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MRCS A > HNS > Flashcards

HNS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A

SCALP
Skin
Connective tissue layer (superficial fascia)
Aponeurotic layer (epicranial aponeurosis, galiaaponeurotica)
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium

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2
Q

What is the nerve supply to the anterior 1/2 of scalp?

A

Branches of trigeminal nerve

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3
Q

What is the nerve supply of the posterior 1/2 of scalp?

A

C2/C3

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4
Q

What are the capsules of the parotid gland?

A

True = condensed connective Tissue
False = deep Fascia around gland

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5
Q

What structures are embedded in the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve (most superficial)
Retromandibular vein
External carotid
Auriculo-temporal nerve

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6
Q

What does the facial nerve divide into in the parotid gland?

A

Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch

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7
Q

How is the retromandibular vein formed in the parotid gland?

A

Maxillary + superficial temporal veins

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8
Q

What does the external carotid artery divide into in the parotid gland?

A

Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery

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9
Q

What nerve is injured during parotid gland surgery?

A

Facial N.

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10
Q

What nerve is injured during the superficial dissection of the parotid gland?

A

Greater auricular nerve

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11
Q

Where does the parotid duct open?

A

Into the vestibule of mouth opposite upper 2nd molar tooth

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12
Q

What is the nerve supply of the parotid gland?

A

Sensory = auriculo-temporal nerve
Sympathetic = superior cervical sympathetic ganglion around external carotid artery
Parasympathetic = otic ganglion

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior = post. Border of Sternomastoid muscle
Posterior = ant. Border of trapezius
Base = middle 1/3 of clavicle
Apex = meeting between sternomastoid + trapezius

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14
Q

What are the contents of posterior triangle of neck?

A

Muscles = inferior belly of omohyoid
Nerves (ABC):
1. Accessory nerve
2. Trunks of Brachial plexus
3. Phrenic nerve
4. Cervical plexus
Vessels:
1. Third part of subclavian artery
2. External jugular vein

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15
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior = ant. Midline of neck
Posterior = ant. Border of sternomastoid muscle
Superiorly = lower border of mandible

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16
Q

How is the anterior triangle divided?

A

2 bellies of the digastric muscle + superior belly of omohyoid muscle

Digastric triangle (submandibular)
Muscular triangle
Carotid triangle

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17
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

Carotid sheath (common carotid, internal carotid, vagus nerve + IJV)
Ansa cervicalis + sympathetic trunk

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18
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

A

Submandibular gland
Submandibular nodes
Facial vessels
Hypoglossal nerve

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19
Q

What are the nerve supplies for the digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly = nerve to mylohyoid from trigeminal N.
Posterior belly = facial n.

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20
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A

Common + internal carotid arteries
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve

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21
Q

What is the origin of the two heads of the sternomastoid muscle?

A

Sternal head = front of manubrium sterni
Clavicular head = upper surface of medial 1/3 of clavicle

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22
Q

What is the nerve supply of the sternomastoid muscle?

A

Spinal root of accessory nerve

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23
Q

What is the ansa cervicalis formed from?

Study These Flashcards
A

Upper root = descends hypoglossi (c1)
Lower root = descends cervicalis (c2/c3)

24
Q

What are the branches of the ansa cervicalis?

Study These Flashcards
A

GHost THought SOmeone STupid SHot Irene
1. GenioHyoid
2. ThyroHyoid
3. Superior Omohyoid
4. SternoThyroid
5. SternoHyoid
6. Inferior Omohyoid

