HNS 1

Question 1

Label the following

Answer 1

A- Parietal bone

B- Frontal Bone

C- Sphenoid bone

D- Zygomatic Bone

E- Mandible

F- Temporal Bone

G- Occipital bone

Question 2

label the following

Answer 2

A- Anterior fonatelle

B- Sagital Suture

C- Bregma

D- Coronal Suture

E- Metopic suture

F- Naison

G- Pterion

H- Squamous suture

I- Asterion

J- Posterior Fonatelle

K- Lambda

Question 3

Label the following

Answer 3

A- Anterior Cranial Fossa

B- Medial Cranial Fossa

C- Posterior Cranial Fossa

Question 4

Label The Following

Answer 4

Anterior Fonatelle

soft spot on babies head

Unfused bone

Closes up 18-24 months

Question 5

Label the following

Answer 5

A- cribiform plate- part of ethmoid bone and where olfactory nerve passes through

B- Optic canal- optic nerve, opthalmic artery

C- Superior orbital fissure- opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, occularmotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent neve, superior opthalmic vein (CN V1, 3, 4, 6)

D- Foramen rotundum- maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

E- Foramen Ovale- mandibular division of trigeminal passes through here

F- Foramen spinosum- middle meningeal artery passes through here

Question 6

Label the following

Answer 6

A- Internal acoustic meatus- cranial nerves 7 and 8 pass through here

B- Jugular foramen- CN 9, 10, 11 pass through here

C- Hyperglossal canal- CN 12

D- Foramen magnum- spinal chord and brainstem come together here

Question 7

Label the following

Answer 7

A- Coronal (fronta plane)

B- Horizital (transverse)

C- Saggital (middle of brain)

D- Midsaggital (middle of body)

Question 8

Label the following

Answer 8

A- Frontal Lobe

B- Parietal Lobe

C- Occipital Lobe

D- Temporal Lobe

Question 9

Label the following

Answer 9

A- primary motor area

B- primary sensory area

C- sensory motor and sensory area

D- posteriro speach area (Wernike’s area)

E- Secorndary visual area

F- primary visual area

G- secondary auditory area

H- primary audit area

I- anterior speach area (Broca’s area)

Question 10

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Answer 10

Dura mater- thick inelastic

Arachnoid mater- elastic, spider-like projections

Pia Mater- innermost, thin, delicate

Question 11

What is the role of the meninges?

Answer 11

stabilize and protect the brain

form the sinuses - how venous blood criculates through cranial cavity

Question 12

What is the outer surface of the brain seen in the dissection room and why?

Answer 12

collapsed arachnoid mater

because CSF has drained away

pia is beneath it when you peel away the archnoid

Question 13

What 2 layers is the dura mater divided into?

Answer 13

Periosteal- closer to skull

Meningeal- closer to arachnoid mater

Question 14

What do the 2 layers of the dura mater come together to form?

Answer 14

Falx cerebri

Divides the 2 hemespheres of the brain

Question 15

Whats the largest venous sinus in the brain?

Answer 15

Superior saggital sinus

Question 16

How do the meninges change when they come out of the foramen magnum?

Answer 16

Forms extra dural space between dura mater and vertebral column- the spinal dural space

This is where extradural or epidural anesthesia is administered

Question 17

What is found between unfused periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater?

Answer 17

Dural venous sinus

Question 18

What space is found between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

Answer 18

Subdural space

Question 19

What space is found between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

Answer 19

Subarachnoid space

This is where cerebrospinal fluid accumulates

Question 20

What divides the cerebellum from the occipital lobe?

Answer 20

Tentorium cerebelli

Provides structure and support for the brain and stops it moving too much

Question 21

What is the most significant bood vessel that supplies the meninges?

Answer 21

Middle meningeal artery

Branches of the maxillary artery

Question 22

What supplies blood to the brain and where do they enter the cranial cavity?

