that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
112
One health
“The health of people is connected to the health of animals and the environment”
Scientists, researchers and specialists
Community members at all levels
Decision makers
113
ecohealth
Improvement of human health through ecosystem management
Community based participatory research
Based on ecosystem management rather than health sector interventions
114
define foodborne illness
A group of acute illnesses due to ingestion of foods and water contaminated with bacteria, bacterial toxins, parasites, viruses and chemic
115
Factors that explain why global patterns of foodborne illness causation vary throughout the world
Dependent upon factors such as food preferences, awareness by physicians and the public, laboratory capabilities
116
WHO definition of environmental health
all physical, chemical and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors. it encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health
117
bioaccumulation
storage of environmental pollutants in tissues; it occurs when more pollutants get in the body than out
118
biomagnification
increase in environmental pollutant concentrations in organisms as one organism eats another organism which is eaten by another organisms
119
West nile virus
mild winter- more mosquitoes than usual, dry spring- drought causes birds to converge on dwindling water supplies, hot summer- mosquitoes cary virus and heat causes them to proliferate faster and bite more
avoid misquito bites
120
exposure assessment methods
Point of contact: exposure measured at the boundary with the body concentration and time of contact
Scenario evaluation: exposure estimated by separately evaluation the concentration and contact time
Reconstruction: exposure is estimated from the dose, which is reconstructed form indicators after exposure has occurred
121
low cost ways to reduce care emissions
do not idle for more than 10 seconds
reduce the use of drive thru
reduce car use
combine car trips
122
low cost methods of reducing home emissions
avoid burning wood or coal indoors
adjust thermostat
lower water heater thermostat
turn of tv, computers, modems at night.
123
toxicokinetic process
absorbtion
distribution
metabolism
excretion