25
What are the three scalene muscles?
Scalenus anterior Scalenus medius Scalenus posterior
26
What passes through anterior + middle scalenes?
Brachial plexus Subclavian artery DEEPER
27
What passes anterior to anterior scalene muscle?
Subclavian vein Phrenic nerve
28
What are the dural venous sinuses divided into it?
Single + Paired
29
What is the site of the superior sagittal sinus?
Along upper border of falx cerebri
30
What are the borders of the cavernous sinus?
Medial = pituitary gland + sphenoidal air sinus Lateral = temporal lobe Superior = internal carotid artery + optic chiasma Inferior = body of sphenoid + sphenoidal air sinus
31
What structures are inside the cavernous sinus?
Lateral wall = oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic, maxillary In cavity = internal carotid artery, abducens nerve
32
Where are the foramina in the skull found?
All in sphenoid except: Jugular foramen = temporal bone Stylomastoid foramen = temporal bone Foramen magnum = occipital bone
33
What are the contents of foramen ovale?
OVALE Otic ganglion V3 of trigeminal nerve Accessory meningeal artery Lesser petrosal nerve Emissary veins
34
What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
35
What are the contents of the foramen rotundum?
Maxillary nerve (V2)
36
What are the contents of the jugular foramen?
Anterior = inferior petrosal sinus Intermediate = glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory nerve Posterior = sigmoid sinus
37
What are the contents of stylomastoid foramen?
Stylomastoid artery Facial nerve
38
What are contents of superior orbital fissure?
Live Free To See No Insult At All Lacrimal nerve Frontal nerve Trochlear nerve Superior division of oculomotor nerve Nasociliary Inferior division of oculomotor nerve Abducens nerve
39
What are the contents of the foramen magnum?
Anterior + posterior spinal arteries Vertebral arteries Spinal accessory nerve entering skull
40
What is the parasympathetic nerve supply of the lacrimal gland?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
41
What muscle acts on the upper eyelid?
Levator palpebrae superioris
42
What is the nerve supply to the levator palpebrae superioris?
Superior division of oculomotor nerve
43
What nerves supply the muscles acting on the eyeball?
All are oculomotor except: LR6 = lateral rectus = abducens SO4 = superior oblique = trochlear
44
What nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular nerve
45
What is the action of mastication + the muscles suppling it?
Ter = temporalis = elevation + retraction Mep = masseter + medial pterygoid = elevation + protrusion Lpd = lateral pterygoid = protrusion + depression
46
What is the origin of the middle meningeal artery?
1st part of maxillary artery + enters through foramen spinosum Runs beneath pterion
47
What does rupture of middle meningeal artery cause?
Extradural haematoma
48
What are the deep relations of the submandibular salivary gland?
Mylohyoid muscle Submandibular duct Hyoglossus muscle Lingual nerve Submandibular ganglion Hypoglossal nerve
49
What is the path of the submandibular (Wharton’s) duct?
Arises from anterior part of deep part of gland Opens in floor of mouth on sublingual papilla at side of frenulum of tongue
50
What is the nerve supply of the submandibular (Wharton’s) duct?
Submandibular ganglion
51
What is the thyroid gland formed of?
2 lateral lobes Isthmus Pyramidal lobe
52
What is the position + extension of the thyroid gland?
Anteriorly: - lateral lobes = from oblique line to 5th tracheal ring - isthmus = in front of 2/3/4th tracheal ring Posteriorly: Lateral lobes opposite 5/6/7 cervical + 1st thoracic vertebrae
53
What is the arterial supply to the thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid artery from external carotid Inferior thyroid artery from thyrocervical trunks of subclavian Thyroida ima artery from arch of aorta
54
What is the venous drainage of thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid veins = end in IJV Middle thyroid veins = end in IJV Inferior thyroid veins = end in brachiocephalic veins
55
What is the embryology of the parathyroid gland?
Superior = from 4th pharyngeal pouch Inferior = from 3rd pharyngeal pouch
56
What is the nerve supply of the tongue?
Motor: all are hypoglossal, except: palatoglossal = pharyngeal plexus Sensory: 1. Anterior 2/3rd = general (lingual), taste (chorda tympani) 2. Posterior 1/3rd = general + taste (glossopharyngeal) 3. Root of tongue = general + taste (vagus)
57
What is the lymphatic drainage of the tongue?
Apical = tip of tongue to submental LN Marginal = side of tongue to submandibular LN to ipsilateral deep cervical LN Central = midline of tongue to bilateral deep cervical LN Posterior = deep cervical LN

MRCS A (3 decks)

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