Answer 22

Internal carotid arteries (80%) - enter at carotid canal

vertebral arteries (20%) - enter at foramen magnum

They form the circle of willis at base of brain

Question 23

Label the following

Answer 23

Question 24

What does the anterior communicating artery supply?

Answer 24

Middle and superior parts of frontal lobe and anterior parietal lobe

Question 25

What does the posterior communication artery supply?

Answer 25

Supplies medial thalamic surface and walls of 3rd ventricle

Question 26

What deos the basilar artery supply?

Answer 26

Directly supplies the brainstem and cerebellum and provides distal flow to thalami and medial temporal and parietal lobes

Question 27

What does the vertebral artery supply?

Answer 27

Supplies posterior fossa and occipital lobes and provides vertebral column blood supply

Question 28

What does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply

Answer 28

Provides blood flow to cerebellum

Question 29

If blockage of CSF did occur what would be seen on a brain scan and why

Answer 29

Enlarged ventricles because they are unable to drain CSF so fluid would accumlate in them causing hydrocephalus

Question 30

What is an extra-dural haematoma?

Answer 30

Cuased by arterial damage- tearing of branches of middle meningeal artery Blood collects between periosteal layer and calvaria Typically occurs in region of pterion

Question 31

What is a subdural haematoma?

Answer 31

Results from venous bleeding, usually from torn cerebral veins where they enter superior sagital sinus. Bleeing is below the dura mater between the arachnoid mater and dura mater

Question 32

What do the venous sinuses drain in to?

Answer 32

Internal jugular vein

Question 33

Label the following

Answer 33

Question 34

What are the layers of the scalp?

Answer 34

Skin Connective tissue (dense)- contains arteries, veins and nerves supplying scalp. When scalp is cut, dense connective tissue holds cut vessels open- perfuse bleeding Aponeurotic layer Loose connective tissue- facilitates movement of scalp over calvaria. Infections tend to localise and spread through here Pericranium- periosteum on outer surfce of calvaria

Question 35

What arteries supply the scalp?

Answer 35

Branches of external carotid artery or opthalmic artery (a branch of internal carotid artery)

Question 36

What occurs if there is a lasceration to the scalp?

Answer 36

The scalp has extremely rich blood supply from external carotid artery so lascerations tend to bleed profusely. If lasceration damages loose connective tissue, infection can easily spread in this layer. Emissery vein can spread infection from scalp into cranial cavity

Question 37

What is the anatomical course of the olfactory nerve?

Answer 37

Sense of smell detected by olfactory nerve receptors in nasal epithelium Thier axons form olfactory nerves which enter intra-cranial cavity by passing through cribiform plate in ethmoid bone Sensory information reaches primary olfactory cortex in temperal lobe of brain

Question 38

How do you test the olfactory nerve?

Answer 38

1. Ask patient if theyve had noticible changes to sense of smell 2. Test each nostril seperately with stong smell e.g. mint or vanilla Patient's eyes should be shut

Question 39

What is the function of the optic nerve?

Answer 39

Pupillary light reflex- controls size of pupils in response to change in lght strength Each pupillary light reflex has afferent limb (optic nerve) and 2 efferent limbs (parasympathetic fibres)

Question 40

What is the anatomical course of the optic nerve?

Answer 40

1. Light travel throughs pupil and turned into impulse by rods and cones 2. Impulses are transmitted from retina through intra-cranial cavity to the brain by optic nerve through optic canal 3. Impulses pass through visual pathway to the primary visual cortex

Question 41

What is the course of the pupillary light reflex?

Answer 41

Optic nerve sends sensory impulases to mid brain nuclei to trigger motor impulses through parasympathetic axons runing along occularmotor neve to innervate pupillary sphincter muscle causing pupil contraction

Question 42

How is the optic nerve tested?

Answer 42

1. ask patient to stare at distant tager 2. Inspect pupils 3. Shine one eye with pen light and look for pupil constriction 4. Take light away 5. Shin light into same eye and look for constriction in contralateral eye